COMM 01 Reviewer for Midterms PDF

**COMM 01 REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS** 1. **NATURE, ELEMENTS, AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION** **[COMMUNICATION-] comes from the Latin word "communicare" which means "common." Both the sender and the receiver should arrive at a common understanding of something.** **[COMMUNICATION IS: ]** **\>SYSTEMAT...

**COMM 01 REVIEWER FOR MIDTERMS** 1. **NATURE, ELEMENTS, AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION** **[COMMUNICATION-] comes from the Latin word "communicare" which means "common." Both the sender and the receiver should arrive at a common understanding of something.** **[COMMUNICATION IS: ]** **\>SYSTEMATIC- it involves a group of interrelated parts that affect one another.** **\>IRREVERSIBLE- one should remember once you speak, you cannot take back what had been said.** **\>PROACTIVE-you engage in communication with a goal in mind and you already anticipate responses from** **your listener/s.** **\>SYMBOLIC INTERACTION- you want to communicate with someone in order to build or develop a relationship with him/her.** **NATURE OF COMMUNICATION** **According to Cheney (2011), communication is a process of encoding and transmitting messages such as ideas, information, feelings, and emotions using different symbols from a sender to a receiver in order to achieve a desired goal. Once a receiver decodes the message, he then encodes feedback and transmits it back to the sender. For this cycle to continue, understanding between the sender and receiver has to be reached.** **THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION** **\>THE SENDER - initial source of information sometimes commonly referred to as the encoder. -** **decides on the purpose or goal for which the specific communication process intends to achieve.** **\>THE RECIEVER- target of communication. -** **reason why communication is created.** **\>THE MESSAGE- heart of communication.** **-** **"signal, or a combination of signals that serve as a stimulus for a receiver" (DeVito, 1986:201).** **-** **classified into [verbal] and [non-verbal.]** **VERBAL-** **these could be spoken, written, visual such as signs and symbols and electronic.** **NON-VERBAL- could be expressed through paralanguage such as hand and body gestures and facial expressions.** **\>THE CHANNEL- Also known as the medium, it is the means or the channel by which the message is sent through from the sender to the receiver.** **\>FEEDBACK- It is a response the receiver gives to the sender to inform the latter if the message sent has gotten across effectively or not.** **\ ** **\>BARRIER- Also known as noise, it is anything that interferes with the transmission of the message by the sender to the receiver.** **-DeVito (1986: 209) provides three types of noise:** **PHYSICAL NOISE (environment)** **PSYCHOLOGICAL NOISE** **(mental/emotional)** **SEMANTIC NOISE (language** **barrier)** 2. **MODELS OF COMMUNICATION** **MODEL- graphic representation designed to explain the way a variable works.** **MODELS OF COMMUNICATION** **\>LINEAR (Shannon & Weaver, 1949)** mother of all communication models, the Shannon-Weaver model (1949) depicts communication as a linear or one-way process consisting of five elements: a source (producer of the message), a transmitter (encoder of the message into signals), a channel (signals adapted for transmission), and receiver (the decoder of messages from the signal), and a destination. This model, however, has been criticized for missing one essential element in the communication process: feedback. Without feedback, the speaker will not know whether the receiver understood the message or not. **\>INTERACTIVE (Schramm, 1954)-** also known as the two-way process. In this model, the accumulated experience of two individuals engaged in communication is emphasized, unlike in the linear model where interaction, feedback, and sharing experiences have no place. The sender encodes and sends the message, the receiver decodes the message and transmits feedback to the sender. **\>TRANSACTIONAL (Barnlund, 2008)-**two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as one element. -This tells us that communication is a spontaneous, simultaneous, and dynamic process of idea transfer requiring a back-and-forth kind of relationship among the elements. -The sender and receiver are referred to as communicators because they do not just send or receive messages. Both can send and receive messages at the same time, and the feedback is provided even before the message is fully sent. **\ ** 3. **DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION** **VERBAL**- There are two sub-dimensions when it comes to verbal communication: **SPOKEN-** Conversations, speeches, phone conversations. **WRITTEN-** Texts, letters, tweets **DIMENSIONS** **\~REGISTER-** Estimating the\ required level of formality helps us fit in and show respect to the people around\ us. **\~INTENTION-** The reason behind one's words and the message one wants to convey. NON- VERBAL -how we act and present ourselves in situations. -Aspects like our facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language send waves of communication louder than words \>**PARALANGUAGE-** The manner of speech, our tone and intonations, voice, volume, and even hesitation and physical items like gifts convey messages that go beyond words. **SARCASM-** We say one thing, but we really mean the opposite. **GIVING FLOWERS-** Universally, red roses symbolize love. White lilies in most European countries are exclusively for funerals and wakes. **COLORS-** Most fast food/regular restaurants are painted in the colors of the sunset, i.e. yellow, orange, red, as these increase appetite. \>**CHRONEMICS-** The way we perceive and react to time is connected to the way we humans communicate. **\>HAPTICS-** the use of touch to express what cannot be said: A kiss on a hand for lovers, best friends giving a tight hug, etc. \>**GESTURES-** The way we move our hands and head while speaking also holds a lot of communicative meaning. **\>FACIAL EXPRESSIONS**- the way our face moves to convey our emotional states **\>PERSONAL APPEARANCE-** where an individual decorates or modifies their physical body to communicate meaning to others. Other than our OOTD (outfit of the day), tattoos, hairstyles, and jewelry also help express our personality and viewpoints on society. \>**SILENCE-** May be taken as a form of protest, sign of respect, or utter refusal to engage in communication. **4. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION** **\>HIGH CONTEXT CULTURES-** will use communication that focuses on underlying context, meaning, and tone in the message, and not just the words themselves. \>**LOW CONTEXT CULTURES-** expect communication to be explicitly stated so that there's no risk of confusion, and if a message isn't clear enough, it will slow down the process of communication. **Characteristics of Competent Intercultural Communicators** World Bank (2010) identifies the following traits that define a competent intercultural communicator: 1\. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty 2\. Reflectiveness or mindfulness 3\. Open-mindedness 4\. Sensitivity 5\. Adaptability 6\. Ability to engage in divergent thinking or (thinking creatively) and systems-level thinking (or thinking how each one in a system or organization influences each other) 7\. Politeness **5. THE VOWEL TRIANGLE** **7. TYPES OF SPEECHES** ***INFORMATIVE SPEECH*** \>Provides the audience a clear understanding of the concept or idea. \>Your main aim is to help your audience to understand and to remember the information you have shared. ***ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH*** \>Aims to share good will, joy and pleasure to the audience \>The primary goal is to make the audience relax, enjoy and even laugh. ***PERSUASIVE SPEECH*** \>Your primary goal is to influence the thoughts, feelings, actions, and behaviors or attitudes of your listeners, likewise, you aim to change their perception and convince them that your argument is more important, attainable, practical and feasible **TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY** **\>IMPROMPTU-** Unrehearsed, spontaneous **\>EXTEMPORANEOUS-** Limited preparation. \- guided by notes or outline \>**MANUSCRIPT-** speaking with advanced preparation. \- exact repetition of the written words (script) \>**MEMORIZED-** Reciting a written message word-for-word from memory. **8. PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING** **\>ANALYZE THE AUDIENCE-** Remember that public speaking is others-centered. Know your audience and connect with them. \~Know their age and educational background. \~Know their interests \~Know what they already know **\>CHOOSING YOUR TOPIC-**Choosing the topic carefully is critical to a successful public speaking. -It is so powerful that it may inspire the audience to do a positive or a negative action. -areas to consider: \~Know the audience \~Know the occasion \~Know the purpose \~Know yourself as the speaker **\ ** **9. THE PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY** **OUR VOICE**- Our voice is the number one tool in oral communication. Without the voice, speaking cannot occur. **EYE CONTACT-** By looking the listener/s in the eyes, you are trying to make them feel that you are sincere, you mean what you say and that it is important for them to hear what you want to say. **ARTICULATION-** Proper pronunciation of words is very important in speaking. Words pronounced wrongly will not be understood or may be given a different meaning. **ATTIRE-** we are the first visual aid thus our clothing matters when we speak in public. Wear what is appropriate for the occasion. **VISUAL AIDS-** Visual aids are very powerful devices to keep the audience's attention. **RELATING WITH THE AUDIENCE-** As speakers, we can also distinguish if we are able to build rapport with the audience through their facial reactions -- smiles, nods, frowns, laughter and other outward and noticeable reactions. **MOVEMENT-** All the movements on the stage should be voluntary and warranted. Nervousness can cause involuntary movements which can distress both the speaker and the audience. **POSTURE-** A confident speaker stands straight with his arms well relaxed. Nervous speakers sprawl on the podium and lean against the wall. **FACIAL EXPRESSIONS-** The expression on the speaker's face determines the audience's closeness to him. Warm smile and confident look take the audience close to the speaker. The expressions display the degree of involvement; the speaker has in his speech. **DICTION-** The words that the speaker uses should be readily understood by the audience. It is good to stoop to the level of the audience. **HOOKS**- It is always good to start the speech with a small story as stories normally arouse interest. But remember, too much of anything is good for nothing.