Communication Strategies II PDF

COR 1 Oral Communication in Context Types of Communication Strategies II Learning Competency: Engage in a communicative situation using acceptable, polite, and meaningful communicative strategies Topic Control Essential Question What situations best show topic control in com...

COR 1 Oral Communication in Context Types of Communication Strategies II Learning Competency: Engage in a communicative situation using acceptable, polite, and meaningful communicative strategies Topic Control Essential Question What situations best show topic control in communication?  Learn about It! In a discussion, the main speaker introduces the topic, or the main message, whereas other participants contribute ideas in the discussion. A topic refers to the main point of a text or speech.  Learn about It! Two Types of Topics Sentence topic sometimes called sentential topic refers to the main idea or focus of a sentence specific Discourse topic refers to the topic of the conversation as a whole general Topic control is a communication strategy that helps the speaker keep the conversation focused on one central idea. This is also beneficial for the receiver of the speaker’s message since he/she is more guided in what and how to respond, as the topic is controlled.  Learn about It! Topic control occurs when the main or assigned speaker manipulates the discussion in order to maintain its flow without moving away from or changing the topic. Participants should be mindful of verbal cues as the main speaker uses statements such as “Let’s focus on...” or “Let’s discuss...” to set the topic of the conversation, or “As I was saying...” or “Going back to...” to sustain or return to the original topic.  Learn about It! Guidelines in Topic Control Examples Communication Situations Examples of Verbal Cues 1. Introduce clearly the scope Debate - This is used when the Let us analyze and context of the topic. first speaker explains the scope of the topic. Let us reflect on the issue on 2. Explain the reason for Report - The speaker clarifies limiting the discussion to a the main topic and the need to We are going to discuss this certain topic. focus on the said topic. because 3. Take note of the speaker’s Impromptu speech - The I would like to focus on talking verbal cues that represent the speaker talks about one main about communication strategy. topic. The topic is about What advantages can you gain from learning how to control the topic during conversations? Topic Shifting Shifting means changing. In speech, shifting refers to the sudden transition from one topic to another. Topic shifting is a communication strategy in which a new topic is introduced by the speaker. This strategy allows the speaker to move the conversation in a different direction.  Learn about It! Topic shifting occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally changes the direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation.  Learn about It! Topic shifting is usually done in the following situations: when there is silence when the current topic is unfamiliar to him or her, when the speaker is not interested in the topic being talked about when the speaker associates certain subjects or ideas to the current topic and wants to talk about those subjects or ideas instead  Learn about It! Ways to Shift a Topic Speaking topically occurs when the listener concentrates on some phrases from the last statement mentioned by the speaker. The idea develops and sticks within the context of the situation. Speaking on the topic occurs when the listener concentrates on a word, but the newly introduced idea may not be related to the context of the topic.  Learn about It! Guidelines in Topic Shifting Examples Communication Situations Examples of Verbal Cues 1. Use transitional signals to Interview or Focus Group However establish the connection of Discussion - This data- the new topic to the one that gathering method allows both In addition is currently being discussed. the interviewer and interviewee to be exposed to Therefore multifarious concepts. 2. Emphasize when the point Conversations in Talk Shows - of the shifting is for Some informal talk shows In other words clarification or elaboration. discuss an issue and develop it by stating other connected Let me make this clear topics.  Learn about It! Guidelines in Topic Shifting Examples Communication Situations Examples of Verbal Cues 3. Establish unity of ideas in Class discussion - In this In line with this speech by shifting to different situation, you may shift the but related topics. topic for you to learn more or Similarly talk about a different but related concept. This reminds me of  How will you show politeness and consideration to others when the change you are doing affects them? Violations in Communication Situations  Warm-up! What occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally changes the direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation? Violation refers to the neglect of following a certain rule or standard. In communication, this means one has become improper or has done something wrong while conversing.  Learn about It! In a communication situation, violations refer to unnecessary acts of participants that often cause a misunderstanding or a delay in the process or flow of the discussion. Recognizing violations in communication situations is important, as this would allow the participants to identify the violations and apply a particular communication strategy to fix them.  Learn about It! Common Violations in Communication Situations Grabbing the floor also called interruption occurs when a speaker is not able to fulfill his or her purpose because a participant takes over the role of being a speaker, without allowing him or her to finish his or her turn first  Learn about It! Overlapping similar to grabbing the floor both of the participants talk simultaneously may also happen when two or more participants start speaking at the same time Hogging the floor occurs when the speaker continues speaking and ignores others who try to join or take over the discussion  Learn about It! Being silent also called dead air occurs when no one wants to speak or take over the discussion Trouble in speaking, hearing, or understanding includes improper articulations, use of the wrong word, failing to hear or be heard, incorrect understanding by the listener, and trouble on the part of the recipient to understand  Learn about It! Violations in Communication Situations Causes Effects Solutions 1. Personal Aggrandizement 1. Miscommunication 1. Listener - Some people interfere with - Since there is no unity in the - The listener has to others to make themselves look communication, genuinely and attentively better. miscommunication happens listen to the speaker. 2. Social pressure - The idea of the speaker is Disagreements to the - Because of the expectations of not related to the audience, speaker’s claim can be some people, there are and the listeners did not grasp raised in a more proper speakers who go beyond their the point of the speaker. manner. Certain nonverbal roles and commit violations like cues may also be done to interrupting or grabbing the show respect to the floor. speaker.  Learn about It! Violations in Communication Situations Causes Effects Solutions 3. Lack of Confidence 2. Unachieved goals 2. Speaker - Another violation is being silent in - Because of violations, - The speaker has to be communication. This occurs because the purposes of more considerate of the some people lack self-confidence to communication are not type of audience whom he speak in front or to express their ideas met. or she will talk to. This will so they end up being timid, passively help him or her address absorbing whatever is discussed. immediately the needs of 4. Lack of Knowledge the listeners and will have - Some speakers know how to say more ease in establishing things but they do not know exactly rapport with them. what to say. This prohibits them from engaging in meaningful communication with others. What is the importance of fixing violations in communication situations? Repair and Termination 1 Repair means fixing one problem. Termination means stopping or ending 2 something.  Learn about It! Repair was first defined by Schegloff, Jefferson, and Sacks (1977) as the set of practices whereby a participant interrupts the ongoing course of action to attend to possible trouble in speaking, hearing, or understanding the talk. However, the practice of repairing conversations can also extend to fixing other violations.  Learn about It! Termination, on the other hand, refers to the participants’ use of expressions to end the conversation.  Learn about It! Types of Repair Self-initiated self-repair initiated and fixed by the speaker of the trouble source often carried out when the speaker corrects himself or herself or when he or she cannot find the right word but then is able to find it after a short pause.  Learn about It! Other-initiated self-repair initiated by another participant but is fixed by the speaker of the trouble source typically occurs when another participant could not hear the speaker or has misunderstood the speaker Self-initiated other-repair initiated by the speaker of the trouble source but is fixed by another participant happens when the speaker could not find the right word or phrase and another participant supplies it in the conversation  Learn about It! Other-initiated other-repair both fixed and initiated by another participant usually occurs when the speaker misarticulated something or says wrong information, which prompts another participant to correct him or her  Learn about It! Guidelines on How to Repair or Terminate 1. Recognize the violation. 2. Shift back to the main topic. 3. Asking leading questions to let other participants know that they have returned to the original topic. 4. After disregarding unnecessary topics or once the participants have said what they want to say at that time, the conversation may already be terminated. This can be done by taking a break, rescheduling the discussion, or by simply using statements that signal the end of the interaction.  Learn about It! Guidelines in Repair and Examples Termination Communication Situations Examples of Verbal Cues 1. Be polite when terminating a Thanking a teacher discussion especially if the - Greeting your teacher after Goodbye and thank you speech is formal. class and thanking him or her is a simple example of termination. 2. Ensure that the correction Informative Speeches done in the repair - As informative speeches are What I mean is that communicative strategy is merely technical in nature, it is concise but clear. inevitable to experience repairs.  Learn about It! Guidelines in Repair and Examples Termination Communication Situations Examples of Verbal Cues 3. Consider the context of the Casual conversations with peers What I am saying is speaking situation when using - This situation may both use the communication strategies. repair and termination That is, use formal language for especially that the speaker is I’ll see you again tomorrow! formal context and informal or more comfortable speaking or casual language as preferred using informal language. when in an informal context.