Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy PDF

1. What distinguishes the circulatory system of amphibians from that of reptiles? A. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart while reptiles have a four-chambered heart B. Reptiles have a three-chambered heart while amphibians have a four-chambered heart C. Amphibians have a closed circulato...

1. What distinguishes the circulatory system of amphibians from that of reptiles? A. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart while reptiles have a four-chambered heart B. Reptiles have a three-chambered heart while amphibians have a four-chambered heart C. Amphibians have a closed circulatory system while reptilesples have an open circulatory system D. Reptiles have a closed circulatory system while amphibians have an open circulatory system 2. What is one characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals? A. true coelom B. post-anal tail C. blastopore, which becomes the anus D. bilateral symmetry 3. Which of these are characteristics of all chordates during at least a portion of their development? A. a dorsal, nerve cord B. pharyngeal clefts C. post anal tail D. A and B only 4. Chordate pharyngeal silts appear to have functioned first as: A. the digestive system's opening B. suspension feeding devices C. components of the jaw D. gill slits for respiration 5. Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? A. Lancelets B. Adult tunicates C. Amphibians D. Reptiles 6. A new species of oaquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external, armor, of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics? A. legs B. no jaws C. an amniotic egg D. endothermy 7. Lampreys differ from hagfishes in A. lacking jaws B. having a cranium C. having pharyngeal clefts that develop into pharyngeal sits D. Having a notochord throughout life 8. The feeding mode of the extinct conodonts was A. Herbivory B. suspension feeding C. predation D. filter feeding 9. Chordates with a head are known as? A. neural crest B. craniates C. bone skull D. cranial 10. The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are associated with which function? A. reproduction B. feeding C. locomotion D. defense 11. The endoskeletons of most vertebrates are composed of calcified A. cartilage B. silica C. chitin D. dentin 12. The lamprey species whose larvae live in freshwater streams, but whose adults live most of their lives in seawater, are similar in this respect certain species of A. chondrichthyans B. actinopterygians C. lungfishes D. coelacanths 13. According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of A. scales of the lower lip B. skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal(gif)slits C. one or more gill slits D. one or more of the bones of cranium 14. All of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and Osteichthyes, except A. a mineralized, bony skeleton B. a swim bladder C. lungs D. gills 15. What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans? A. an amniotic egg B. unpaired fins C. an acute sense of vision that includes the ability to distinguish colors D. a mostly cartilaginous endoskeleton 16. To which of these are the scales of chondrichthyans most closely related in a structural sense? A. Osteichthyes scales B. reptilian scales C. mammalian scales D. chondrichthyan scales 17. Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes? A. The skin is typically covered by flattened bony scales B. They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary. C. They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility. D. They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. 18. Which group's members had(have) both lungs and gills during their adult lives? A. sharks, skates, and rays B. lungfishes C. lancelets D. amphibians 19. There is evidence that ray-finned fishes originally evolved A. in response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichthyans. B. directly from lampreys and hagfish C. early in the Cambrian period D. in freshwater environments 20. The ray-finned fishes are characterized by A. a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and usually a swim bladder. B. a cartilaginous endoskeleton C. an amniotic egg. D. teeth that are replaced regularly. 21. The swim bladder of ray-finned fishes A. was probably modified from simple lungs of freshwater fishes. B. developed into lungs in saltwater fishes. C. first appeared in sharks. D. provides buoyancy, but at a high energy cost 22. Arrange these taxonomic terms from most inclusive (i.e., most general) to least inclusive (i.e., most specific) 1. Jobelins 2.amphibians 3. gnathostomes 4.osteichthyans 5. tetrapods A. 4,3,1,5,2 B. 4,3,2,5,1 C. 4,2,3,5,1 D. 3,4,1,5,2 23. A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was A. the appearance of jaws. B. the appearance of bony vertebrae C. feet with digits. D. the mineralization of the endoskeleton. 24. What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapod A. They should show evidence of internal fertilization. B. They should how evidence of having produced shelled eggs. C. They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land. D. They should bet transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichthyans that lived at the same time. 25. What permits reptiles to thrive in arid environments? A. Their bright coloration reflects the intense UV radiation. B. A large number of prey and a limited number of predators are available in the desert. C. A cartilaginous endoskeleton provides needed flexibility for locomotion on sand. D. Their scales contain the protein keratin, which helps prevent dehydration 26. Which of these is not considered anamniote? A. amphibians B. nonbird reptiles C. birds D. egg-laying mammals 27. Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? A. It has a shell that increases gas exchange B. It allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment C. It prolongs embryonic development. D. It provides insulation to conserve heat. 28. Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? A. Lizards B. Crocodiles C. Snakes D. Birds 29. During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from eartiest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1.amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3.jaws 4.swimbladder 5. four-chambered heart A. 2,3,4,1,5 B. 3,2,4,1,5 C. 3,2,1,4,5 D. 2,1,4,3,5 30. Among extant vertebrates, a sheet of muscle called the diaphragm is found in A. Birds B. Mammals C. Nonbird reptiles D. Both a and b 31. Differentiation of teeth is observed in A. reptiles B. bony fishes C. amphibians D. mammals 32. Which is characteristic of all mammals, and only of mammals? A. a four-chambered heart that prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood B. giving birth to live young(viviparous) C. parental care of offspring D. having glands to produce nourishing milk for offspring 33. Which of these would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a Reptile or a mammal? A. Look for the presence of milk-producing glands. B. Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm C. Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta. D. Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin 34. How are primates different from all other mammals? A. placental embryonic development B. hairy bodies C. arboreal lifestyles D. opposable thumbs in many species 35. In which vertebrate is fertilization exclusively internal? A. chondrichthyans, Osteichthyes, and mammals B. amphibians, mammals, and reptiles C. chondrichthyans, Osteichthyes, and reptiles D. reptiles and mammals 36. May have lungs, or gills, and may use skin as a respiratory surface A. amphibians B. nonbird reptiles C. chondrichthyans D. mammals 37. Which are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates? A. ray-finned fishes B. birds C. amphibians D. nonbird reptiles 38. Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct? A. Modern humans are the only human species to have evolved on Earth B. Human ancestors were virtually identical to extant chimpanzees. C. Human evolution has occurred within an unbranched lineage. D. Fossil evidence indicates that early anthropoids were arboreal, and cat sized. 39. Humans and apes are presently classified in the same category as all the following levels except A. Class B. Genus C. Kingdom D. Order 40. With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree? A. Humans and apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor. B. Humans evolved from New World monkeys. C. Humans have stopped evolving and now represent the pinnacle of evolution. D. Humans evolved from chimpanzees 41. Which of these statements about human evolution is correct? A. The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees. B. Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens C. The evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously. D. Different species of the genus Homo have coexisted at various times throughout hominin evolution. 42. Which of the following phylogenetic groups within the animal kingdom encompasses all the others in the list? A. rotifera B. deuterostomes C. bilateria D. arthropoda 43. Blateral symmetry in the animal kingdom is best correlated with: A. an ability to sense equally in all directions B. an ability to capture food from a sessile position C. symbiotic relationships D. ventral and dorsal differentiation 44. Different Iineages of the Class Reptiles are believed to have given rise to which of the following animal groups? A. Birds B. Amphibians C. Bony fishes D. Mammals 45. What is osmoregulation and what organ plays a large role in osmoregulation? Osmoregulation is the balancing of the uptake and loss of water and solutes, and what organ plays a large role in osmoregulation? A. The Gall bladder B. The Kidneys C. The Spleen D. The Intestine 46. Which of the following is radially symmetrical? A. a donut B. an automobile C. a spoon D. a dog 47. Unlike other animals, sponges A. is unicellular B. possess cell walls C. lack true tissues D. exhibit bilateral symmetry 48. There are slender, soft-bodied vertebrates with prominent eyes controlled by numerous muscles. A. conodonts B. gnathostomes C. chondrichthyans D. Osteichthyes 49. There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their. A. size. B. habitat C. method of locomotion D. method of reproduction 50. The innovation that freed vertebrates from being tiled to water for reproduction and allowed them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the development of A. ecdysis B. the placenta C. lateral Iine system D. amniotic egg 51. Which of the blowing classifications would not apply to both dogs and humans? A. Sub-phylum Vertebrata B. Kingdom Animalia C. Phylum Chordata D. Order Primates 52. A child bought home a strange animal it found outside under a rock. It had molet skin, a complete digestive tract, a ventral nerve cord, and had gone through torsion. It must be: A. Lancelet B. A crustacean C. A mollusk D. An annelid 53. Animals are A. multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs B. unicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs C. multicellular prokaryotic heterotrophs D. multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs 54. Based on our current understanding of the evolutionary relationships among organisms, humans are most closely related to A. ray-finned fish B. amphibians C. osteichthyes D. reptiles 55. Insects are typically characterized by all of the following EXCEPT A. malphigian tubules B. chelicerata C. Wings D. A head, thorax, and abdomen 56. Unlike placental mammals, both monotremes and mansupials A. are found in Australia and Albica B. lack nipples C. include only insectivores and herbivore D. lay eggs 57. The Chelicerata: A. have malpighian tubules B. have three body regions head, thorax, abdomen C. have anterior appendages modified as pincers or fangs D. undergo complete metamorphosis during their life cycles 58. The greatest number of described species is found in which of the following groups of organisms? A. Phylum Arthropoda B. Phylum Mollusca C. Kingdom Fungi D. Class Insecta 59. Ectoderm can give rise to A. the outer covering of the animal… the central nervous system B. the lining of the digestive track… muscle… the outer covering of the animal C. the central nervous system… the outer covering of the animal D. The Iining of the digestive tube the central nervous system… muscle… The lining of the digestive tube 60. A pseudocoelomate animal is one in which the body cavily is A. Bounded completely by mesoderm B. filled by a solid mass of mesoderm C. bounded completely by endoderm D. bounded partly by ectoderm 61. Protostomes animals are those in which the A. blastopore forms the mouth B. Ectoderm forms the muscles C. Digestive tract is incomplete D. Blastopore forms the anus. 62. One of the two taxa that molecular studies divide the protostomes to is called Eodysoros. What characteristic is this taxon named for? A. A horseshoe-shaped crown of ciliated tentacles t B. trochophhone larva C. the secretion of stiff external skeletons that must be shed to allow for growth D. None of the Above 63. Sharks and rays A. have skeletons made of cartilages B. are gnathostomes C. have true jaws D. all of the stove 64. A water vascular system can be found an A. myriapods B. insects C. crustaceans D. echinoderms 65. Segmented earthworms belong to A. Phylum Platyhelminthes B. Phylum Annelida C. Phylum Polychaetas D. None of the above 66. What gave vertebrates an advantage to colonizing land? A. being warm blooded B. the amniotic egg C. development of gilts D. Indeterminant cleavage 67. Which of the following is a shared characteristic of all chordates? A. Scales B. Jaws C. vertebrae D. dorsal, hollow nerve cord 68. Humans are ________ animals. A. Exothermic B. endothermic C. Isothermic D. Mesothermic 69. Reptiles, beds, amphibians, and humans are all amniotes. A. True B. False 70. A tracheal system is a system used for. A. respiration B. excretion C. digestion D. none of the above 71. The body regions of an insect are A. head, body, wings B. head, abdomen C. thorax, abdomen, wings D. head, thorax, abdomen 72. Flagellated cells, which line the spongocoel in Poriferans are known as A. Ostia B. mesenchymal cells C. choanocytes D. oscula 73. This is an example of bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic animal A. cnidarians B. sponges C. ctenophores D. round worms 74. Which of the following contains notochord in the embryonic stage? A. Non-chordates B. Vertebrates C. All chordates D. Some of the chordates 75. What is the primary difference between the digestive system of herbivores and carnivores? A. Herbivores have longer intestines to digest plant matter B. Carnivores have shorter intestines to quickly digest meat C. Herbivores have more complex digestive systems to break down plant matter D. Carnivores have more acidic digestive systems to break down meat