Family And Community Medicine Mod 2 Literature Review PDF

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 08/31/2024. MOD 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, THEO...

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 08/31/2024. MOD 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, THEORETICAL & CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Jeriel De Silos, MD, MPM-HSD and Celso Pagatpatan, Jr., MD Trans Group: 3B I. THEORY Consists of theories collected from literature A theory is an abstract description of the searches and logical connections that link them into a relationships between concepts that help us single framework. understand the world Theories are the important bits of information that you B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: PROCESS have to look for and sort from your literature research. Serve as your primary reference and evidence that PROCESS DESCRIPTION will justify the creation or development of your research. Mainly supported by 2 things: Research Theoretical framework (TF) begins ○ Preliminary data: can be derived from direct 1 Question and with the development of the research observation Objectives question and objectives. ○ Vast body of research: can be derived from doing an extensive literature search TF is followed by the literature The strength of a theory in terms of its evidence relies Literature search, where known knowledge or 2 on the number of data supporting it. Search information is searched about the More supporting data = stronger theory — the more chosen topic. data you have that concurs with your theory, validates further the accuracy of the said theory. Theories will then be identified Theory 3 from the said studies that were found Identification from the literature search. A. TYPES OF THEORY Theories can be derived from various types: Potential relationships between or Summary of among the theories found in the 4 THEORY: TYPES findings literature search should be established. Theory Type Description C. THINGS TO CONSIDER IN DEVELOPING Naming and/or characterizing a certain THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK phenomena. Very useful as a source Descriptive of foundation for a descriptive type of 1. DEFINE ANY CONCEPTS AND THEORIES THAT WILL studies PROVIDE THE GROUNDING OF THE RESEARCH Theory that tries to clarify relationships All relevant information that was found from the Explanatory between phenomena literature search should be explained in the theoretical Articulating the oppression of the framework. Emancipatory people 2. UNITE THE THEORIES THROUGH LOGICAL Extend or refute existing knowledge. CONNECTIONS Would be considered true if you have Look for potential relationships between these Disruptive new information that will solidify or refute theories and connect them to each other. old knowledge or theory about certain phenomena. 3. RELATE THESE CONCEPTS TO THE STUDY THAT IS Used in economics because it’s useful BEING CARRIED OUT in predicting the performance of the Predictive Demonstrate that the information that were linked market esp. during wars, pandemics, or together are directly connected or will try to address major natural calamities. the problem that was identified at the start of the research process. Whenever you filter out the relevant information from your initial literature search, you need to take account III. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK of these types of theories and relate it to the type of study that you are going to perform to tackle your A. DEFINITION research question. It is the justification for why a given study should be conducted. II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In some cases, theoretical and conceptual framework are interchanged, that should not be the case as: A. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: DEFINITION ○ Theoretical Framework serves as the pool of A logically developed and connected set of concepts information gathered to prove that there is a gap in and premises (developed from one or more theories) the current knowledge on the topic that a researcher creates to scaffold a study. Family and Com Medicine - Mod # Topic Title 1 of 8 The use of trans, practice questions, and evals ratio must be used discreetly and social media/public exposure of the aforementioned shall be strictly prohibited.  ○ Conceptual Framework serves as the justification for the relevance or the importance of why the study is done. NOT ALL knowledge gaps are deemed relevant or important in our society. Answers the following questions: ○ Why is this research important? ○ What contributions might these findings make to what is already known? B. PURPOSE Argumentation: importance of studying the topic Generation: give rise to problems, research questions, and study methods to handle or tackle new research problems Explanation: stresses the relationships among who and what will be studied in the topic Distinctions Between Theory, Theoretical Framework, and Conceptual Framework. C. SOURCE V. LITERATURE REVIEW Analyzing the past research findings to prepare for 1. EXPERIENCE future research. The more experience that a researcher has in his field Jose Rizal’s one of the most common quotation: or in doing a research, it will contribute more to the ○ “Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan conceptual framework that he is developing ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan.” (He who A vast amount of experience in the said field will also does not look back where he came from, will never help the researcher justify the importance of the study reach his destination). he is doing In other words, He who does not read previous studies, will never produce a good research. 2. LITERATURE SEARCH A. WHAT IS LITERATURE? Aside from the information/data that you get from Commonly described as a collection of scholarly literature search, you will see a lot of recommendations writings on a particular topic. from authors of the studies that you have reviewed about improving the studies or the things that they have B. WHAT IS LITERATURE REVIEW? overlooked while doing the conduction of the study. A critical appraisal of existing body of written scholarly This vital information can help you improve the works pertaining to specific research topic contents of your conceptual framework. Reviewed at the beginning of the research 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1. IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW Vital source to your conceptual framework Provides context for the research or other Consists of the relationships of the theories and circumstances that affects the study knowledge that you have identified in your literature Justify the current research → provides reasons of the search and all of these can help you justify the need to conduct it importance of doing your study in the first place–which is Ensure the research has not been done before → to the purpose of your conceptual framework. know similar studies conducted Show where the research fits into existing body of D. PRESENTATION knowledge → shows its connection to the areas of study and discipline 1. GRAPHIC FORMAT Provides understanding of previous theories related to the subject Traditionally presented in this format Illustrates how the subject has been studied previously Diagrams are made to explain the conceptual ○ Some subjects are studied mainly through framework experiments. ○ Others are through case reports or descriptive 2. NARRATIVE FORMAT approaches. Outlines the gaps in the literature or limitation of the Explains the graphical presentation previous studies, in terms of content or methodology To help researchers refine, refocus, and sometimes, IV THEORETICAL FORMAT AND CONCEPTUAL change the topic. FRAMEWORK: DISTINCTIONS Theoretical framework can be a subset of the 2. WHAT NEEDS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE LITERATURE conceptual framework. REVIEW? From the data gathered, theories can be found from data concluded or generated by studies found. Key issues in that particular subject ○ These theories could be used to develop the Major findings of previous studies theoretical framework. Main point of views and controversies The theoretical framework can then be used, along Critical evaluations: how are these being evaluated by with other data gathered, to develop or robust a good other authors? conceptual framework to justify the importance of the General conclusions and research gaps: what are the study being created. conclusions and direction for future research? Family and Com Medicine - Mod # 🏠 Topic Title 2 of 8 The use of trans, practice questions, and evals ratio must be used discreetly and social media/public exposure of the aforementioned shall be strictly prohibited. 3. COMMON PROBLEMS AND HOW THEY CAN BE LITERATURE REVIEW PROCESS ADDRESSED 1 Search 2 Assess PROBLEM POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS 3 Summarize Organizing Use of mind map to help you around organize your material individual 4 Synthesize: sometimes, after synthesizing, papers rather Write under focus questions rather researchers go back to searching. than around than from each author/article themes/ issues separately Lacking a clear Use of mind map or list of focus organizational questions structure Not Answer research questions rather discriminating than just collating background between information relevant and less relevant Understand the purpose of each materials with part of what you are writing all the literature accessed Four Steps in Conducting Literature Review. Not being Not only summarize existing literature critical but identify significant gap or A. LITERATURE SEARCH limitation of the existing literature 1. WHERE TO FIND? Show good reason for believing your hypothesis or assumptions 2 MAIN SOURCES OF REFERENCES FOR LITERATURE REVIEW PROBLEM POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS ProQuest Seminal papers/studies in your field Bibliographic should be included in the introduction 1 Online Databases Scopus or literature review and other sites PubMed “You might also have heard that some researchers say to also include Books references that are 5 years or 7 years Exclusion of or even earlier. The reason for this 2 Printed Materials Printed Journals landmark studies may be related to ensuring updated references, however we should take Reports note that there are many landmark or seminal studies that are 10 years or older, and papers such as these may Local and regional databases may include: be essential to inform your literature ○ HERDIN by the Department of Science and review or your entire research.” Technology (www.herdin.ph) ○ WPRIM: Western Pacific Region Index Medicus Systematic search of updated (www.wprim.org) sources especially peer-reviewed journal articles TYPES OF LITERATURE Limited updated “Limited updated materials might also 1 Journal Articles materials be a problem, especially if the subject is well-researched. The use of 2 Books systematics search and various databases are essential to retrieve 3 Dissertations or Thesis recent articles.” 4 Others (Government Reports, Policy Documents, Adopting a Read widely that include books, Monographs, etc.) parochial journal articles perspective TYPES OF SCHOLARLY ARTICLES VI. FOUR STEPS IN CONDUCTING LITERATURE REVIEW usually found in (1) journal articles Original Research 1 Case-control studies Articles Family and Com Medicine - Mod # 🏠 Topic Title 3 of 8 The use of trans, practice questions, and evals ratio must be used discreetly and social media/public exposure of the aforementioned shall be strictly prohibited.  Clinical trials Cross-sectional studies Grounded theory studies Phenomenological studies Literature reviews Systematic reviews 2 Review Articles Meta-analysis Meta-ethnography Realist synthesis Theoretical or 3 Conceptual Papers Diagram of the Systematic Literature Search. 1.1. Open Access Important principle when searching for literature Freely available scientific publications on the public Systematic literature search process internet WITHOUT financial, legal or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining internet Review questions or search access itself Define the problem statement OPEN ACCESS MATERIALS PsycINFO (for mental health Choose appropriate related studies), PubMed, database 1 Google Scholar CINAHIL, Scopus, etc. 2 PubMed Synonyms, alternative words, Formulate Keyword search table 3 Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) Boolean operators, Perform the search truncations, search filters. 4 Open Access Thesis and Dissertations Evaluate results Sensitivity, specificity 5 Wholis 6 Academia If literature does not generate sensitive or specific search, then there might be a need to revise your 7 ResearchGate search such as revising the keywords for adding another database. It is important that researchers should be vigilant 4. Other Important strategies in searching the literature regarding fraudulent, deceptive, and pseudo-journals Boolean operators (e.g., AND, OR, NOT) that publish predatory materials. Truncation (e.g., use of question mark ‘?’ or asterisk ‘*’) Search filters (e.g., years, language, etc) 2. HOW TO SEARCH THE LITERATURE? Manual search Consider systematic search as an important part of ○ Check reference cited in the identified articles evidence based practice — according to Krupski, et al ○ Contact the authors and experts in the field Conducting efficient literature searches: strategies for Mental Health Nurses — according to Cleary, et al 5. MANAGING REFERENCES Use tutorial in searching the medical literature in Instances where a researcher generates many PubMed references, there might be a need to use software in Systematic literature search strategies for health managing these voluminous references sciences — according to Pagatpatan, et al The following reference managers can be used: ○ Mendeley 3. SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE SEARCH PROCESS ○ RefWorks ○ EndNote B. ASSESS THE RELEVANCE (AND QUALITY) OF THE LITERATURE Though traditional literature reviews are part of a research, quality assessment is less commonly given emphasis. The following are commonly considered: Family and Com Medicine - Mod # 🏠 Topic Title 4 of 8 The use of trans, practice questions, and evals ratio must be used discreetly and social media/public exposure of the aforementioned shall be strictly prohibited.  ○ Topic relevance: Is the literature on the same ○ Incorporate reflection or critique on the body of specific topic as your proposed study? knowledge of literature review upon the importance ○ Individual and site relevance: Does the literature of the body of literature for your research examine the same individuals and sites you want to ○ Evaluate the sources and advise the reader on study? the most pertinent or relevant sources Appraisal tools are NOT needed for traditional literature review. 1. WRITING LITERATURE REVIEW If non-relevant articles are generated, there several The most concrete process to show the synthesis of the approached to be done: literature is to write the literature review. 1. RE-SEARCH 1.1 Identifying the Incorrect Approaches Redo the research process Idea-driven rather than autor-driven approach Use additional keywords ○ According to Cisco (2014), the most common Add or change the database incorrect approach in writing the literature is the author-driven instead of the idea-driven approach. 2. REFINE ○ The author-driven approach is done by presenting Refine the search question the information according to each author separately. Such as author 1 said this, author 2 said this, 3. REASSESS author 3 said this, and so on. Reassess the relevance of the literature generated. A common student approach to lie. 4. REPEAT Repeat the process, if necessary C. SUMMARIZE EACH SOURCE Recap important and relevant information found in each source Identify: ○ Methodology — design. sample, etc. ○ Variables/ concepts ○ Context and settings ○ Theories ○ Findings Illustration of author-driven approach. 1.2 Visual Representation of Themes A visual representation of the idea-driven or theme-based approach 1.2.1 Bubble Graphic Shows the interconnection of each bubble or studies included in the literature review Provides a visual for synthesizing research. Example Matrix. The matrix summarizes information from each article including the literature review. Filling up a matrix should be guided by the research question or objectives. The creation of a matrix depends on the information needed in your research. Bubble Graphic. D. SYNTHESIZE THE BODY OF A LITERATURE The final process in literature review is to synthesize 1.2.2. Bucket Graphic the literature Synthesizing the literature can be done by: Where similar ideas of those references included are ○ Identifying similarities and differences of grouped according to the main ideas presented studies (e.g., setting of the study, study population, (themes) research design among others) Offers a more concrete example of synthesizing ○ Tracing the intellectual progression of the field, research. including major debates Family and Com Medicine - Mod # 🏠 Topic Title 5 of 8 The use of trans, practice questions, and evals ratio must be used discreetly and social media/public exposure of the aforementioned shall be strictly prohibited.  1. REPORTING VERBS Reporting verbs help in strengthening our argument by highlighting a finding of an author or showing the connection of ideas or findings of different authors, as well as connecting it to your own perspectives. List of Reporting Verbs point out argue claim state doubt propose observe identify report agree Bucket Graphic. add describe believe explain present 1.3 Theme Based Literature Review indicate assert think question dispute Present the argument of the research Present main ideas or themes by substantiating it with maintain support urge challenge dismiss information or findings from relevant papers or authors Acts as a model for students writing their first literature reviews. recommend affirm suggest disagree Delli Carpini et. al (2004) concluded in their review that the effect of deliberation and other forms of discursive politics is highly context-dependent ○ This is a sentence that uses a reporting verb. What do you think is the reporting verb here that cues to highlight the finding of an author? B. PARAPHRASING It refers to changing the wording of the original text without altering the meaning “A good paraphrase is significantly different from the wording of the original, without altering the meaning at all” (Bailey, 2003). Why should researchers need to paraphrase at all? Illustration of idea-driven or theme-based approach. Original text: “Working from home can lead to employees feeling isolated 2. ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE IN WRITING LITERATURE and dissatisfied” (King, 2009, p.12) REVIEW Read and write Paraphrased: ○ NOT read, read, read, and write, write, write King (2009) suggests that workers can feel alone and While there is a need to read extensively, having a wide unhappy while working away from office. number of references may be cumbersome. ○ A wide number of references may be difficult to 1. THREE TECHNIQUES IN PARAPHRASING (BAILEY, carry on especially with very limited time to do 2003) literature review. Changing the word Literature review depends on the discipline and Changing the world class audience Changing the word order 3. HOW TO END THE LITERATURE REPORT 2. PARAPHRASING EXAMPLES Summary of the major themes ○ Should be relevant to the research objectives TECHNIQUE EXAMPLE OF EXAMPLE IN A ○ What are the major results or findings from all the THE SENTENCE studies that I have reviewed? TECHNIQUE Explanations why current literature is deficient and justify the need for additional research Changing the Change Sleep scientists have word scientists to found that traditional VII. STRATEGIES IN WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW researchers remedies for insomnia, Use of reporting verbs such as counting Paraphrasing sheep are ineffective Referencing ↓ Sleep researchers A. REPORTING ON PREVIOUS RESEARCH have found that Central reporting (strong author focus) established cures for Non-central reporting (non-central reporting) insomnia, for instance Non-reporting (NO specific author focus) counting sheep Family and Com Medicine - Mod # 🏠 Topic Title 6 of 8 The use of trans, practice questions, and evals ratio must be used discreetly and social media/public exposure of the aforementioned shall be strictly prohibited.  Involves literary theft, stealing (by copying) the Change the Change A third group was words or ideas of someone else and passing them word class mountainous given no special off as one’s own WITHOUT crediting the source regions instruction about going Ways to avoid plagiarism: (adjective + to sleep ○ Paraphrasing noun) to in the ↓ ○ Use of plagiarism software: Turnitin mountains A third group was not (noun) specially instructed about going to sleep DEGREES AND THE NATURE OF LITERATURE REVIEW Changing the Change the There are many word order location of the practical applications Degree and Function and format of the literature main idea in a to research into research review in research at these level sentence insomnia product ↓ Research into BA, BSc, Essentially descriptive, topic focused, insomnia has many Bed project mostly indicative of main current practical applications sources on the topic. Analysis is of the topic in terms of justification ORIGINAL PARAPHRASED MA, MSc, Analytical summative, covering MPhil methodological issues, research “The increase in the Malone (2010) claims that dissertation techniques and topics. Possibly two number of students changes in tertiary teaching or theses literature-based chapters attending university has and learning are the result On methodological issues, which led to changes in the of a rise in the number of demonstrates knowledge of the methods and style of learners. advantages and disadvantages lecture delivery” (Malone, On theoretical issues relevant to 2016, p.8). the topic/problems “Courses should contain University programmes PhD, DrPH, Analytical synthesis, covering all known practical components should provide students DPhil, DLitt literature on the problems, including that enduring graduates have with skills that are theses in other languages. High level of skills that are transferable applicable to the workplace evaluation of previous work and across to the workplace” (Sims, (Sims, 2009). theories. Critical evaluation of previous 2009). work on the problem. Depth and breath of discussion on relevant philosophical traditions and way in C. REFERENCING which they relate to the problems It is the standardized method of formatting the information source the writer used in his/her written work. MCQ QUESTIONS The use of references is imperative in academic writing. What is the ultimate outcome of a literature B Use additional keywords review? Why referencing? A. Retrieval of adequate relevant studies ○ Shows adherence to academic writing standards B. Identification of research gap/s ○ Shows respect for and acknowledges the work C. Well referenced write-up of other scholars (thereby avoiding plagiarism) D. Written report without signs of plagiarism ○ Provide evidence that you have read and considered the relevant literature Which of the following is a bibliographic A ○ Allows validation and confirmation of sources database? used in your work, and A. Scopus ○ Gives your work credibility B. Computer A reference or citation is required when you: C. Internet ○ Cite by quoting another person word for word D. Library (direct quotation) ○ Cite by paraphrasing or summarising ideas or data obtained from another source Researchers can retrieve 'Open Access' C ○ Use statistics in your work obtained from references from this database. another source (e.g. population, results of surveys) A. Proline ○ Use tables, figures, diagrams or images created B. Medline by someone else C. PubMed ○ Use controversial facts, opinions, or dates from D. Clinical Keys another source How to reference? Which of the following helps in a more specific C ○ List and keep details of each source retrieval of literature? ○ In-text citation A. Use of several keywords and its synonyms ○ List of references B. Use of Boolean operator 'OR' C. Search to include articles written in English 1. PLAGIARISM only A problem in conducting literature review Family and Com Medicine - Mod # 🏠 Topic Title 7 of 8 The use of trans, practice questions, and evals ratio must be used discreetly and social media/public exposure of the aforementioned shall be strictly prohibited.  D. Include both peer-reviewed and grey literature If a researcher wants to retrieve more references, B which operator should be used? A. AND B. OR C. NOT Finally, as researchers, let us learn from previous research to improve knowledge for better health: take literature review seriously. And remember, he who does not read previous studies will never produce good research. Family and Com Medicine - Mod # 🏠 Topic Title 8 of 8 The use of trans, practice questions, and evals ratio must be used discreetly and social media/public exposure of the aforementioned shall be strictly prohibited.