COMPLETO PHONETICS 2 PDF - Phonetics and Phonology

Tema 1 English Phonetics and Phonology Contrastive analysis PHONOLOGY Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Index Pág. 1.1. Introduction...

Tema 1 English Phonetics and Phonology Contrastive analysis PHONOLOGY Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Index Pág. 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Phonology 4 1.3. Phonemics 4 1.4. Phonetics 5 1.5. Allophones 6 Complementary Resources 12 Bibliography 12 Phonology 2 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Introduction The study of the language started many years ago in India and Korea with the simple fact of studying and analyzing the grammar of languages. Panini was a pioneer in studying Sanskrit grammar systematically. King Sejong of Korea was another booster in Language study. He hoped his people were literate, but it was too difficult to know the existing (Chinese-based) system. He created by himself a new brand scientific alphabet based on speech and named this alphabet ‘Hong Minzhong U’, ‘The correct voice educates the people’. His letters were almost ignored until the 20th century. Now it is widely used in South Korea and North Korea (Katz, 1991). Other Linguists such as Sir William Jones in 1786, announced that Sanskrit and the European languages "have sprung from some common source which, perhaps, no longer exists" (p.7). He set a trend of learning Sanskrit as the foundation of the ‘Indo-European language family’ and the foundation of historical linguistics. Henry Sweet was a British linguist and phonetician considered as an authority on Anglo-Saxon and English history. He was a pioneer of modern scientific phonetics. His ‘History of English Sound’ (1874) is a landmark study. Bernard Shaw wrote ‘Pygmalion’, a play that contains a phonetician character, Henry Higgings. Daniel Jones, a professor at University College London, used the term phoneme in the modern sense and promoted the term cardinal vowel. He is considered to be the father of IPA, and suggested using a two-parameter chart to visualize how vowels are produced. Lionel Logue was another contributor on this field as well as Abbé Rousselot who worked on experimental phonetics and invented the Rousselot cylinders to record the speech sounds. All these contributions made French teachers create the IPA, International Phonetic Alphabet, a sound representation system that is widely used currently by linguists, language teachers, book and dictionary makers and so on. That is the way how this science evolves through time until being known at present as Linguistics. Therefore, Linguistics is considered as the science that studies the scientifically the language. Modern Linguistics has classified his field according to the type of grammar it studies; Thus, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax are primarily analyzed. Phonology 3 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Contrastive Phonology Phonology studies the sound systems, patterns and rules of the language. Kennedy (2017) considers that “phonology is the study of the organization of sounds in human languages. It is a subfield of Linguistics concerned with understanding how languages use certain sounds and combine them to build meaningful units, essentially, words” (p.1). Phonology starts with the observation on how the language use the fixed sound systems, the vowel and consonant inventory, and the sound combination patterns. The area of interest of phonology is the contextual variability of what are in some senses the same sound units. However, when two or more languages are analyzed to find out similarities and differences in their sound inventories, Contrastive Phonology arises, focusing on Spanish as L1 and English as L2. Contrastive Phonology is the umbrella term that covers Contrastive Phonemics and Phonetics. Contrastive Phonemics Contrastive Phonemics studies the sound inventories of two or more languages and it is entirely abstract. Nasr (1977) states that Phonemics is “the study of the phonological system of a particular language. From this point of view, phonemics is a relative study” (p.21). Consequently the sounds of a language are patterned in contrastive units since those sounds named phonemes are pronounced conscoiusly and establish difference in meaning. Phonemics deals with how human speech is perceived once it is heard. This feeling is neurological in nature and develops at a very young age (such as two years). The speech system has been established in the nervous system. The unit of Phonemics is the phoneme. Brooks (2015) specifies that “Phonemes are disctinctive speech sounds; that is, they make a difference to the meanings of words” (p.1.4). Phonemes are to be used between slant lines and do not use diacritics. Phonemes are divided into two categories: vowels and consonants. Examples: /ˈpeɾo/ /ˈpoɾo/, /ˈpata/ /ˈbata/, /ˈpeso/ /beso/; /mæn/, /mɛn/, /bæd/, /pæd/. Phonology 4 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Contrastive Phonetics Phonetics studies the sounds of the speech which are totally perceived and reproduced. Phonetics was considered as an indispensable foundation for the language study by Henry Sweet whose point of view is as valid today as it was a hundred years ago. On the other hand, Lorenz (2013) considers that “Phonetics is interested in speech sounds as such and their acoustic properties (…) and how the brain works and what processes are running when we speak and listen to a language” (p.9) while Knight (2012) considers that “Phonetics is the study of the speech sounds, the way how humans produce speech, and what speech sounds like (p.3). If two or more concrete systems are contrasted, Contrastive Phonetics appears here. Therefore, the unit of phonetics is the allophone which according to Meyer (2005) “is a phonetic variant within a given language system”. Consequently, any variation of a phoneme of the same language is an allophone. Allophones Allophones are a variant of a specific phoneme which are to be written between square brackets and usually keep diacritics. A Diacritic is a mark which is located over, throughout, or under the phonetic symbol. Examples: [pẽnˈsaɾ], [ˈaɾ̪te], [pʰʌf], [kʰl̥ eɪ̯ːm], [pʰɔːɫ]. Figure 1 An example of an English Phoneme Phonology 5 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia https://images.app.goo.gl/3UkCJgyHsJid1HQcA Figure 2 An example of a Spanish allophone https://images.app.goo.gl/8mrfHVJSuUP4oJyn7 Phonology 6 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Complementary Resources Figure 1. An example of an English Phoneme. Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/3UkCJgyHsJid1HQcA Figure 2. An example of a Spanish allophone. Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/8mrfHVJSuUP4oJyn7 Bibliography Works Cited Brooks, G. (2015). Dictionary of British English Spelling System. UK: Open Book Publisher. Cleghorn, T. (2011). Comprehensive ARticulatory Phonetics. Second Edition. Emiratos Árabes Unidos: Lrp center. Katz, W. (1991). Phonetics and Phonology. Dallas, Texas, USA. Kennedy, R. (2017). Phonology. A Coursebook. Santa Barbara.: Cambridge University Press. Knight, R. (2012). Phonetics. A Coursebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lorenz, F. (2013). Basics of Phonetics & English Phonology. Berlín: Logos. Meyer, P. (2005). Syncronich English Linguistic. An Introduction. Germany: Gunter Nare Verlag. Nasr, R. (1977). Applied English Phonolgy for ESL/EFL Teachers. Maryland: University Press of America. Phonology 7 Theme 1: Phonology https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 1. Phonology is considered as: Phonology is the study of the administration of sounds in human languages. Phonology is the study of the organization of sounds in human languages. Phonology is the study of the organization of sounds in human beings. Pregunta 1 de 10 10/20 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:02 Theme 1: Phonology https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 2. Which of the following asseverations is correct: Phonology is a subfield that covers Phonemics and Phonetics. Phonology is similar to Phonemics and Phonetics. Phonology is an umbrella term that covers Phonemics and Phonetics. Pregunta 2 de 10 11/20 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:02 Theme 1: Phonology https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 3. What is the best conception for Phonemics? Phonemics studies the words of a language. Phonemics studies the sounds of a language. Phonemics studies the sounds of phonems. Pregunta 3 de 10 12/20 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:02 Theme 1: Phonology https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 4. Choose the correct sentence: The unit of the phonemics is the phoneme. The unit of the phonemics is the allophoneme. The unit of the phonemics is phonology. Pregunta 4 de 10 13/20 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:02 Theme 1: Phonology https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 5. What is phonetics? Phonetics is a branch of the language that studies how humans think and perceive sounds. Phonetics is the science of linguistics that reviews how humans produce and perceive sounds. Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds. Pregunta 5 de 10 14/20 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:02 Theme 1: Phonology https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 6. Which are the three branches of phonetics? The three branches of phonetics are: Articulatory phonemes, Auditory phonetics and Acoustic phonetics. The three branches of phonetics are: Articulatory allophones, Auditory phonologies and Acoustic phonetics. The three branches of phonetics are: Articulatory phonetics, Auditory phonetics and Acoustic phonetics. Pregunta 6 de 10 15/20 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:02 Theme 1: Phonology https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 7. What is the difference between phonemics and phonetics? Phonetics is considered the study of the description of sounds produced by the human voice, meanwhile phonemics deals with the study of sounds of a specific language. Phonetics is considered the study of the description of consonants produced by the human voice, meanwhile phonemics deals with the study of description of a specific language. Phonetics is considered the study of the analysis of vowels produced by the human voice, meanwhile phonemics deals with the study of sounds of a specific word. Pregunta 7 de 10 16/20 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:03 Theme 1: Phonology https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 8. What is a diacritic? A Diacritic is a point which is located over, through or under the phonetic symbol. A Diacritic is a hyphen which is located over, through or under the phonetic symbol. A Diacritic is a mark which is located over, through or under the phonetic symbol. Pregunta 8 de 10 17/20 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:03 Theme 1: Phonology https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 9. An allophone is conceptualized as: An allophone is a phonology variant within a given language system. An allophone is a phonetic variant within a given articulatory system. An allophone is a phonetic variant within a given language system. Pregunta 9 de 10 18/20 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:03 Theme 1: Phonology https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 10. How are allophones written? Allophones are to be written between slashes and usually keep diacritics. Allophones are to be written between square brackets and usually keep diacritics. Allophones are to be pronounced between square brackets and usually keep diacritics. Pregunta 10 de 10 19/20 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:03  Tema 2 English Phonetics and Phonology Contrastive analysis The Organs of Speech Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Index Pág. 1.1. The Organs of Speech 3 1.2. Articulatory Diagram 4 1.3. Cavity 4 1.4. Articulators 5 1.5. Point of Articulation 6 Complementary Resources 12 Bibliography 12 The Organs of Speech 2 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia The Organs of Speech The organs of speech have different functions considering basically eating and breathing. As human beings developed in time, they realized that some sounds might be uttered and later produced by articulating some organs. These organs are classified into movable and non-movable organs which have an essential function in the sound production. Therefore, the main movable organ is the tongue as well as the lower lip and lower jaw; the non-movable organs deal basically with the palate, the upper lip and teeth. The combination of a movable and a non-movable organ along with the air stream produce specific vowel or consonant sounds according to the phonetic nature of the language: Spanish or English. Figure 1 Organs of Speech Non-movable organs Movable organs Note: Adapted from (Vilhiamas, 2018) The Organs of Speech 3 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Articulatory Diagram The articulatory diagram deals with the organs that are part of the speech production and are related to the cavities, articulators and point of articulation where sounds are uttered. The Articulatory Diagram is also known as Facial Diagram that according to Cleghorn (2011), it “represents a cross section of the human speech apparatus. (…) The Facial Diagram is a useful tool for visualizing and discussing the articulation of individual phones” (p.58). Cavities Cavities are the zones or chamber where the air flow goes through. They are mainly the nasal (nose) and oral (mouth) cavities as pictured in figure 1. Figure 2.- Cavities Fuente: Cleghorn (2011) The Organs of Speech 4 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Articulators The articulators are the movable organs that reach certain point of articulation to utter a sound. The major English articulators are the lower lip, the tongue, and the lower jaw. Figure 3.- Articulators Fuente: Cleghorn (2011) The Organs of Speech 5 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Point of Articulation The point of articulation is the place reached or approached by the articulator. The major points of English articulation are the upper lip and teeth, and the palate as pictured in the figure 3. Figure 4.- Points of Articulation Fuente: Cleghorn (2011) The Organs of Speech 6 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Complementary Resources Figure 1.- The Organs of Speech. Adapted from (Vilhiamas, 2018) Figure 2. Cavities. Cleghorn (2011). Figure 3. Articulator. Cleghorn (2011). Figure 2. Point of Articulation. Cleghorn (2011). Hadar. (2019, Jun 25). Understand American English Vowels I Pronunciation Master Class. YouTube. https://youtu.be/4KDkHvvksAE aBIBLIOGRAPHY Brooks, G. (2015). Dictionary of British English Spelling System. UK: Open Book Publisher. Cleghorn, T. (2011). Comprehensive ARticulatory Phonetics. Second Edition. Emiratos Árabes Unidos: Lrp center. Katz, W. (1991). Phonetics and Phonology. Dallas, Texas, USA. Kennedy, R. (2017). Phonology. A Coursebook. Santa Barbara.: Cambridge University Press. Knight, R. (2012). Phonetics. A Coursebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lorenz, F. (2013). Basics of Phonetics & English Phonology. Berlín: Logos. Meyer, P. (2005). Syncronich English Linguistic. An Introduction. Germany: Gunter Nare Verlag. Nasr, R. (1977). Applied English Phonolgy for ESL/EFL Teachers. Maryland: University Press of America. Vilhiamas. (2018). World Language Gazetteer. Obtenido de https://worldlanguagesgazetteer.wordpress.com/author/vilhiamas/. The Organs of Speech 7 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia The Organs of Speech 8 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia The Organs of Speech 9 Theme 2: The Organs of Speech https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 1. How are the Organs of speech classified? The Organs of Speech are classified into movable and non-movable organs The Organs of Speech are classified into eatables and breathable. The Organs of Speech are classified into movable and eatable. Pregunta 1 de 10 9/19 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:35 Theme 2: The Organs of Speech https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 2. How can we produce specific vowel or consonant sounds? We can produce sounds with the combination of a movable and a non-movable organ along with the nose. We can produce sounds with the combination of a movable and a non-movable organ along with the air stream. We can produce sounds with the transformation of a movable and a non-movable organ along with the air stream. Pregunta 2 de 10 10/19 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:35 Theme 2: The Organs of Speech https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 3. What does the articulatory diagram deal with? The articulatory diagram deals with the organs that are part of the sound production. The articulatory diagram deals with the organs that are part of the speech audition. The articulatory diagram deals with the organs that are part of the speech production. Pregunta 3 de 10 11/19 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:35 Theme 2: The Organs of Speech https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 4. Where are the sounds uttered? The sounds are uttered in the tongue, articulators and point of articulation. The sounds are uttered in the cavities, articulators and point of articulation. The sounds are uttered in the mouth. Pregunta 4 de 10 12/19 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:35 Theme 2: The Organs of Speech https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 5. What is an articulatory system? All of the mouth parts that we use to produce speech sounds are called the articulatory sound. All of the body parts that we use to produce speech sounds are called the articulatory system. All of the body parts that we use to produce speech sounds are called the articulatory system. Pregunta 5 de 10 13/19 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:36 Theme 2: The Organs of Speech https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 6. What is articulatory system in phonetics? It is called a subfield of phonetics which studies articulation and also the ways that humans produce speech in order to communicate or express an idea. It is called a subfield of phoneme which studies articulation and also the ways that humans produce speech in order to communicate or express an idea. It is called a subfield of phonetics which studies articulation and also the ways that animals produce speech in order to communicate or express an idea. Pregunta 6 de 10 14/19 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:36 Theme 2: The Organs of Speech https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 7. What are the points of articulation? The point of articulation is the sound reached or approached by the larynx. The point of articulation is the place reached or approached by the cavity. The point of articulation is the place reached or approached by the articulator. Pregunta 7 de 10 15/19 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:36 Theme 2: The Organs of Speech https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 8. Where does the sound production begin? The sound production begins in the lungs. The sound production begins in the tongue. The sound production begins in the mouth. Pregunta 8 de 10 16/19 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:36 Theme 2: The Organs of Speech https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 9. What are the cavities? Cavities are the holes or tubes where the air flow goes through. Cavities are the zones or chamber where the air flow goes through. Cavities are the points of articulation where the air flow goes through Pregunta 9 de 10 17/19 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:36 Theme 2: The Organs of Speech https://evirtual.espe.edu.ec/programas_scorm.cgi?id_curso=21412&id_unidad=240800&id_pkg=80... Quinto Nivel Cuarto Nivel Self-assessment 10. What are the articulators? The articulators are the unmovable organs that reach certain point of articulation to utter a sound. The articulators are the movable sounds that reach certain point of articulation to utter a sound. The articulators are the movable organs that reach certain point of articulation to utter a sound. Pregunta 10 de 10 18/19 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:36 SlidePlayer https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/ 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:56 SlidePlayer https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/ 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:57 SlidePlayer https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/ 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:57 SlidePlayer https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/ 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:57 SlidePlayer https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/ 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:57 SlidePlayer https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/ 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:57 SlidePlayer https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/ 1 de 1 16/5/2022 15:59 SlidePlayer https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/ 1 de 1 16/5/2022 16:02 SlidePlayer https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/ 1 de 1 16/5/2022 16:06 SlidePlayer https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/ 1 de 1 16/5/2022 16:09 SlidePlayer https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/ 1 de 1 16/5/2022 16:14 SlidePlayer https://slideplayer.com/slide/16793987/ 1 de 1 16/5/2022 16:17 What is Contrastive Analysis The word contrastive implies that is it more interested in the differences and similarities between languages than being interested in languages families and history. Fisiak (1981) defines CA as "a sub- discipline of linguistics concerned with the comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of language in order to determine both the differences and similarities between Them." In other words, CA is a branch of applied linguistics that is concerned with studying and finding the similarities and differences between a pair of languages or more based on the assumption that languages can be compared then applying these findings to the area of teaching and learning languages. Robert Lado's formulation of the "Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis" in his “Linguistics across Cultures” (1957) is considered the greatest contribution in the field of CA studies. WHAT IS THE NEED FOR CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS? After the World War II, the interest in teaching foreign languages increased in the USA and many linguists were concerned with the studies that tries to predict the learning difficulties on the basis of comparing the native language with the foreign language being learnt, and also the study of bilingualism and language contact phenomena. It was originally known as Comparative Linguistics then it became known as Contrastive Linguistics, Contrastive Study, Contrastive Analysis, and Differential Linguistics where all these terms can be used interchangeably in the same context. Transfer- Interference- and Cross-linguistic Influence: The term transfer/interference is dealt with in CA to explain the difficulties learners face in learning a second language. To avoid any misunderstanding, transfer is used interchangeably with interference. Transfer refers to the influence of L1 on L2 in both positive and negative way. Odlin (1989) presents a definition of transfer as " The influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired." Both comparative and contrastive linguistics compare and contrast languages. But the scope, goals, and methods of each are different. Comparative linguistics compares and contrasts genetically-related languages diachronically (over time), whereas contrastive linguistics compares and contrasts languages which are culturally related (whether they’re genetically related or not!). This is because the goals are much different! Moreover, the goals of comparative linguistics and contrastive linguistics are different. Comparative linguistics mainly informs the linguistic theory in its diachronic aspects. Though it may inform the linguistic theory in some way, contrastive linguistics has pedagogical goals in the field of translation and second language acquisition. Comparative linguistics looks for commonalities and similarities Comparative linguistics looks for commonalities and similarities. Contrastive linguistics looks at divergence and differentiation.We can also say that we need contrastive linguistics (contrastive analysis - CA for short) for language learning and language teaching as well as translation. Contrastive Linguistics is then part of Applied Linguistics. Comparative Linguistics, as they have already said above, is more concerned with comparing languages especially from a historical perspective. What is positive and negative transfer? Positive transfer occurs where a language item in L1 is also present in L2, so acquisition of this item makes little or no difficulty for the learners.Negative transfer occurs when there is no concordance between L1 and L2 and thus, acquisition of the new L2 structure would be more difficult and errors reflecting L1 structure would be produced. (Powell: 1998)(PROVIDE EXAMPLES FROM ARABIC) Difference between CL and Comp.L 1. Comparative linguistics makes a synchronic and diachronic comparison between two languages which are "genetically" similar;2. Contrastive linguistics contrasts the structures of two languages in order to pick all the relevant differences. Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia English Phonetics and Phonology Contrastive analysis Alphabet Latin and IPA Index Pág. 1.1. Alphabets 3 1.2. Latin Alphabet 4 1.3. International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA 4 1.4 Spanish Phonetic Inventory 5 Complementary Resources 6 Bibliography Alphabet Latin and IPA 2 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Alphabets The word Alphabet comes from the Greek Words Alpha and Beta. Alphabets might be classified into Orthographic and Phonetic Alphabets. An orthographic alphabet is a group of standardized symbols which represent vowel or consonant letters, while the Phonetic Alphabet is a set of standardized symbols that represent a specific vowel or consonant sound. Latin Alphabet Both Spanish and English use the Latin or Roman Alphabet which might lightly vary in their orthographic symbols. The modern Latin alphabet is used to write hundreds of different languages. Each language uses a slightly different set of letters, and they are pronounced in various ways. Some languages use the standard 26 letters, some use fewer, and others use more (Ager, 1998). Table 1 ISO Basic Latin Alphabet Uppercase Latin alphabet A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Lowercase Latin alphabet a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Note: 26 Upper and lower case International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA The International Phonetic Alphabet was launched in the late 19th century as a standardized system of Phonetic notation that uses one symbol per one specific sound. The IPA is based on the Roman Alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters or additional symbols from a variety of other sources (Handbook of The International Phonetic Association. A Guide to the Use of The International Phonetic Alphabet., 1999). The IPA contains all the symbols used in most of the living languages all over the Alphabet Latin and IPA 3 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia world. Therefore, it means that not all the symbols are used in Spanish nor in English. Table 2 The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2020) Table 3 American English IPA Chart - Consonants Alphabet Latin and IPA 4 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia In Figure 6, the consonant sounds encountered in American English is being showed. Cunningham (2019) states that: The International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA, is a notation system that uses symbols to represent the sounds of spoken language. Each symbol corresponds to a distinct sound, and as long as you know the symbol- to- sound correspondence, you should be able to pronounce any word you encounter (p.1) Table 4 Spanish IPA Chart - Consonants Figure 3 shows up the consonant inventory of Spanish language. If a contrast between figure 3 and 4, a clear and noticeable difference are to be found. Alphabet Latin and IPA 5 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Complementary Resources Table 1 ISO Basic Latin Alphabet, Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet Table 2 The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2020) Source: https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/IPA_chart_ori g/pdfs/IPA_Kiel_2020_full.pdf Table 3 American English IPA Chart – Consonants, Source: (IPA, 2020) Table 4 Spanish IPA Chart – Consonants, Source: (IPA, 2020) BIBLIOGRAPHY Ager, S. (1998). Obtenido de Omniglot Encyclopedia: https://omniglot.com/about.htm#what Brooks, G. (2015). Dictionary of British English Spelling System. UK: Open Book Publisher. Cleghorn, T. (2011). Comprehensive ARticulatory Phonetics. Second Edition. Emiratos Árabes Unidos: Lrp center. Handbook of The International Phonetic Association. A Guide to the Use of The International Phonetic Alphabet. (1999). Cambridge: Cambridege University Press. Katz, W. (1991). Phonetics and Phonology. Dallas, Texas, USA. Kennedy, R. (2017). Phonology. A Coursebook. Santa Barbara.: Cambridge University Press. Knight, R. (2012). Phonetics. A Coursebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lorenz, F. (2013). Basics of Phonetics & English Phonology. Berlín: Logos. Meyer, P. (2005). Syncronich English Linguistic. An Introduction. Germany: Gunter Nare Verlag. Nasr, R. (1977). Applied English Phonolgy for ESL/EFL Teachers. Maryland: University Press of America. Vilhiamas. (2018). World Language Gazetteer. Obtenido de https://worldlanguagesgazetteer.wordpress.com/author/vilhiamas/. Alphabet Latin and IPA 6  Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Self-assessment 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? It is a system that uses symbols to represent the sounds of spoken languages 2. Where does the word alphabet come from? The word alphabet comes from the Greek words alpha and beta 3. What does an orthographic alphabet represent? orthographic alphabet is a group of standardized symbols which represent vowel or consonant letters 4. what does the phonetic alphabet represent? the Phonetic Alphabet is a set of standardized symbols that represent a specific vowel or consonant sound 5. what is the Latin alphabet used to? The modern Latin alphabet is used to write hundreds of different languages. 6. Do all the languages use the standard 26 letters? No, some languages use the standard 26 letters, some use fewer and others use more 7. Is the IPA based on the roman alphabet? Yes, the IPA is based on the Roman alphabet 8. How was the IPA launched? The International Phonetic Alphabet was launched in the late 19th century as a standardized system of Phonetic notation that uses one symbol per one specific sound. 9. When was the IPA launched? It was launched in the 19 century 10. What does the IPA contain? The IPA contains all the symbols used in most of the living languages all over the World Alphabet Latin and IPA 7 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Tema 4 English Phonetics and Phonology Contrastive analysis Transcription Index Pág. 1.1. Transcription 3 1.2. Phonetic Transcription 3 1.3. Phonemic Transcription 3 1.4. Transcription Features 4 Symbols used for Transcriptions 4 Bibliography 5 Alphabet Latin and IPA 2 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Transcription Transcription is a system of notation or writing by means of which a sound from the spoken language is represented by a specific symbol found out in the English or Spanish IPA chart. Depending on the fact that phonemes or allophones are used, transcription differs in certain aspects (Mejía, 2013). Phonemic Transcription It is featured because slant lines are used. Consequently, only phonemes are inserted in-between. There is much to be said for making use of phonemic transcription as a teaching aid to reinforce analytically the information which the learner may have received imperfectly by hear. Phonemes are always the same, they have no variations in symbols (Morris-Wilson, 1984). ie; /kaɾˈton/, /ˈtɾopa/, /maɾiˈnaɾ/; /ˈæpəl/, /͡tʃəɹ͡tʃ/, /dɪˈzajəɹ/, /ˈfejməs/, /ˈfi͡tʃəɹ/ Phonetic Transcription Phonetic transcription is a process which is more concrete. What is heard or pronounced is transcribed with every single detail. Thus, square brackets are to be used and allophones in-between as well as diacritics. Phonemes, here, vary and different or mostly related symbols are used (Mejía, 2013). ie; [kaɾ̪ ˈtɔ̃ŋ], [ˈtɾ̥ opa], [maɾiˈnaɾ]; [ˈæpɫ̩ ], /͡tʃɝ͡tʃ/, [dɪˈzaɪ̯ ɚ], [ˈfeɪ̯ ːməs/, /ˈfi͡tʃɚ/. The examples transcribed phonemically and phonetically denote the changes to be considered when concrete spoken language is transcribed. Alphabet Latin and IPA 3 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Transcription Features Transcription process implies to follow specific details to be successful. Therefore, hereby some didactic tips according to the language: To transcribe in English is quite important to recognize firstly the stressed syllable since its vowel sound might phonetically be lengthened or non-lengthened and a chroneme (ː) might be used. The unstressed syllable usually carries out a short and reduced vowel sound /ə, ɪ/. Then, the type of transcription must be recognized. If phonemic, slant lines and phonemes must be used. If phonetic, square brackets, allophones and diacritics have to be utilized. e.g. /ˈænsər/ [ˈæːnsɚ]. To transcribe in Spanish means that stressed syllables are not so relevant because closed syllables must be recognized since within these syllables nasalized or open vowel might occur. e.g. /manˈtel/ [mãnˈtɛl], /kaɾˈbon/ [kaɾˈβɔ̃ŋ]. Symbols used for Transcriptions Symbols are very necessary to make transcriptions in order to stablish the difference among sounds in a target language, and how they are used at the moment of speaking specially when the is a variation in a region. Chroneme (ː) Used to recognize if a vowel is phonetically lengthened or non-lengthened. [ˈæːnsɚ]. Stress mark ´ To demonstrate the syllable is stressed. ´man Angle brackets They enclosed he spelling < nice > Slant brackets / / Used for phonemic transcription /kaɾˈbon/ Square brackets [ ] They are used to detail phonetic transcription [kaɾˈβɔ̃ŋ]. Vertical line l Used for demonstrating a pause in phonetic transcription Division marker. Shows the limits between syllables Diacritics ã A sign which indicates the variation in the vowel or consonant quality. Alphabet Latin and IPA 4 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia BIBLIOGRAPHY Ager, S. (1998). Obtenido de Omniglot Encyclopedia: https://omniglot.com/about.htm#what Brooks, G. (2015). Dictionary of British English Spelling System. UK: Open Book Publisher. Cleghorn, T. (2011). Comprehensive ARticulatory Phonetics. Second Edition. Emiratos Árabes Unidos: Lrp center. Handbook of The International Phonetic Association. A Guide to the Use of The International Phonetic Alphabet. (1999). Cambridge: Cambridege University Press. Katz, W. (1991). Phonetics and Phonology. Dallas, Texas, USA. Kennedy, R. (2017). Phonology. A Coursebook. Santa Barbara.: Cambridge University Press. Knight, R. (2012). Phonetics. A Coursebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lorenz, F. (2013). Basics of Phonetics & English Phonology. Berlín: Logos. Meyer, P. (2005). Syncronich English Linguistic. An Introduction. Germany: Gunter Nare Verlag. Nasr, R. (1977). Applied English Phonolgy for ESL/EFL Teachers. Maryland: University Press of America. Vilhiamas. (2018). World Language Gazetteer. Obtenido de https://worldlanguagesgazetteer.wordpress.com/author/vilhiamas/. Alphabet Latin and IPA 5  Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Self-assessment 1. How is the transcription represented? It is represented by a specific symbol found out in the English or Spanish IPA chart. 2. How does description differ in certain aspects? Transcription differs depending on the fact that phonemes or allophones are used. 3. What does transcription mean? Transcription is a systematic representation of spoken language in written form 4. What does phonemic transcription use? Phonemic transcription use slant lines and only phonemes 5. What does phonetic transcription mean? Phonetic transcription transcribes what is heard or pronounced with every single detail 6. What does phonemic transcription use? Phonetic transcription use square brackets 7. What must be considered when concrete spoken language is transcribed? It must be considered the changes transcribed phonemically and phonetically 8. What is very important when transcribing in the English language? To transcribe in English is quite important to recognize firstly the stressed syllable. 9. What does usually an unstressed syllable carry out? The unstressed syllable usually carries out a short and reduced vowel sound /ə,ɪ/ 10. Why are symbols necessary to make transcriptions? Symbols are very necessary to make transcriptions in order to stablish the difference among sounds in a target language Alphabet Latin and IPA 6 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Tema 5 English Phonetics and Phonology Contrastive analysis VOWELS Index Pág. 1.1. Vowels 3-4 Complementary Resources 5 Bibliography 6 Vowels 2 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Vowels Every language has vowels as part of its spoken or printed words. A vowel is the nucleus of a syllable and it is always voiced because the vocal folds are adducted and vibrating, besides the vowels use completely the mouth cavity. American English has ten monophthongs and five diphthongs while Spanish has five monophthongs and fourteen diphthongs. All of them are primarily defined by the tongue position; however, some other features are considered such as: area, muscle tension, and lip shape. There is an official vowel chart prepared by the International Phonetic Association, IPA; nevertheless, the great variations of the Spanish and English languages (dialects) and the scientific studies on them have made to have a kind of standard Spanish-English Vowel Quadrant (Figure 8). Hereby, a contrast of IPA and APA vowel chart contrasts. Figure 1.- IPA Vowel Chart (updated to 2020) Source: (IPA, 2020) Due to English language variation because of the geolects and sociolects, the American Phonetic Association presents the vowel quadrant as Mejía (2013) represents: Vowels 3 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Figure 2.- English Vowel Quadrant /ʌ/ Source: (Mejía, 2013) Hereby, Spanish presents five monophthongs and fourteen diphthongs. Figure 3 Spanish Vowel Quadrant Source: (Mejía, 2013) Vowels 4 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Complementary Resources Figure 1.- IPA Vowel Chart (updated to 2020), Source: (IPA, 2020) Figure 2.- English Vowel Quadrant, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Figure 3 Spanish Vowel Quadrant, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Pronunciation Master Class. YouTube. https://youtu.be/9E6F57s-V7U Bibliography Works Cited Blizzard, J. (2012). Singing American English. second edition. North Carolina:Wingate University. Brooks, G. (2015). Dictionary of British English Spelling System. UK: OpenBook Publisher. Cleghorn, T. (2011). Comprehensive ARticulatory Phonetics. Second Edition. Emiratos Árabes Unidos: Lrp center. IPA. (2020). Journal of the Internatonal Phonetic Association. Cambridge:Cambridge. Katz, W. (1991). Phonetics and Phonology. Dallas, Texas, USA. Kennedy, R. (2017). Phonology. A Coursebook. Santa Barbara.: CambridgeUniversity Press. Knight, R. (2012). Phonetics. A Coursebook. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress. Lorenz, F. (2013). Basics of Phonetics & English Phonology. Berlín: Logos. Mejía, P. (2013). Contrastive Linguistics. A descriptive Linguistics Course for Spanish-English Teachers. Quito: Classroom. Meyer, P. (2005). Syncronich English Linguistic. An Introduction. Germany:Gunter Nare Verlag. Nasr, R. (1977). Applied English Phonolgy for ESL/EFL Teachers. Maryland:University Press of America. Olive, J., Greenwood, A., & Coleman, J. (1993). Acoustics of American EnglishSpeech. USA: Springer. Scott, J. (2009). Triphthongs in Spanish. Obtenido de Trusted Translations: https://translation-blog.trustedtranslations.com/triphthongs-in-spanish-2009-09- 21.html Vowels 5 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Self-assessment 1. How is the vowel considered? A vowel is considered as the nucleus of a syllable 2. Are vowels considered voiced or voiceless? All the vowels are considered voiced 3. Why are the vowels voiced? Because at the moment of pronouncing the vocal folds are adducted and vibrating 4. How many monophthongs and diphthongs are there in the English language? American English has ten monophthongs and five diphthongs 5. How many monophthongs and diphthongs are there in the Spanish language? Spanish has five monophthongs and fourteen diphthongs 6. What do the English vowels use to be pronounced? To be pronounced the vowels use completely the moth cavity 7. When describing vowels, what does the area show? The area shows the front, central and back part of the oral cavity 8. When describing vowels, what does the lip shape show? The lip shape shows the spread, neutral and rounded position of the lips 9. How do we describe the muscle tension? The muscle tension describes if the muscles are tense or lax 10. When describing vowels, How do we describe the tongue position? The tongue position describes if the tongue is high, mid or low placed. Vowels 6 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Tema 6 English Phonetics and Phonology Contrastive analysis VOWELS Index Pág. 1.- Vowels description 3-5 Complementary Resources 6 Bibliography 7 Vowels 2 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Vowel Description To describe Spanish and English vowels, some aspects are to be taken into account. These are: Voicing) as previously mentioned, every vowel is voiced; Vowel Quality) this has to do with Monophthongs and Diphthongs; Tongue Position) law, mid, high; Area) front, central, back; Muscle tension) tense or lax in English; however, Spanish vowels are all tense, and Lip Form) spread, neutral, rounded. The description of monophthongs is detailed in table 2. A relevant aspect must be considered when denoting to / i / and / u / English vowel sounds. The point is that these two sounds are longer than the /ɪ/ since they are diphthongized. That is why, the American Phonetic Association, APA, uses the following notation /ɪy/ and /uw/ while dictionaries use the / i / and / u / symbols according to IPA. Table 1.- English Vowel Description Tongue Vowel Area Muscle tension Lip Form Position /i/ High Front tense (diphthongized) Spread /ɪ/ High Front lax Spread /ɛ/ Mid Front lax Spread /æ/ Low Front lax Spread /a/ Low Central lax Neutral /ə/ Mid Central lax neutral unstressed /ʌ/ Mid Central lax neutral stressed /ɔ/ Mid Back lax Rounded /ʊ/ High Back lax Rounded /u/ High Back tense (diphthongized) Rounded Note: Remember that every vowel is voiced and oral. Source: (Mejía, 2013) Every English vowel sound, phonetically, has two allophones: the lengthened and non-lengthened. Lengthened vowel sounds occur when stressed vowels happen before a voiced consonant while non-lengthened vowels happen when stressed vowels are behind a voiceless consonant sound. Then, to demonstrate that a vowel sound is lengthened the diacritic ‘ː ‘must be used; eg, /ˈmænəɹ/ [ˈmæːnɚ], /ˈapʃən/ [ˈapʃən]. Allophones are described in Table 3. Vowels 3 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Table 2.- English Vowel Allophones Vowel Lengthened Non-lengthened Examples Phoneme Allophone Allophone /i/ [ iː] [i] [miːn] [pʰis] /ɪ/ [ɪː] [ɪ] [ˈwɪːmɪn] [sɪts] /ɛ/ [ɛː] [ɛ] [ˈɹɛːntɚ] [ˈmɛsi] /æ/ [æː] [æ] [ˈmæːɹvələs] [ˈkʰæsəɫ] /a/ [aː] [a] [ˈdaːɹlɪŋ] [ˈdaktɚ] /ə/ ------ [ə] [əˈgɛːn] [hʌtˈ ̄ ] /ʌ/ [ʌː] [ʌ] [hʌːm] [bɔtˈ ̄ ] /ɔ/ [ɔː] [ɔ] [mɔːɹ] [kʰɔf ] /ʊ/ [ʊː] [ʊ] [kʰʊːd] [pʰʊtˈ ̄ ] /u/ [uː] [u] [suːn] [ʃutˈ ̄ ] Source: (Mejía, 2013) As Spanish is mostly a phonetic language, it has just five vowel letters which are pronounced as they are. Table 3 Spanish Vowel Discription Tongue Vowel Area Muscle tension Lip Form Position /i/ High Front Tense spread /e/ Mid Front Tense spread /a/ Low Central Tense neutral /o/ Mid Back Tense rounded /u/ High Back Tense rounded Source: (Mejía, 2013) Spanish vowel sounds, phonetically, has basically two allophones (unlengthened and nasalized) except /e/ and /o/ which have two extra allophones (open and open-nasalized). Nasal vowel sounds occur when any Spanish vowel is between two nasal consonants: e.g. [mãˈŋãna], [mãnãnˈtjal]; or when any Spanish vowel sound is part of nasal closed syllable: e.g. [kãn̪ˈtaɾ], [pẽnˈsaɾ], [bẽnˈtana]. Vowels 4 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Another feature that Spanish vowels assume is that /e/ and /o/ might be opened, [ɛ] and [ɔ], when they are part of any closed syllable, with the [ɛ] exception which never opens when the syllable is closed by ; [ɛ] and [ɔ] become open when they are before or after the trill sound [r] (the first that occurs): e.g. [ɛraˈmjẽn̪ ta], [ marɔ̃ŋ], [ɛroɾes]; [ɛ] and [ɔ] become open when they happen exclusively before the voiceless dorso velar [x]: e.g. [mɛxoˈɾia], [ɔxal], and finally, [ɛ] and [ɔ] become open when they are part of a falling diphthong: e.g.; [ˈrɛi̯ no], [ɛu̯ˈxenja]. Table 4 Spanish Vowel Allophones Vowel Non- Nasalized Open Open Phoneme lengthened Allophone Allophone Nasalized Examples Allophone Allophone /i/ [i] * * [ˈprima] [ĩ] [pĩnsa] [teˈnas] [ˈtɛɾno] [tɛm ̃ ˈblaɾ] /e/ [e] [ẽ] [ɛ] [ ɛ̃ ] [mẽnˈtiɾ] /a/ [a] * * [ˈmasa] [ã] [ˈkãn̪to] /o/ [o] [ ɔ̃ ] [ˈtoɾo] [mɔɾ̪ ˈtal] [ˈpɔ̃nʲ͡tʃo] [õ] [ɔ] [mõno] /u/ [u] * * [ˈutil] [ũ] [ˈpũn̪ to] Source: (Mejía, 2013) Complementary Resources Table 1.- English Vowel Description, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Table 2.- English Vowel Allophones, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Table 3 Spanish Vowel Description, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Table 4 Spanish Vowel Allophones, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Pronunciation Master Class. YouTube. https://youtu.be/9E6F57s-V7U Bibliography Works Cited Blizzard, J. (2012). Singing American English. second edition. North Carolina: Wingate University. Vowels 5 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Brooks, G. (2015). Dictionary of British English Spelling System. UK: Open Book Publisher. Cleghorn, T. (2011). Comprehensive ARticulatory Phonetics. Second Edition. Emiratos Árabes Unidos: Lrp center. IPA. (2020). Journal of the Internatonal Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge. Katz, W. (1991). Phonetics and Phonology. Dallas, Texas, USA. Kennedy, R. (2017). Phonology. A Coursebook. Santa Barbara.: Cambridge University Press. Knight, R. (2012). Phonetics. A Coursebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lorenz, F. (2013). Basics of Phonetics & English Phonology. Berlín: Logos. Mejía, P. (2013). Contrastive Linguistics. A descriptive Linguistics Course for Spanish-English Teachers. Quito: Classroom. Meyer, P. (2005). Syncronich English Linguistic. An Introduction. Germany: Gunter Nare Verlag. Nasr, R. (1977). Applied English Phonolgy for ESL/EFL Teachers. Maryland: University Press of America. Olive, J., Greenwood, A., & Coleman, J. (1993). Acoustics of American English Speech. USA: Springer. Scott, J. (2009). Triphthongs in Spanish. Obtenido de Trusted Translations: https://translation-blog.trustedtranslations.com/triphthongs-in-spanish- 2009-09-21.html Vowels 6 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Self-assessment 1. What are the aspects to be taken into account to describe vowels? The aspects to be taken into account to describe vowels are: tongue position, area, muscle, tension and lip form 2. When does the lengthened vowel sounds occur? Lengthened vowel sounds occur when stressedvowels happen before a voiced consonant 3. When does the non-lengthened vowel sounds occur? non-lengthened vowels happenwhen stressed vowels are behind a voiceless consonant sound 4. How are the allophones in English described? They are described as lengthened and non-lengthened 5. How many allophones do the English vowels have? Every English vowel sound, phonetically has two allophones 6. What does the vowel quality deal with? The vowel quality has to do with monophthongs and diphthongs 7. What is the description of the vowel sound /i/? The description of the vowel /i/ is: high, front, tense (diphthongized)- spread 8. What is the description of the vowel sound / ɪ/? The description of the vowel / ɪ/ is: high, front, lax, spread 9. What is the description of the vowel sound / ɛ/? The description of the vowel / ɛ / is: mid, front, lax, spread 10. What is the description of the vowel sound / æ/? The description of the vowel / æ / is: low, front, lax, spread Vowels 7  Tema 7 English Phonetics and Phonology Contrastive analysis VOWELS Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Index Pág. 3.1 Diphthongs 3–6 3. 1. 2 Triphthongs 7 Complementary Resources 8 Bibliography 9 Vowels 2 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Diphthongs A diphthong is a combination of a weak and a strong vowel sound. The weak vowels represented by the /j/ and /w/ glide symbols. Practically, a diphthong has two tongue movements and are “often considered to be single phonemes in English” as well as in Spanish (Olive, Greenwood, & Coleman, 1993). There are five diphthongs in American English. All of them are voiced and tense, and have two allophones: the lengthened and non-lengthened. Figure 1 English Diphthong Construction Source: (Mejía, 2013) Table 1.- American English Diphthongs Vowel Tongue Position- Area Lip Form / aw / low-front becoming high-back spread becoming rounded / aj / low-front becoming high-front Spread / ɔj / mid-back becoming high-back rounded becoming spread / ej / mid-front becoming high-front Spread / ɔw / mid-back becoming high-back Rounded Source: (Mejía, 2013) Vowels 3 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Table 2.- English Diphthong Allophones Vowel Lengthened Non-lengthened Examples Phoneme Allophone Allophone / aw / [ aʊ̯ː ] [ aʊ̯] [bɹaʊ̯ːn] [maʊ̯s] / aj / [ aɪ̯ː ] [ aɪ̯ ] [naɪ̯ːn] [laɪ̯t] / ɔj / [ ɔɪː ] [ ɔɪ ] [kʰɔɪ̯ːn] [ˈmɔɪ̯stʃɚ] / ej / [ eɪ̯ː ] [ eɪ̯ ] [meɪ̯ːn] [leɪ̯t] / ɔw / [ ɔʊ̯ː ] [ ɔʊ̯ ] [loʊ̯ːn] [kʰoʊ̯t] Source: (Mejía, 2013) Hereby, it is quite important to mention that the glide sounds /j/ and /w/ become the semivowels [ -ʊ̯] and [ -ɪ̯ ]; therefore, the diacritic ‘ ̯ ‘ is required. Let’s remember that diphthongs become lengthened when a voiced consonant sound follows it; otherwise, diphthongs will be unlengthened. Besides, diphthongs must be part of a stressed syllable. On the other hand, Spanish diphthongs are fourteen and are classified as Falling diphthongs (a strong and a weak vowel) and Rising diphthongs (a weak and a strong vowel). Figure 12. Figure 5 Spanish Diphthong Construction Source: (Mejía, 2013) Vowels 4 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Table 3 Spanish Falling Diphthongs Vowel Tongue Position- Area Lip Form / aj / low-central becoming high-front neutral becoming spread / ej / mid-front becoming high-front spread / oj / mid-back becoming high-front rounded becoming spread / aw / low-central becoming high-back neutral becoming rounded / ew / mid-front becoming high-back spread becoming rounded / ow / * mid-back becoming high-back rounded Note: Spanish diphthongs are voiced and tense. * This Spanish diphthong occurs just as part of a concatenation process in Connected Speech. The approximant sounds /j/ and /w/ when happen as part of a falling diphthong become semivowels and have to use a diacritic. Table 4 Spanish Rising Diphthongs Vowel Tongue Position- Area Lip Form / ja / high-front becoming low-central spread becoming neutral / je / high-front becoming mid-front spread / jo / high-front becoming mid-back spread becoming rounded / wa / high-back becoming low-central rounded becoming neutral / we / high-back becoming mid-front rounded becoming spread / wo / high-back becoming mid-back rounded The approximant sounds /j/ and /w/ when happen as part of a rising diphthong become semiconsonants. Table 5 Weak Spanish Diphthongs Vowel Tongue Position- Area Lip Form / jw / high-front becoming high-back spread becoming rounded / wj / high-back becoming high-front Rounded becoming spread It is remarkable to mention that both Spanish and English use the approximant sounds /j/ and /w/ to build up diphthongs and triphthongs. When the approximants happen in a falling diphthong, approximants become semivowels and a diacritic (a semicircle) must be used under them. Notice the symbols to be used in Spanish as well as in English. Spanish: [ -i̯ ] [-u̯ ]; English: [-ɪ̯ ] [-ʊ̯ ]. However, when the approximants happen in a rising diphthong, approximants become semiconsonants and they don’t Vowels 5 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia assume any change in their symbols. Spanish and English use the same semiconsonants; [ j- ] [ w- ]. Table 6 Spanish Falling Diphthong Allophones Vowel Phoneme Semivowel Allophone Examples / aj / [ai̯ ] [kai̯ ˈma̯n] / ej / [ɛi̯ ] [ˈpei̯ ne] / oj / [ɔi̯ ] [ˈkɔi̯ ma] / aw / [au̯] [kau̯sa] / ew / [ɛu̯] [ɛu̯feˈmizmo] / ow / * [ɔu̯] [komɔ ‿u̯so] Note: * The diphthong / ow / occurs just in context within a thought group. Table 7 Spanish Rising Diphthong Allophones Vowel Phoneme Semivowel Allophone Examples / ja / [ja] [ˈbjaxa] / je / [je] [ˈbjene] / jo / [jo] [ˈpjoxo] / wa / [wa] [ˈkwãn̪do] / we / [we] [ˈpweðe] / wo / [wo] [ˈkwota] Note: The approximants /j/ and /w/ are semiconsonants. Table 8 Weak Spanish Diphthong Allophones Vowel Phoneme Semivowel Allophone Examples / jw / [ju̯] [sju̯ðaˈðano] / wj / [wi̯ ] [kwi̯ ˈðaɾ] Note: These diphthongs include at the same time a semiconsonant as well as a semivowel. So far, it has been clearly identified Spanish and English diphthongs and their allophones. Vowels 6 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Triphthongs Triphthongs, in American English as well as Spanish, consists of three successive vowel sounds in the same syllable. It means that the tongue moves in three different positions. The two triphthongs that occur in the Standard American English are [aɪ̯ɚ] [aʊ̯ɚ]; eg, /fajəɹ/ [faɪ̯ɚ], /tajəɹ/ [tʰaɪ̯ɚ]; /awəɹ/ [aʊ̯ɚ] and /dawəɹ/ [daʊ̯ɚ]. The tongue movements are seen in figure 13. Figure 6.- American English Triphthongs Source: (Blizzard, 2012) A triphthong is a sequence of three vowels making up one syllable. Some examples in Spanish would be: , ,. For a triphthong to exist, two weak vowels or and, between them, an open vowel , , , , , (Scott, 2009). As it is seen, Hispanic dialect contains more triphthongs. In Latin America, practically there are few triphthongs as in the common word /bwej/ [bwei̯ ]. This triphthong is structured with two weak vowels (approximants) and a strong vowel in the middle of it. Vowels 7 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Complementary Resources Figure 1 English Diphthong Construction, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Figure 2 Spanish Diphthong Construction, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Figure 3.- American English Triphthongs, Source: (Blizzard, 2012) Table 1.- American English Diphthongs, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Table 2.- English Diphthong Allophones, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Table 3 Spanish Falling Diphthongs, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Table 4 Spanish Rising Diphthongs, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Table 5 Weak Spanish Diphthongs, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Table 6 Spanish Falling Diphthong Allophones, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Table 7 Spanish Rising Diphthong Allophones, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Table 8 Weak Spanish Diphthong Allophones, Source: (Mejía, 2013) Rachel. (2011, Jul 25). American English Diphthongs. YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XajvB178Hhs Bibliography Works Cited Blizzard, J. (2012). Singing American English. second edition. North Carolina: Wingate University. Brooks, G. (2015). Dictionary of British English Spelling System. UK: Open Book Publisher. Cleghorn, T. (2011). Comprehensive ARticulatory Phonetics. Second Edition. Emiratos Árabes Unidos: Lrp center. IPA. (2020). Journal of the Internatonal Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge. Vowels 8 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Unidad de Educación a Distancia Katz, W. (1991). Phonetics and Phonology. Dallas, Texas, USA. Kennedy, R. (2017). Phonology. A Coursebook. Santa Barbara.: Cambridge University Press. Knight, R. (2012). Phonetics. A Coursebook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lorenz, F. (2013). Basics of Phonetics & English Phonology. Berlín: Logos. Mejía, P. (2013). Contrastive Linguistics. A descriptive Linguistics Course for Spanish-English Teachers. Quito: Classroom. Meyer, P. (2005). Syncronich English Linguistic. An Introduction. Germany: Gunter Nare Verlag. Nasr, R. (1977). Applied English Phonolgy for ESL/EFL Teachers. Maryland: University Press of America. Olive, J., Greenwood, A., & Coleman, J. (1993). Acoustics of American English Speech. USA: Springer. Scott, J. (2009). Triphthongs in Spanish. Obtenido de Trusted Translations: https://translation-blog.trustedtranslations.com/triphthongs-in-spanish- 2009-09-21.html Vowels 9 self-assessment What is a diphthong in English? a diphthong is a combination of a weak and a strong vowel sound How are diphthongs in Spanish classified? Spanish diphthongs are classified as falling diphthongs (a strong and a weak vowel) and rising diphthongs ( a weak and a strong vowel) When do the sounds /j/ and /w/ become semi consonants? the approximant sounds /j/ and /w/ when happen as part of a rising diphthong become semiconconants What is a triphthong? a triphthong is a sequence of three vowels making up one syllable What do we need for a triphthong to exist in spanish? for a triphthong to exist, two weak vowels or and between them an open vowel , , What is the description of the vowel sound /aw/? the description of the vowel /aw/ is: low-front becoming high-back spread becoming rounded What is the description of the vowel sound /aj/? the description of the vowel /aj/ is: low-front becoming high-front spread What is the description of the vowel sound /ɔj/? the description of the vowel /ɔj/ is:mid-back becoming high-back rounded becoming spread What is the description of the vowel sound /ej/? the description of the vowel /ej/ is:mid-front becoming high-front spread What is the description of the vowel sound /ɔw/? the description of the vowel /ɔw/ is:mid-back becoming high-back rounded Program > Unit > Evaluation Online Learning activity 4 Online Learning activity 4 Total score: 20.00 Score of approval: 14.00 Incorrect answers lower your score: No Open: since 18/06/2022 22:00 until 18/06/2022 22:30 Achievement Date: 06/16/2022 10:08:29 PM Achievement time: 00:17:16 Passed - 19.00 Number of times done: 1 Quantity of right answers: 19 / 20 A diphthong in English is a combination of a... weak and a long vowel sound weak and a strong vowels weak and a strong vowel sound short and a strong vowel sound All the diphthongs are... voiceless voiced lengthened non-lengthened What is a triphthong? It is a sequence of three vowels making up one syllable. It is a sequence of two vowels making up one syllable.  It is a separation of three vowels making up one syllable. All of the above What is the description of the diphthong sound /aj/? mid-back becoming high - back - rounded becoming spread. low- front becoming high - front - spread. low - front becoming high - back spread becoming. low- back becoming high - front - spread. What is the description of the diphthong sound /ɔj/? Mid- back becoming high - back - rounded becoming spread. Low- front becoming high - front - spread. Low- front becoming high - back - spread becoming. High- front becoming low - back - spread. A Diphthong is a combination of... a weak and a strong vowel sound two consonants a consonant and a vowel three vowels A Diphthong is often considered as... a strong phoneme a single phoneme a weak phoneme a double phoneme The aproximant sounds /j/ and /w/ when happen as part of a falling diphthong become...  semiconsonants consonants semivowels vowels The approximant sounds /j/ and /w/ when happen as part of a rising diphthong become... consonants semivowels vowels semiconsonants Which of the following words include this diphthong /ɔɪ/? Should Boy Blood Which of the following words include this diphthong /ɔu/? Through show Though Which of the following words include this diphthong /aɪ/? Said High Says Which of the following words include this triphthong /auə/? Hour  Player Mower Which of the following words include this triphthong /aɪə/? Fire Employer Tired Which of the following Spanish words include this diphthong /aɪ/? Veinte Paisaje Pleito Which of the following Spanish words include this diphthong /au/? Feudo Traiga Laura The correct description for /ow/ diphthong is... mid-back becoming high-back, rounded low-front becoming high-back low-front becoming high-front The fourteen diphthongs in Spanish are... falling and rising weak and stressed strong and tense Which of the below Spanish words has a diphthong formed with a "weak + strong" vowel? peine aire piano The glide sounds...become semivowels and a diacritic is used under them. /j/ and /w/ /je/ and /jo/ /j/ and /m/ Previous Next  i u [iɱfan'til] [uten 'si ʎo] e o ['oso] a [ɹˈooʊzᵻz] [ɹˈiːd] [tˈuː] ɨ [hˈɔːɹsᵻz] [spˈiːd] [dɹˈiːm] i [kˈoːɹsᵻz] [klˈeeɪsᵻz] u [fˈuːd] [mˈuːd] [hɪt] [skˈuːl] [bˈiːf ] [bˈʌsᵻz] [ˈsɪtɪŋ] [kˈuːl] [fɹˈiːzɚ] ɪ [ʃɪp] [tˈʊk] [sɪt] [lɪv] [wˈʊmən] [wˈʊd] ʊ [kˈʊk] e [gˈʊd] o