Compilation of ASEAN Lectures PDF

**Summary** \"Si Mabuti\" by Genoveva Edroza-Matute is a story about a teacher referred to as \"Mabuti\" by her students. She is remembered by the narrator, who admires her kindness and compassion despite her unremarkable appearance and simple life. Mabuti is known for her optimism and encouragemen...

**Summary** \"Si Mabuti\" by Genoveva Edroza-Matute is a story about a teacher referred to as \"Mabuti\" by her students. She is remembered by the narrator, who admires her kindness and compassion despite her unremarkable appearance and simple life. Mabuti is known for her optimism and encouragement, always starting her lessons with the word \"Mabuti.\" The narrator recalls a significant moment when she was caught crying in the library by Mabuti, who confessed that she, too, had come to cry. This moment of shared vulnerability created a deep connection between them. The story reveals that while Mabuti appears cheerful and strong, she hides her personal pain, particularly regarding her relationship with her child and the child's absent father. Despite her own struggles, she continues to impart wisdom and positivity to her students, showing them the beauty of life even in difficult circumstances.\ \ ==Isinilang noong ika-13 ng Enero 1915, si Genoveva Edroza-Matute ay isang tanyag na kwentista sa wikang Filipino. Siya ay nagturo sa loob ng apatnapu\'t anim na taon at nagretiro bilang dekana ng Dalubhasaang Normal ng Pilipinas (Philippine Normal University). Si Edroza-Matute ang nagtamo ng kauna-unahang Gawad Palanca para sa Maikling Kwento noong 1951 para kanyang kathang Kwento ni Mabuti. Gayundin, siya ay ginawaran ng Sentrong Pangkultura ng Pilipinas ng Gawad CCP para sa Sining noong 1992. Pumanaw si Edroza-Matute noong ika-21 ng Marso 2009, sa edad na 94. **Plot Twist** The plot twist occurs when the narrator and her classmates discover that Mabuti has been hiding her own sadness all along. They learn that she had been in a relationship with a man, the father of her child, but he had passed away. This realization adds depth to Mabuti's character, showing that her seemingly constant optimism masks her inner sorrow. **Characters** 1. **Mabuti (The Teacher)**: - **Description**: Mabuti is a dedicated and kind teacher, known for her optimism and for frequently using the word \"Mabuti\" in her lessons. She appears simple and ordinary, yet she possesses a deep sense of wisdom and compassion. Despite her cheerful exterior, she is secretly dealing with personal pain related to the death of the father of her child. - **Significance**: Mabuti serves as a role model for the narrator, teaching not only academic lessons but also valuable life lessons about courage, resilience, and the hidden beauty in life's struggles. 2. **The Narrator**: - **Description**: The narrator is one of Mabuti\'s students who deeply admires her. She initially perceives Mabuti as a source of comfort and guidance. When she shares a moment of vulnerability with Mabuti in the library, she forms a personal connection with her teacher. - **Significance**: The narrator's reflections on Mabuti show how she comes to understand the complexities of life and the quiet strength of her teacher. 3. **The Narrator\'s Classmates**: - **Description**: They are Mabuti's students, who are generally unaware of her personal life. One student makes a remark about Mabuti's child and the father, prompting a reaction from the teacher that hints at her hidden sorrow. - **Significance**: The classmates' detachment contrasts with the narrator's emotional connection with Mabuti. Their casual remark about the father of Mabuti's child helps reveal the teacher\'s hidden pain. 4. **Mabuti\'s Child**: - **Description**: Mabuti frequently talks about her child, a girl who is six years old. Mabuti has high hopes for her, wishing for her to become a good doctor one day. The child represents Mabuti's dreams and her emotional anchor. - **Significance**: Mabuti's love for her child shows her softer side and explains her inner struggles. Her references to the child provide a glimpse into her personal life. 5. **The Father of Mabuti's Child**: - **Description**: Though not directly present in the story, he is the father of Mabuti\'s child and has passed away. Mabuti does not talk about him openly, and his absence is a source of sadness for her. - **Significance**: The father\'s death adds a tragic layer to Mabuti's character and explains the emotional weight she carries while maintaining her outward optimism. The short story "Tata Selo" is the story of those deemed to be inferiors who are oppressed day by day by the discriminatory societal standards. It reflects the way of living, the challenges and difficulties of those who does not fit on certain normative criteria. Those prisoners who are abused and misjudged, those poor ones who are being discriminated by different necessaries and wants in our society, those who are exploited and weak who instead of receiving comfort to fight desperation is being criticized, those oldies and incompetents who constantly feels down about themselves, they are the "Tata Selo" in our society, and they deserve to be listened to, they deserve a story **2.Summary** \"Tata Selo\" by Rogelio Sikat is a powerful story about injustice and the plight of the poor. It follows the story of Tata Selo, an old farmer who is accused of killing the town's landowner, Kabesang Tano. Tata Selo had been working the land for a long time, but Kabesang Tano took it away from him, leading to a confrontation. After enduring years of poverty and oppression, Tata Selo, in a moment of desperation and anger, strikes Kabesang Tano, which results in his death. The story is set in a small rural town where the disparity between the rich and the poor is glaring. Tata Selo's plight is ignored by the authorities, and instead of receiving justice or sympathy for the years of unfair treatment, he is arrested and humiliated. His simple and pitiful cries for justice go unheard, and he is left to face the consequences of the act he committed in the heat of the moment. **Plot Twist** The plot twist lies in the tragic irony of Tata Selo's situation. He does not intend to be a murderer, and his crime is an act of desperation. Despite his longstanding loyalty and service to Kabesang Tano, the landowner still took his land. The town's authorities, who are allied with the powerful landowners, show no compassion for Tata Selo's situation, highlighting the deep social injustice and systemic oppression of the poor. **Characters** 1. **Tata Selo (The Old Farmer)**: - **Description**: Tata Selo is an old, impoverished farmer who has spent his life working the land. He is portrayed as a humble and hardworking man, but years of exploitation push him to commit murder. His deep sorrow and sense of injustice are palpable as he explains his side of the story, but no one listens to him. - **Significance**: Tata Selo represents the oppressed masses, particularly the poor farmers who suffer under the control of rich landowners. His tragic act of killing Kabesang Tano is a result of the unbearable oppression he faces, making him a symbol of rebellion against an unjust system. 2. **Kabesang Tano (The Landowner)**: - **Description**: Kabesang Tano is the wealthy landowner who evicts Tata Selo from his land, which pushes the old man to desperation. He is a symbol of greed and exploitation, representing the upper class who abuse their power over the poor. - **Significance**: His death at Tata Selo's hands is the pivotal moment of the story, triggering the events that lead to Tata Selo's arrest. Kabesang Tano embodies the corrupt and selfish landowning class that takes advantage of the vulnerable. 3. **Saling (Tata Selo's Daughter)**: - **Description**: Saling is Tata Selo's daughter, who is deeply affected by the injustices her father endures. She is portrayed as a loving and supportive daughter, yet powerless to change their situation. - **Significance**: Saling represents the innocent bystanders who suffer from the consequences of the ongoing conflict between the powerful and the powerless. She adds emotional depth to Tata Selo\'s character, showing how his actions affect those around him. 4. **The Mayor**: - **Description**: The mayor is the local authority figure who represents the corrupt system that favors the rich landowners. He has no sympathy for Tata Selo and is quick to arrest him without considering the reasons behind the killing. - **Significance**: The mayor symbolizes the corrupt and unjust political system that enables the exploitation of the poor. His actions highlight the lack of justice for people like Tata Selo. 5. **The Townspeople**: - **Description**: The townspeople are mostly indifferent to Tata Selo's plight. Some of them gossip about the situation, but none come forward to defend or help him. - **Significance**: The townspeople represent society's passive acceptance of the oppression of the poor. They stand by and watch as Tata Selo is punished, highlighting the community's role in perpetuating injustice. **Themes** - **Social Injustice**: The story tackles the stark inequality between the rich and the poor and the lack of justice for the oppressed. - **Oppression**: It shows how the powerful exploit the weak, with the landowners controlling the lives of farmers like Tata Selo. - **Desperation and Rebellion**: Tata Selo's act of violence is a desperate response to the years of suffering and mistreatment he has endured. - **Corruption**: The authorities, represented by the mayor, protect the interests of the wealthy while neglecting the grievances of the poor. **Summary of *Morning in Nagrebcan* by Manuel E. Arguilla:** The story is set in the rural village of Nagrebcan and follows a typical morning in the life of Baldo, a young boy who lives with his family. As the sun rises, the peaceful countryside scene is described: mist over the tobacco fields, animals wandering about, and Baldo playing with his beloved black-spotted puppy. The narrative shifts when Baldo and his younger brother Ambo begin quarreling over the puppy. Their fight escalates, leading to the intervention of their father, Tang Ciaco, who believes the puppy has gone mad. In his rage, Tang Ciaco kills the puppy, beats Baldo, and harshly disciplines both boys. The story ends with the brothers, now united in grief, burying the puppy in a corner of the field. **Plot Twist:** The plot twist occurs when Tang Ciaco, their father, misinterprets the situation and assumes the black-spotted puppy is mad after seeing it bite Ambo. In a fit of rage, he brutally kills the puppy, adding to the trauma and conflict between the brothers. What starts as a simple sibling rivalry over a pet escalates into a dark moment of family violence and emotional pain, underscoring the harsh realities of rural life. **Characters:** 1. **Baldo** -- The protagonist, a 10-year-old boy who is fond of his black-spotted puppy. He is portrayed as caring, playful, and loving towards the puppy, but he also exhibits a competitive streak, refusing to let his younger brother Ambo play with the dog. Baldo's deep attachment to the puppy highlights his vulnerability, and the harsh beating he receives from his father leaves him in a state of emotional despair. 2. **Ambo** -- Baldo's 7-year-old brother. He is energetic, stubborn, and competitive, often getting into disagreements with Baldo. Ambo becomes envious of the black-spotted puppy and tries to take it from Baldo, which leads to their physical fight. Ambo's childish defiance is evident when he throws sand in Baldo's face, but his vulnerability is also clear when he is injured by the puppy and punished by their father. 3. **Tang Ciaco** -- The father of Baldo and Ambo, a strict and violent man. He works as a carpenter and is prone to drunkenness and abusive behavior towards his family. His temper flares when he mistakenly believes the puppy has gone mad, leading him to kill the animal in front of his sons. Tang Ciaco's character embodies the harsh discipline and authoritative nature of a traditional patriarchal figure in rural Filipino society. 4. **Nana Elang** -- The mother of Baldo and Ambo. She is portrayed as a weary, overworked woman who is physically frail but mentally resilient. Nana Elang endures the hardship of her husband's violent outbursts and tries to protect her children from his wrath. Despite her best efforts, she remains a passive figure in the face of Tang Ciaco's authoritarian rule. 5. **The Black-Spotted Puppy** -- Baldo's beloved pet, symbolic of innocence and the cause of the siblings\' quarrel. The puppy's tragic fate---killed by Tang Ciaco---serves as the emotional center of the story, representing the loss of childhood innocence and the harshness of life in the rural village. **Themes:** - **Rural Life:** The story vividly describes the setting of Nagrebcan, providing a glimpse into the simplicity and challenges of life in a rural Filipino village. - **Sibling Rivalry:** Baldo and Ambo's fight over the black-spotted puppy represents the natural competitiveness between brothers, though it spirals into tragedy. - **Violence and Authority:** Tang Ciaco's abusive behavior highlights the theme of authoritarian discipline and how it impacts the children emotionally and physically. - **Innocence and Loss:** The death of the puppy symbolizes the end of childhood innocence and introduces the boys to the harsh realities of life. Themes in ASEAN Lit 1\. Colonialism and Post-Colonialism 2\. Nationalism and Patriotism 3\. Social Justice and Inequality 4\. Gender and Identity 5\. Religion and Spirituality 6\. Mythology and Folklore Importance ASEAN literature, representing the diverse voices and cultures of the Southeast Asian region, plays a crucial role in fostering regional identity, understanding, and unity. This body of work contributes to cultural preservation, as it captures the unique customs, languages, and histories of each nation, while also addressing universal human concerns. ASEAN literature serves as a bridge between nations, promoting cross-cultural dialogue, empathy, and collaboration. History The literature of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a rich tapestry that reflects the diverse cultures, histories, and languages of its member countries. Established in 1967, ASEAN includes ten Southeast Asian nations: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Each of these countries has a distinct literary tradition, shaped by their unique historical experiences, including colonization, religious influences, and post-independence identity formation. Key Points Pre-Colonial Literature: Before the arrival of European colonizers, the literature of Southeast Asia was deeply intertwined with oral traditions. For instance, the Ramayana and Mahabharata influenced many Southeast Asian cultures, leading to the creation of local versions of these epics. Colonial Influence: The colonial period, which varied in time and intensity across the region, introduced Western literary forms and languages. Post-Colonial Literature: After gaining independence, Southeast Asian nations experienced a literary renaissance, focusing on themes of nationalism, identity, and social justice. Writers began to use literature as a tool for reflecting on the struggles of nation-building and the challenges of modernization. Contemporary ASEAN Literature: Today, ASEAN literature is characterized by a blend of tradition and modernity. Writers explore a wide range of themes, including globalization, migration, and environmental concerns, while still drawing on traditional narratives and forms. The rise of digital platforms has also allowed for a more vibrant literary exchange within the region, fostering a greater sense of regional identity and solidarity. Literary Exchange and Collaboration: The ASEAN Literary Festival and other regional initiatives have played important roles in promoting literary exchange among ASEAN countries Philippines The Philippines is called Asia\'s pearl of the orient for the richness of its culture and the beauty of its landscape. It is home to centuries old churches, turn of the century mansions, ancient forts and modern museums. The Philippines is an archipelago comprising 7,100 islands. With its extensive coastline, the country offers the best of island beaches, white sand blue water teeming with marine life, corals and lush foliage. The Philippines is blessed with a moderate climate making it an ideal sun holiday destination. Manila Manila, capital and chief city of the Philippines. The city is the centre of the country's economic, political, social, and cultural activity. It is located on the island of Luzon and spreads along the eastern shore of Manila Bay at the mouth of the Pasig River. The city's name, originally Maynilad, is derived from that of the nilad plant, a flowering shrub adapted to marshy conditions, which once grew profusely along the banks of the river; the name was shortened first to Maynila and then to its present form. In 1975, by presidential decree, Manila and its contiguous cities and municipalities were integrated to function as a single administrative region, known as Metropolitan Manila (also called the National Capital Region); the Manila city proper encompasses only a small proportion of that area. Culture ○ The culture of the Philippines comprises a blend of traditional Filipino and Spanish Catholic traditions, with influences from America and other parts of Asia. The Filipinos are family oriented and often religious with an appreciation for art, fashion, music and food. Traditions Competitive Karaoke -○Having originated in Japan, this fun pastime found itself on Philippine shores very quickly. With karaoke studios peppered across every municipality, there's always room for everyone's favourite sport: competitive singing! Four-month Christmas - ○Filipinos love an excuse to party, and Christmas is the biggest, longest party of all. In the Philippines, they start celebrating three months early, giving them the longest Christmas season in the world! It starts as soon as the \"Ber - Months\" do--- SeptemBER, OctoBER, NovemBER and \... DecemBER! Fiestas - Having been colonised by Spain for more than 300 years, a large number of Filipino citizens identify as Christians. Most provinces have a patron saint and celebrate fiestas or festivals in their honour. Love to eat/drink - Although this rings true for all cultures and countries, the jovial Filipino character is definitely best expressed through food. Trivia: \"tagay\" is the oft-used Pinoy equivalent for cheers!,though you may also hear the call-out \"kampay\" often, which is a localised form of the Japanese \"kanpai\", meaning to \'empty the glass\'. \* An author uses narrative conventions in writing fictions. They are the techniques used by the author in making meaning in the fiction. These may be particular to characters, development of plot, settings, point-of-view, or style. With regard to plot convention, it has a number of techniques. These are backstory, tells the events of the story that happen before the present story; Chekhov\'s gun, tells of an inherent object inserted in the narrative:in medias res, narration that starts at the middle of the story; narrative hook, tells a catchy story opening to hook the attention of the readers; story within a story or hypodiegesis, tells a story within a story; deus-ex-Machina, tells a good character in a bad situation ensures character wins with an unexpected or implausible used to resolve the situation; plot twist, tells a surprise ending; poetic justice, tells a reward to the good characters and punishes the bad characters; cliffhanger, tells and abrupt ending which places the main characters in a perilous situation with no resolution; flashback, tells an interjected scene of the story that takes it back in time from the current point in the story and often used to tell the events that happened before another important event; flash forward tells a scene that takes the narrative to a future time from the current point of the story ; foreshadowing, indicates or hints something is coming in the latter part of the story. Point-of-view is a narrative convention which tells from whose perspective is the story told. It may be a character, first person point-of view; third person narrator, telling the story by an impersonal narrator not affected by story situations; and unreliable narrator, telling the story by an insincere narrator, misleading the readers; stream of consciousness, exposing the character\'s mind to the readers through his monologue; audience surrogate, character who expresses queries or agitations which are the same questions that readers would ask. Another convention is style. There are also a number of techniques under this convention. Figures of speech like hyperbole, metonymy, euphemism, oxymoron, and many more are style techniques. Pathos or emotional appeal is another style technique used to inspire or pity a character. In addition to these techniques for style are sensory detail, which forms mental images of scenes using descriptive words; Leitwortstil, which repeats on purpose the words that usually express a motif or theme important to the story; dramatic visualization, which presents an object or character with much description or gestures and dialogues making scenes vivid for the audience. Vietnam Vietnamese literature was developed at an early date. Despite the harsh trials of history in the form of repeated foreign invasion, its own characteristics remain. It is includes two major components which have developed simultaneously and are profoundly interrelated: Folk literature and written literature. FOLK LITERATURE Vietnamese folk literature came into being very early and had a profound effect on the spiritual life of the Viet's. Legends, fairy tales, humorous stories, folk songs, epics and so on have a tremendous vitality and have live on today. WRITTEN LITERATURE First appeared around the 10^th^ century. It had a leading role and bore the main traits of Vietnamese literature. From the 10th century, literary works were written in Han (classical Chinese) and chu nom. Well-known works written in chu nom included Chinh Phu Ngam by female poet Doan Thi Diem, the Kieu story by Nguyen Du, and chu nom poems of female poet Ho Xuan Huang. In the 20's, and the following decades, the country's literature was written in Vietnamese quoc ngu (Romanized national language) Alenxander de Rhodes is a French Jesuit missionary VIETNAM LITERATURE Traditionally, Vietnamese Literature always featured patriotism, national pride and humanism. It was not by chance that great cultural personalities such as Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Du and ho Chi Minh were also humanitists Is a literature, both oral and written, created largely by Vietnamese speaking people. Although Francophone Vietnamese and English- speaking Vietnamese authors in Australia and United States are counted by many critics as part of the national tradition Its culture combines traditions, Chinese, and Western influences. The system of values is based on the good name, respect, love for learning, and loyalty to the family. The ao dai is a gown worn over trousers, considered the national dress. VIETNAMESE CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS 1\. Ancestor Worship 2\. Burning votive paper 3\. Wedding TYPES OF POETRY Lyric Poetry: Lyric poetry expresses personal emotions and thoughts, often in a musical or rhythmic style, focusing on feelings rather than a narrative. Narrative Poetry: Narrative poetry tells a story with a clear plot and characters, combining elements of poetry and storytelling to engage the reader. Descriptive Poetry: Descriptive poetry uses vivid imagery and sensory details to paint a picture in the reader\'s mind, capturing the essence of a scene or experience. Subtypes Sonnet Shakespearean or English Petrarchan or Italian Haiku Elegy Limerick Ballad Ode **Sound Devices** **Alliteration**: Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words.\ *Example*: \"She sells sea shells.\" **Assonance**: Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words.\ *Example*: \"The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.\" **Consonance**: Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds, typically at the end of words.\ *Example*: \"The locket dropped and stopped.\" **Onomatopoeia**: Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate natural sounds.\ *Example*: \"The clock went tick-tock.\" **Rhyme**: Rhyme is the similarity of sounds at the end of words, often used in poetry.\ *Example*: \"The cat sat on the mat.\" **Rhythm**: Rhythm is the pattern of sounds and beats in spoken or written language.\ *Example*: \"Shall I compare thee to a summer\'s day?\" **Figurative Devices** **Simile**: A simile compares two different things using \"like\" or \"as.\"\ *Example*: \"Her smile was like sunshine.\" **Metaphor**: A metaphor makes a direct comparison between two unlike things without using \"like\" or \"as.\"\ *Example*: \"Time is a thief.\" **Personification**: Personification gives human traits to non-human things.\ *Example*: \"The wind whispered through the trees.\" **Irony**: Irony is a contrast between expectation and reality, often highlighting a surprising outcome.\ *Example*: \"A fire station burns down.\" **Metonymy**: Metonymy replaces the name of something with a word closely associated with it.\ *Example*: \"The White House announced a new policy.\" **Synecdoche**: Synecdoche uses a part of something to represent the whole or vice versa.\ *Example*: \"All hands on deck\" (where \"hands\" refers to sailors). ESSENTIAL PHRASES YOU\'LL NEED IN VIETNAM Dạ / Không (yah / comb) --- Yes / No Xin Lỗi (sin loy) / Excuse me Tôi không hiểu. (toy comb hey-oo) / I don't understand Hẹn gặp lại (hen gap lie) / See you again Nhà vệ sinh ở đâu? (nah vey sin uh dow) / Where is the bathroom? Rẽ trái / Rẽ phải (ray-uh try / ray-uh fy) --- Turn left / Turn right \"The Cherished Daughter\" is about a woman feeling frustrated because her mother keeps asking for too much from potential husbands, making it hard for her to get married. A SCHOOL BOY'S APOLOGY By Le Thanh Huan - The poem expresses a schoolboy\'s apology for his disruptive behavior, revealing that his true struggles are the harsh realities of war, which have shattered his dreams and left him facing violence, betrayal, and the loss of his home. The poem \"Inside Submarines\" by Phan Nhien Hao, translated by Linh Dinh, explores the metaphorical journey of living within confined, illusory spaces (submarines) as people pursue unattainable goals and grapple with the fragility of hope and connection, ultimately revealing the impossibility of achieving their desires without risking their survival. Brunei Brunei's Flag Yellow-Symbol of Generosity White-Peace and Honesty Capital Bandar Seri Begawan, formerly (until 1970) Brunei Town, capital of Brunei. The city lies along the Brunei River near its mouth on Brunei Bay, an inlet of the South China Sea on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Major oil producer 1.4 Bruneian Dollars =1 US Economy:\ CHARACTERISTICS OF BRUNEI'S ECONOMY RESOURCE-BASED ECONOMY HIGH STANDARD OF LIVING LIMITED ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION SMALL POPULATION CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES DEPENDENCE ON OIL AND GAS ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION INSFRACTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT geography Flat coast with mountain regions in the East Natural disaster are common Prone to tsunamis on the Northern coast religion Muslim is the office religion Others religions are allowed, but are restricted Some Christian holidays are recognized 67% Muslim, 13% Buddhist, 10% Christian clothing Mostly consists of Muslim clothing Strict rules, no Western-like Clothing Some people can wear shorts, T- shirts, etc. Language The official language is Malay, with English as a major second language. Many Chinese speak southern varieties of Chinese, and many learn Mandarin in school. Government Brunei is an absolute monarchy in which the sultan exercises executive power. There are no elected representatives at the national level. Constitutional Monarchy Based on the English common law Shariah Law can exceed constitution at times Sultan is Hassanal Bolkiah food Heavily influenced by South East Asian countries Slight influence from East Asian countries Fish and rice are the staple foods Beef and other meats are expensive HISTORY Sultan of Brunei ruled from 16th century Originally had more territory such as the Philippines European influence ended the Sultan reign Art\ Influenced by Sultanan rule and Traditional heritage Mix of modernized art and traditional art Vocabulary at Work Distraught - deeply upset and agitated. Conflagration - an extensive fire which destroys a great deal of land or property. Suspended - to stop something from being active, either temporarily or permanently Mist - water in the form of particles floating or falling in the atmosphere at or near the surface of the earth and approaching the form of rain Stumps - the part of something such as a tree, tooth, arm, or leg that is left after most of it has been removed Smouldering - burn slowly with smoke but no flame. Derrick - a kind of crane with a movable pivoted arm for moving or lifting heavy weights, especially on a ship. Taunting - intended to provoke someone in an insulting or contemptuous manner. Emblazoned - conspicuously inscribe or display a design on. Protrude - extend beyond or above a surface. **Oilfied Labourers** **Summary** The story \"The Oilfield Labourers\" is set in a village ravaged by a devastating fire, leaving its inhabitants in despair. Yazid, one of the survivors, grapples with the loss of his home and the recent death of an old man in the fire. As he searches through the ashes and contemplates his own fate, he engages in conversations with his friend Adam and fellow oilfield workers, reflecting on life, death, and the harsh realities of their work. Yazid is haunted by memories of the fire and troubled by the idea of death, leading to philosophical discussions with his friends about the nature of death and its inevitability. The narrative ends with a tragic accident involving a labourer falling from a derrick, highlighting the dangerous and precarious nature of their work. **Characters and Descriptions** 1. **Yazid**: - A survivor of the fire who is deeply affected by the destruction of his village and the death of an old man. He is troubled by thoughts of death and the destruction of his home. He struggles with his own feelings of loss and the harsh realities of life as an oilfield labourer. 2. **Adam**: - Yazid\'s friend who offers him a place to stay after the fire and suggests he find a new place to live. Adam appears practical and supportive, trying to help Yazid deal with his grief and the aftermath of the disaster. 3. **Jamal**: - Another oilfield labourer and friend of Yazid. Jamal is experienced and practical, often engaging in discussions about work, death, and the future. He has a fatherly demeanor towards Yazid and provides insight into the nature of their work and the dangers they face. 4. **Ghani**: - An oilfield labourer who interacts with Yazid and the others. He is involved in the practical aspects of their work and contributes to the discussions about their environment and work conditions. 5. **Ibrahim**: - A fellow labourer who works alongside Yazid and the others. His role is more peripheral, contributing to the daily operations on the derrick. 6. **William**: - An overseer or manager at the oilfield who is knowledgeable about the company\'s plans and strategies. He represents the corporate side of the oil industry and is depicted as being detached from the labourers\' personal struggles. The story combines personal tragedy with the harsh realities of oilfield work, highlighting the characters\' struggles with their environment and the existential questions that arise from their experiences. **1. Yazid\'s Role in the Story** **Role**: Yazid plays a major role in the story. He is the central character through whom the narrative unfolds. The story focuses on his emotional and philosophical struggles following the fire that destroyed his village and the subsequent events at the oilfield. **Interactions**: Yazid interacts with several characters, including: - **Adam**: His friend who offers practical support and emotional comfort. - **Jamal**: Another oilfield labourer who engages in deep philosophical discussions with Yazid about life, death, and their work. - **Ghani and Ibrahim**: Fellow labourers who are involved in the oilfield work and contribute to the setting and context of Yazid\'s reflections. - **William**: An overseer at the oilfield whose discussions with Yazid reflect the broader context of their work and its future. **Importance**: Adam is important to Yazid for his immediate support and practical help. Jamal is significant for his philosophical discussions and the sense of camaraderie he provides. The old man who died in the fire is also important to Yazid as he represents the loss and destruction Yazid is grappling with. **2. Cultures of Brunei in the Fiction** **Cultural Elements Shown**: - **Community and Tradition**: The story reflects the strong sense of community and the traditional practices of Brunei, especially in the context of the old man\'s role and the importance of burial rites. - **Oil Industry**: The depiction of the oilfield reflects Brunei's real-life dependence on oil as a major economic activity. - **Rural Life**: The fire\'s impact on the village shows aspects of rural life in Brunei, including the close-knit nature of the community and the challenges they face. **Similarities with the Philippines**: - **Community and Resilience**: Both cultures emphasize the importance of community support and resilience in the face of disaster. - **Economic Dependence on Natural Resources**: Similar to Brunei, the Philippines also has regions where oil and natural resources play a significant role in the economy. - **Traditional Practices**: Both cultures have deep-rooted traditions regarding death and burial practices, highlighting a shared respect for customary rites and communal responsibilities. Overall, while there are distinct cultural elements specific to Brunei, there are also similarities with Filipino culture, particularly in community dynamics and economic dependencies. Borneos Green Heart Vocabulary at Work Den - a wild animal\'s lair or habitation. Oasis - a fertile spot in a desert, where water is found. Tranquility - the quality or state of being tranquil; calm. Neoclassical - of, relating to, or constituting a revival or adaptation of the classical especially in literature, music, art, or architecture. Comport - conduct oneself; behave. Sultanate- A sovereign or vassal princely state---usually Muslim---where the ruler is **1. Intention and Creation** **Intention**: The piece aims to celebrate and promote the positive aspects of Brunei Darussalam. It highlights the country\'s beauty, peacefulness, hospitality, and modernity, while also acknowledging its rich cultural and historical heritage. **Creation Purpose**: - **Promotion**: To showcase Brunei as a desirable place, emphasizing its peaceful environment and the warmth of its people. - **Tourism and National Pride**: To inspire national pride among Bruneians and attract visitors by portraying the country as a treasure trove of culture and modernity. - **Cultural Heritage**: To remind readers of Brunei\'s historical significance and its transition into a modern state while retaining its cultural richness. **2. Effectiveness** **Does it Serve Its Purpose?**: Yes, the piece effectively serves its purpose by: - **Highlighting Positive Attributes**: It effectively portrays Brunei as a serene and welcoming nation with a blend of historical and modern elements. - **Creating a Positive Image**: The use of descriptive and admiring language helps create a positive image of Brunei, appealing to both nationals and potential visitors. - **Inspiring Pride**: It can inspire pride among Bruneians by celebrating their country\'s achievements and heritage. Overall, the piece accomplishes its goal of promoting Brunei as a desirable and culturally rich destination. Travel Brunei Darussalam Poem - Bandar Seri Begawan by John Tiong Chunghoo Vocabulary at Work Jungle - an area of land overgrown with dense forest and tangled vegetation, typically in the tropics. Produce- make or manufacture from components or raw materials. Gleaming - (of a smooth surface) reflecting light, typically because very clean or polished. Flora and fauna - refer to plants and animals in the broadest sense of the words, encompassing pretty much all life on earth. Subjects - a person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with. Sampan - a flat-bottomed skiff used in eastern asia and usually propelled by two short oars. Stilt - either of a pair of upright poles with supports for the feet enabling the user to walk at a distance above the ground. Poignant - evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret. Rucksack - a bag with shoulder straps that allow it to be carried on someone\'s back, typically made of a strong, waterproof material and widely used by hikers; a backpack. Baju melayu - a form of traditional wear worn by the malay community. Egret - a heron with mainly white plumage, having long plumes in the breeding season. Cutlery - knives, forks, and spoons used for eating or serving food. Harem - (in former times) the separate part of a muslim household reserved for wives, concubines, and female servants. **Understanding** 1. **Michael Jackson's Concert Mention**: The mention of Michael Jackson's concert serves to highlight a unique historical event that adds a layer of cultural significance and international attention to Bandar Seri Begawan. It emphasizes the city\'s blend of tradition and modernity, showcasing how it has hosted global events while maintaining its heritage. 2. **Focus of the Second Stanza**: The second stanza focuses on the Brunei River and its integral role in daily life. It paints a vivid picture of how the river connects people to the heart of Brunei, reflecting on its practical importance and the charm it adds to the city. This stanza is included to underscore the river's central role in Bruneian life and its contribution to the city's unique character. 3. **Filling Stations in the River**: The filling stations in the river are a practical solution to meet the needs of boats and water transportation in an area where the river plays a significant role in daily life. This detail highlights the adaptation to the river-centric lifestyle and the integration of modern conveniences into traditional practices. 4. **Newlyweds Speeding Away in Their Boats**: The image of newlyweds speeding away in their boats symbolizes the continuation of traditional customs and the transition to a new chapter in life. It represents the harmony between modernity and tradition in Brunei, where traditional ceremonies and modern developments coexist. The implication is that while Brunei embraces progress, it remains deeply connected to its cultural roots and practices. **Myanmar** Language Burmese - the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar. It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters, which comes from the Mon script. Mon script - The Mon language is a recognized indigenous language in Myanmar as well as a recognized indigenous language of Thailand. Literature - From 15th century up to the 19th century, palm leaf (scratched with the stylus) and fold paper literature became common. Such work were filled with Buddhist piety and courtly refinement of language. The authors were monks, educated courters and court poetesses. Prose works during this period were few, mostly Buddhist scriptures and chronicles of kings. It was in the form of drama and epistles or missives, written in verse. Works on law and history were written in prose. Many dramas were written during the 16th to 18th centuries, while in the 19th century, poems, drama, and chronicles were produced. Novels were a later development; the first Myanmar novel was an adaptation of Alexander Dumas\' The Count of Monte Cristo, but written in a Myanmar setting. Modern Myanmar literature can be said to have had its beginnings in the 1930s when the University of Yangon was founded and the Department of Myanmar Studies established. There was a new development in literature known as the khitsan movement whose writers used a simple and direct style that has continued to this day. Burmese literature has historically been a very important aspect of Burmese life steeped in the Pali Canon of Buddhism. Traditionally, Burmese children were educated by monks in monasteries in towns and villages. During British colonial rule, instruction was formalised and unified, and often bilingual, in both English and Burmese known as Anglo-Vernacular. Burmese literature played a key role in disseminating nationalism among the Burmese during the colonial era, with writers such as Thakin Kodaw Hmaing, an outspoken critic of British colonialism in Burma. Culture of Myanmar - Myanmar\'s traditional culture is an amalgam of folk and royal culture. The most conspicuous manifestation of Buddhist culture is the magnificent architecture and sculpture of Myanmar\'s many temples and monasteries, notably those at Pagan, Mandalay, and Yangon. The most popular dramatic form is the pwe, which is performed outdoors. Jatakas, the stories of the former lives of the Buddha. RELIGION In Union of Myanmar majority of the population are Buddhist, Theravada Buddhism is professed widely. Religious intolerance or discrimination on grounds of religion is non-existence in the Union of Myanmar throughout it\'s long history. The main religions of present day Myanmar are Buddhism (89.20%), Christianity (5.05%), Muslims (3.78%), Hindus (0.55%), and Animism (1.27%) and other faiths such as Bahai Sikhs, Lipian fujianhal, Chinese, etc.(0.61%). Theravada Buddhism flourishes in Myanmar.With reference to stone inscriptions, palm leaf inscriptions and court chronicles tell us that Buddhism arrived in Myanmar not once but many times. \- Its two main branches are the Theravada and Mahayana doctrines. The Agar Mha Panditta Ashin Thittila said, \"Theravada Buddhism is not a religion in a sense in which that word is commonly understood, it is not a system of faith or worship. It is a path to follow for harmonious living and its essence is Metta, loving kindness to all creature and self\". Buddha means \"Enlightened One\" and refers to northern Indian prince Siddharta Gautama (c. 563-483 B.C.). Prince Siddharta left a life of privilege to wander the world as a poor, religious man in search of the meaning of life. After many years of seeking and a period of intense meditation, he finally reached a peaceful state of mind that was free from all worldly desires. Buddhists call this plane of existence nirvana, or the state of Enlightenment. Shin-byu: The Making of a Monk Shin-byu is a religious ceremony that all Buddhist boys are expected to undergo. It is considered the highest merit-earning act for the family. During the ceremony, would-be monks, or novices, are dressed in fine clothes to imitate the Buddha\'s early life as a prince. The boys are then carried, paraded on a horse, or taken in a car around the neighborhood. Their families hold elaborate feasts. Then comes the head shaving rite, which symbolizes giving up a life of luxury. A boy\'s parents usually hold out a white towel to collect his hair as his head is shaved. Newly shorn novices say prayers in Pali with monks, then enter a monastery, usually only for a few days or a week - shin-byu monkhood is temporary. At the monasteries, the novices learn to meditate, read the Buddhist Scriptures, and do humble tasks, such as sweeping the premises and running errands for the monks. Shin-byu is so important in Myanmar cultural life that families without sons occasionally \"adopt\" nephews, male cousins, or other boys to hold the ceremony. Towns and villages sometimes hold mass cerem. Festivals of Myanmar Among the many festivals in Myanmar, Thingyan is the merriest and one of the few observed all over the country. Thingyan welcomes the Myanmar New Year by washing away the dirt of the body and bad memories of the old year. Everyone who ventures out of the house risks getting doused from head to toe by enthusiastic revellers. As it so very hot no one minds this a bit. Young people enjoy it most of all. Although they act scared of being soaked, it is a fine way of showing off to the opposite sex. Thingyan Festivals Thagyamin, King of the Celestials, visits earth every year at this time in human form. The festival starts on the day of his descent, and ends with his ascent back to his celestial kingdom four or five days later. It is believed that during his stay on earth Thagyamin examines every human being and inscribes the names of all the good on a golden tablet, while the bad are recorded on a dog-skin. Parents warn their children to behave and not kill or steal or tell lies because \'Thagyamin is watching\'. Thagyamin is also custodian of the Buddha\'s teachings. He is a good-hearted god who helps all those in need. The word Thingyan comes from a Sanskrit word meaning \'the passing of the sun from Pisces into Aries\'. The day of Thagyamin ascent marks the beginning of the Myanmar New Year, and usually falls at the end of the second week of April. Thadingyut festival Thadingyut, Myanmar festival of lights, is celebrated at the end of Lent (September/October). Houses and state buildings in Myanmar are ablaze with lantern, candles, or electric bulbs. Young people show their respect for elders by formally presenting them with gifts of food or longyi. This festival observes the event when the Buddha came down to the earth after the end of Lent. At the festival, there are concerts and zat (Myanmar traditional theater) in every cities. People are usually crowded in the stalls near those concerts. Myanmar Traditional Foods Because Myanmar has diverse geographical features, favourable seasonal conditions and is naturally endowed with fertile soil and water resources, it boasts an abundant supply of food in a great variety all year around. Myanmar people enjoy rice as their main food and it comprises about 75% of the diet. Rice is served with meat or fish, soup, salad and vegetables all cooked in their own ways, and some relishes to complement the meal. In **Aung Thin\'s \"The Kindergarten Teacher,\"** a devoted teacher in Myanmar becomes obsessed with her talented young student, Maung Maung, who has a special gift for poetry. She wants to help him gain recognition beyond their small community, but her intense focus on his success leads her to make choices that harm her career and personal life. The story explores themes of ambition, mentorship, and the risks of obsession. It is told from a third-person limited point of view, allowing readers to see the teacher\'s thoughts and feelings. Thin uses strong character development and symbolism, with Maung Maung symbolizing both hope and the pressure of expectations, showing the complicated nature of teaching and the desire for recognition. In \"**The Wedding Reception\" by Nyi Pu Lay,** a big wedding celebration in Myanmar reveals the challenges of family relationships, social pressures, and traditions. As the party goes on, the story focuses on the bride and groom and their families, showing their interactions and the tensions that come up during such an important event. It explores themes of love, duty, and the conflict between personal wishes and societal expectations. The story is told from a third-person omniscient point of view, giving readers insight into the feelings of various characters. Nyi Pu Lay uses clear imagery and dialogue to capture the festive atmosphere and the complexities of relationships, highlighting how public celebrations can hide deeper issues. Thailand - Thailand is often referred to as "The Land of Smiles." 13 Different Smile Yim thang nam taa: The \"I\'m so happy I\'m crying\" smile. Yim thak thaai: The \"polite\" smile for someone you barely know. Yim cheun chom: The \"I admire you\" or \"I\'m proud of you\" smile. Fuen Yim: The stiff smile, also known as the \"I should laugh at the joke even though it\'s not funny\" smile. Yim mee lessanai: The smile which masks something wicked, such as bad intent. Yim yaw: The teasing, or \"I told you so\" smile. Yim yae-yae: The \"I know things look pretty bad but there\'s no point in crying over spilt milk\" smile. Yim sao: The sad smile. Yim haeng: The dry smile, also known as the \"I know I owe you the money, but I don\'t have it\" smile. Yim thak thaan: The \"I disagree with you\" smile, also known as the \"You can go ahead and propose it but your idea\'s no good\" smile. Yim cheuad-cheuan: The \"I am the winner\" smile; a smile given to a losing competitor. Yim soo: The \"smiling in the face of an impossible struggle\" smile. Yim mai awk: The \"I\'m trying to smile, but can\'t" smile. BANGKOK - Thailand\'s capital, a fast-buzzing city of over eight million people. RELIGION = The predominant religion in Thailand is Buddhism, specifically Theravada Buddhism. The religion practiced in Thailand is somewhat unique to other Buddhist nations, having been infused with many outside elements. Hindu practices and traditional Chinese beliefs have influenced local beliefs to an extent, with animist beliefs playing a large role in making Thai Buddhism what it is today. Thai language is the official language of Thailand, one could say English is its unofficial second language. The Thai language features five tones: high, mid, low, rising, and falling, each of which changes the meaning of particular 'words'. Visitors unfamiliar with tonal languages often have difficulty pronouncing even the most basic terms when learning to speak Thai, but with some practice visitors find that Thai people enjoy helping them with their pronunciation of the Thai language. Written Thai is based on an alphabet adopted from the Khmers of Cambodia and is said to have become standardized during the reign of King Ramkhamhaeng during the Sukhothai period. High tone: This is a steady, high pitch. Mid tone: This is a neutral pitch, neither high nor low. Low tone: This is a steady, low pitch. Rising tone: The pitch starts low and rises at the end. Falling tone: The pitch starts high and falls at the end. For example, the word \"mai\" can have different meanings depending on the tone: High tone: \"mai\" means \"not\" Low tone: \"mai\" means \"tree\" Rising tone: \"mai\" means \"to come\" Vocabulary at work Sawadee - Hello! Chai - Yes! Mai - No! Aaj Ja -- Maybe Khop khun - Thank you Khor thoad - Sorry, Excuse me Kun pood paasaa anggrit dai mai - Can you speak English? Mai pen rai - No worries Hello / Good bye -Sawasdee How are you ? -Sabaïdeemaï? My name is Jean - Chew Jean Nice to meet you -Yin dee tee daï roudjak Thailand is the world largest exporter of rice, and it is the staple part of a Thai diet. Rice is by no means just a food source in Thai culture but is also associated with certain gods and traditions, differing in certain regions. It is unacceptable in Thailand to leave rice on your plate to be thrown away, as it is widely believed that it will anger the 'god of rice' a female deity who ensures that everyone will have enough food to survive upon. Literature Thai Literature was traditionally heavily influenced by Indian culture. Thailand's national epic is a version of the Ramayana called the Ramakien. A number of versions of the epic were lost in the destruction of Ayutthaya in 1767. Three versions currently exist: one of these was prepared under the supervision (and partly written by) King Rama I. His son, Rama II, rewrote some parts for khon drama. The main differences from the original are an extended role for the monkey god Hanuman and the addition of a happy ending The most important poet in Thai literature was Sunthorn Phu, who is best known for his romantic adventure story Phra Aphai Mani and nine travel pieces called Nirats. Kings Rama V and Rama VI were also writers, mainly of non-fiction works as part of their programme to combine Western knowledge with traditional Thai culture. Traditional Dance Khon - One of the best-known classical dances is the UNESCO Heritage Khon Dance, often performed in the royal court with masked dancers and a narrator. With a history of 400 years, the dance evolved from the ritual and dance of the Hindu temple. Lakhon Nai (court dance drama) is a dance drama with chorus singing and accompanied by a Pi Phat ensemble. It is a court entertainment which features an all-female cast (with the male roles performed en travestie) and has a long history dating back to the Ayutthaya era. Lakhon Nai only depicts four stories --the Ramakian, Unnarut, Dalang and Inao. LI-KHE Throughout Thailand, Li- khe is a very popular folk dance performed with elaborate costumes and amusing humor. The scripts tell the story of love with the performers, often using improvisation for a funny and engaging act. The lesson of \"**Boatman\'s Love Song**\" is that love has a powerful, enduring nature that inspires and uplifts us, even amidst life\'s challenges, while reminding us to appreciate the beauty in simple moments and our connection to the natural world. The boatman feels a deep sadness and longing for his beloved, showing a strong connection filled with both hope and sorrow in his love song. The chorus in \"Boatman\'s Love Song\" emphasizes longing and devotion, supporting the poet\'s view that love is strong and enduring, even in difficult times. The boatman\'s feelings of longing and devotion can be compared to the feelings of many Filipinos, who often express deep love for family and friends, especially in the context of distance or separation, highlighting a shared sense of connection and resilience in love. Three Line Poem - Uten Mahamid Translated by: Mui Poopoksakul The emotions expressed in Uten Mahamid\'s haiku include feelings of peace, nature\'s beauty, and a sense of quiet reflection. The symbolism in the haiku often uses elements of nature, like flowers or seasons, to represent deeper feelings and connections to life. Rural life is usually characterized by close ties to nature and community, while urban life is marked by busy streets, buildings, and a fast pace. A haiku is different from other poetry because it has a specific structure of three lines with a syllable pattern of 5-7-5, focusing on nature and simplicity. In the project ASEAN 20 th Century Literatures, the Office of Contemporary Art and Culture implements this project to promote understanding of Thai Culture and way of life among foreign readers Three short stories and six poems are translated into English. SMILE OF THE RICE GODDESS By Chiranan Pitpreecha This poem portrays pestle crushing of rice by several female farmers, showing harmony and mutual kindness as well as the agricultural tradition in Thailand. Onomatopoeia is mainly used, resonating the sound of pestle crushing and creating the image of harmonious rhythmic trampling. As rice growing is the most important profession in Thailand, the poem successfully symbolizes the farmers, female ricegrowers and its nation. CHAMPOON By Dhep Mahapaorayais Champoon is a novella portraying Thai society prior to 1942 about the tragic love between Nai Amnuey and the beautiful girl named Champoon. when women are mostly deprived of their rights and freedom. Their marriage needed to be approved by their parents. In this novella, the heroine, Champoon, has a forbidden love with a non-local man. Having him as her one and only love leads Champoon to her doom. MAUM By Kukrit Pramoj Maum reveas the hardship of life in Bangkok during World War II (1942-1945). Families fell apart- separation and poverty were commonplace. Men became soldiers. Women and children were killed by bombs. The author narrates the story through thru the eyes of a dog named \"Maum\", turning series of unfortunate events into something lively and hopeful. Maum was very loyal to his master. With this kind of loyalty, the dog pretended his master from turning into a thief. The author seems to speak from the dog\'s heart. THE BARBS By Phaitoon Thanya The Barbs is a short story reflecting the spirit and the way of living of Thai rural people in agricultural society, which is based on friendship. Old people are full of tender loving care. However, materialism and technological advancement create an industrial society in which friendship and compassion are in doubt. An old lady\'s consideration is then not welcomed by a new mother who knows little about raising a newborn baby. It takes time for her to understand the old lady\'s true intention. The author clearly shows the changing portrayal of Thai society, using the pleated barbs as the symbol of rural compassion WHAT IS SUCH FORGING? By Ujjeni This poem inspires people to get up and fight various obstacles in life. It raises the feeling of pride for being human. Filled with figures of speech showing vivid pictures and profound emotions, it is a classic poem inspiring people especially the young generations of each era. A POET\'S PLEDGE 1&2 By Angkram Kalayanapong The two poems under the same name written in different eras demonstrate and greatness of poets which differentiates from ordinary people. In general, the ultimate goal of any Buddhist is to practice Dharma and reach nirvana. However, the poet in this poem(referring to the author) makes a pledge that he would rather write forever without any wish for nirvana. His only wish is to create poetry for the world- to convey the meaning of all earthly matter through great poetry to benefit the world. E-SAN By Nai Pee This poem vividly portrays the drought of E-san, or the northeast, duringpre-1950\'s in a realistic way possible. The poet employs various figures of speech to successfully create rich emotions enabling the Thai people to realise how barren E- san was at that time. Having a represented the poet\'s appeal to the world and humankind, this poem is another piece of the Thai classics. The author was a poet, a prosecut and a political activist MERE MOVEMENT By Naowarat Pongpaiboon This poem was written a few days before the uprising of 14 October 1973. It reflects the poet\'s role in the movement of people\'s thoughts and ways of living in the society. The poem reveals the Thai people\'s inner state involving their frustration and oppression under a dictator\'s regime. With the author\'s profound creation of image, this poem has been praised at all times. ARRIVAL OF NIRVANA AT EGG -NOODLESHOP By Montri Srivong This poem reflects the essence of work. The author is a duck noodle merchant who makes his own noodle by threshing four. He then portrays this process in this poem from the beginning to the end. At the same time, the poem is rich in image and emotion, mainly happiness that spring from work. This coincides with the teaching of Buddhasa Bhikkhu who was well - known monk from the south of Thailand: \"work is happiness\'. [Narrative] 1. What did the author use in writing the story entitled \"Si Mabuti\"? [Legends] 2. It is a traditional story that often explain natural phenomena, historical events, or cultural practices through imaginative narratives. [Lyric] 3. Type of Poetry that is brief, melodic stanza that expresses strong emotions. [First Person] 4. What point of view is used in the story entitled \"Si Mabuti\"? [Philippines] 5. Had a war with Spain for independence. [Written Literature] 6. First appeared around the 10th century. It had a leading role and bore the main traits of Vietnamese literature. [Han] 7. Vietnam has a two main scripts. What script that used for many official and scholarly texts? (CHU NOM, HAN, CHINH PHU, CHI MIN) [Quoc Ngu 8]. This is the Latin-based script used for writing Vietnamese. [Songket Weaving] 9. In Brunei traditional art form. What is the type of handwoven fabric made from silk or cotton, intricately decorated with gold or silver threads? [Ao Dai] 10. What is the traditional outfit in Vietnam? Boju Kurorg [Third Person11]. What point of view is used in the story entitled \"Tata Selo\"? [Narrative] 12. It is a type of poetry that relates stories in verse. And like a novel or a short tale it contains a plot, characters, and place. [Brunei] 13. Major Oil Producer [Vietnamese Literature] 14. Is a literature, both oral and written, created largely by Vietnamese speaking people. [Metaphor] 15. It is a direct comparison between two unlike things without using \"like\" or \"as.\" Modified True or False Direction: Write True if the statement is correct and FALSE if is not. [TRUE] 16. Tranquility means calm. [TRUE] 17. Vietnamese folk literature came into being very early and had a profound effect on the spiritual life of the Viet\'s. [FALSE] 18. Brunei Literature always featured patriotism, national pride and humanism. It was not by chance that great cultural personalities such as Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Du and ho Chi Minh were also humanist\'s [FALSE] 19. In the 20\'s, and the following decades, the country\'s literature was written in Vietnamese Chu Nom (Romanized national language) [FALSE] 20. Taunting means wild or distraught with fear, anxiety, or other emotion