communications block 2 notes froms cope.docx

**Intra/Interpersonal Communication** **Intrapersonal Communication:** - **Definition:** Intrapersonal communication is the process of communication within an individual, including self-talk, internal dialogue, and reflective thinking. - **Functions:** - Helps in clarifying tho...

**Intra/Interpersonal Communication** **Intrapersonal Communication:** - **Definition:** Intrapersonal communication is the process of communication within an individual, including self-talk, internal dialogue, and reflective thinking. - **Functions:** - Helps in clarifying thoughts. - Aids in decision making. - Reflects on experiences and emotions. Five elements of intrapersonal processing include: - **Decoding**: - **Integration** - **Memory** - **Schemata** - **Encoding** **Interpersonal Communication:** - **Definition:** Interpersonal communication is the exchange of information between two or more people. It can occur in various forms such as face-to-face, telephone conversations, and digital communications. - **Quantitative**: Traditionally, interpersonal communication is seen as a dyadic interaction occurring between two individuals. This perspective focuses on the number of people involved rather than the nature of their interaction. - **Qualitative**: From a qualitative standpoint, interpersonal communication involves personal and meaningful interactions where individuals treat each other as unique beings, beyond mere objects. This perspective highlights the depth and significance of the communication, emphasizing the quality of the interactions. - - **Functions:** - Building and maintaining relationships. - Sharing information and ideas. - Resolving conflicts. - Providing social support. - Expressing emotions - Influencing others - **Self-Identity** - **Self-Identity:** How an individual perceives themselves and their role in society. It encompasses personal beliefs, values, and experiences. - **Components of Self-Identity:** - **Personal Identity:** Characteristics that make a person unique. - **Social Identity:** Group affiliations, such as race, gender, and religion. - **Role Identity:** The roles one plays in various contexts, such as student, parent, or employee. - **Identity**: Self-concept and roles significantly impact how individuals communicate and interpret interactions. Social identities, including cultural, gender, and class identities, play a crucial role in shaping communication patterns. - **Cultural Identity**: Encompasses the norms, values, and practices within specific social groups, influencing communication styles and expectations. - **Gender Identity**: Reflects the societal roles and expectations associated with masculinity and femininity, impacting communication dynamics and styles. - **Class Identity**: Rooted in socioeconomic status and cultural capital, contributing to variations in communication approaches. - **Explain How One\'s Self-Concept and Identity Develop** Self-concept and identity develop through: - **Social interactions**: Feedback from others helps shape our views of ourselves. - **Cultural and societal influences**: Norms, values, and roles within a society contribute to identity formation. - **Personal experiences**: Successes, failures, and significant life events impact self-perception. - **Reflection and self-assessment**: Continuous evaluation and comparison of oneself to personal standards and others. Identity is also shaped by early human interactions, such as a baby's desire for attachment, and through internalized linguistic interactions shaped by social experiences (Geva & Fernyhough, 2019). - **Self-Concept** - **Self-Concept:** The comprehensive view one holds about themselves, formed through self-image, self-esteem, and the ideal self. - **Development of Self-Concept:** - **Influences:** Family, culture, experiences, and feedback from others. - **Stages:** Infancy (awareness of self), childhood (social comparisons), adolescence (identity exploration), and adulthood (self-acceptance). The self-concept influences communication by: - **Confidence**: High self-esteem can lead to more assertive and open communication. - **Perception**: Self-perception affects how one interprets others\' messages and behaviors. - **Behavior**: Self-concept dictates communication styles, such as being passive, aggressive, or assertive. - **Relationships**: How one views oneself can influence the ability to form and maintain relationships. Digital platforms influence identity development by: - **Social comparison**: Constant exposure to others\' curated lives can affect self-esteem and self-image. - **Feedback**: Likes, comments, and shares provide immediate feedback that can shape self-perception. - **Identity experimentation**: Online anonymity allows for trying out different identities and personas. - **Community building**: Joining online groups and communities can reinforce aspects of one\'s identity. Social media impacts personal branding by: - **Visibility**: Enhancing one\'s presence and visibility to a broad audience. - **Consistency**: Allowing for a consistent portrayal of one\'s values, skills, and personality. - **Networking**: Facilitating connections with like-minded individuals and potential opportunities. - **Reputation management**: Offering tools to shape and manage public perception. Personal branding is crucial in the digital age, as social media platforms serve as active tools for shaping and projecting personal brands (Van Dijck, 2013). - **Looking Glass Theory** - **Looking Glass Theory:** Proposed by Charles Horton Cooley, this theory suggests that self-identity is shaped by how we believe others perceive us. - **Key Concepts:** - **Imagining:** We imagine how we appear to others. - **Interpreting:** We interpret others\' reactions to us. - **Self-Concept Formation:** We develop our self-concept based on these interpretations. - **Generalised other --** perceptons formed when interacting with other and combining them -- impressions formed during interpersonal relationships and sociey -- values, experiences and and understanding of a particular society. Learned through mass media, or interpersonal communication **Active Listening -- edit from textbook** - **Active Listening:** The process of receiving and attending to sounds from our environmeny in order to interpret them and respond in a meaningful way - **Steps of Active Listening:** - **Paying Attention:** Focus on the speaker without distractions. - **Showing Understanding:** Use non-verbal cues such as nodding and maintaining eye contact. - **Providing Feedback:** Paraphrase and summarize what the speaker has said. - **Deferring Judgment:** Avoid interrupting or forming opinions before the speaker finishes. - **Responding Appropriately:** Offer thoughtful and relevant responses or questions. - Listening process: - Receiving ((sound waves and visual simuli coming in from our environment to our senses) (hearing -- physiological -- sound waves enter the ears and go into brain) - Attending (conscious choice to focus attention on one stimuli) - Interpreting (make sense of what we heard based on schema and referenes- decoding message) - Remembering -- (storing stimuli in short term memory then during interaction long term memory ) - Responding -- providing feedback - Pseudolistening -- pretending to listen -- has not made sense of or remember what speaker said, **Section B** **Small Group Communication** - **Small Group Communication:** Interaction among a small number of people (5-7 people) who share a common goal. It can be face-to-face or virtual. - **Importance:** Facilitates collaboration, enhances problem-solving, and allows for a diversity of ideas. - **Defined Roles**: Each member often has a specific role, such as leader, recorder, or timekeeper, which helps in organizing the group's activities and responsibilities. - **Norms**: Groups establish norms or informal rules that guide members' behavior and interaction. - **Procedures**: Clear procedures for meetings, decision-making, and task completion ensure that the group functions smoothly. **Aim**: - **Task Achievement**: Small groups often form to accomplish specific tasks or goals, such as completing a project, solving a problem, or making a decision. - **Problem Solving**: Groups collaborate to find solutions to complex issues, leveraging diverse perspectives and expertise. - **Socializing**: Some groups focus on social interaction, providing support, friendship, or a sense of belonging. - **Characteristics of Small Groups** - **Team decision making** - **Interconnectedness for tasks in teams** - **Team member dependency** - **Team conflict** - **Multiplicity of team member (gender/ disciplines/profeesion/ages/etc.)** **Conflict in Small Groups** - **Types of Conflict:** - **Task Conflict:** Disagreements about the content and outcomes of the task. - **Relationship Conflict:** Personal incompatibilities among group members. - **Process Conflict:** Disagreements about how to accomplish tasks. - **Managing Conflict as a Supervisor:** - **Identify the Source:** Understand the root cause of the conflict. - **Active Listening:** Hear all perspectives without bias. - **Mediation:** Facilitate a discussion to resolve the conflict. - **Set Guidelines:** Establish clear rules for conflict resolution. - **Follow-Up:** Ensure the conflict is resolved and maintain open communication. - Active listening: Ensuring understanding and validation. - Empathy: Understanding and sharing feelings. - Clear articulation: Expressing thoughts and needs clearly and respectfully. - Problem-solving: Identifying issues and developing solutions collaboratively. - **Functions of Mass Media (According to Lasswell and Wright, 1948 and 1960)** - **Surveillance:** Monitoring the environment and providing information about events and conditions in society. - **Correlation:** Explaining and interpreting events and information, helping individuals understand their environment. - **Transmission:** Socializing individuals by communicating norms, values, and culture from one generation to another. - **Entertainment:** Providing amusement and diversion, helping people relax and escape from everyday life. - **Economic Service:** Advertising products and services, linking buyers and sellers. **Impact of Social Media** - **Positive Impacts:** - **Connectivity:** Enhances communication and connection among people worldwide. - **Information Access:** Provides a platform for disseminating information quickly and widely. - **Self-Expression:** Allows individuals to express their thoughts and creativity. - **Advocacy and Activism:** Facilitates social movements and awareness campaigns. - **Negative Impacts:** - **Misinformation:** Spread of false information and fake news. - **Cyberbullying:** Online harassment and bullying. - **Privacy Issues:** Concerns about data security and personal privacy. - **Mental Health:** Potential negative effects on self-esteem and mental health. **Protecting Yourself Online** - **Scenario Advice:** For a lady who has fallen into online problems: - **Strengthen Privacy Settings:** Adjust privacy settings on social media to control who can view and interact with her content. - **Use Strong Passwords:** Create unique, complex passwords for online accounts and change them regularly. - **Be Cautious of Sharing:** Avoid posting sensitive personal information online. - **Recognize Phishing Scams:** Be wary of suspicious emails and messages that ask for personal information. - **Monitor Online Presence:** Regularly check accounts for unauthorized activities and use tools to track mentions and posts about her. **Types of Leadership** - **Laissez-Faire Leadership:** Minimal interference from the leader, allowing group members to make decisions. - **Pros:** Encourages autonomy and creativity. - **Cons:** Can lead to lack of direction and inefficiency. - It is particularly useful in crisis situations where fast, decisive action is needed. - **Democratic Leadership:** Leaders involve group members in decision-making. - **Pros:** Promotes participation, satisfaction, and team spirit. - **Cons:** Can be time-consuming and slow decision-making. - **Autocratic Leadership:** Leaders make decisions independently with little input from group members. - **Pros:** Efficient and clear decision-making. - **Cons:** Can lead to lower morale and less creativity. - **Personal Preference:** Depending on the situation and personal work style, one might prefer a particular leadership style. For example, preferring democratic leadership for its inclusivity and team spirit. **The 5 Stages/Steps of Small Group Formation** - **Forming:** Group members get to know each other and establish initial roles and expectations. - **Storming:** Conflicts arise as members assert their opinions and vie for positions. - **Norming:** The group establishes norms and cohesion, finding ways to work together effectively. - **Performing:** The group works efficiently towards achieving its goals. - **Adjourning:** The group disbands after achieving its goals, and members reflect on their experiences. **Barriers to Listening** - **Physical Barriers:** External noise and environmental distractions that interfere with hearing. - **Physiological Barriers:** Hearing impairments, fatigue, or other physical conditions that affect listening. - **Psychological Barriers:** Prejudices, assumptions, and biases that influence how we interpret messages. - **Semantic Barriers:** Misunderstandings due to language differences, jargon, or technical terms. - **Personal Barriers:** Emotional states, such as stress, anger, or anxiety, that affect our ability to concentrate and listen effectively.