Life And Works Of Rizal PDF

**LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL** **Republic Act No. 1425** -- Rizal Law: Act requiring curricula on Rizal's life and works in schools. Reason for Rizal Law: **To instill nationalism in Filipino youth.** **Rizalista** -- Religious Movement: Belief in the divinity of Rizal. **Simbahang Rizal** -- Estab...

**LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL** **Republic Act No. 1425** -- Rizal Law: Act requiring curricula on Rizal's life and works in schools. Reason for Rizal Law: **To instill nationalism in Filipino youth.** **Rizalista** -- Religious Movement: Belief in the divinity of Rizal. **Simbahang Rizal** -- Establishment to Honor Rizal: Sent by Bathala to redeem the Filipino race. **Chinese Mestizo** -- Mixed Ancestry: Person of mixed Chinese and Filipino ancestry. **Principalia** -- Ruling Upper Class: Educated elite in Spanish colonial Philippines. **Bachiller en Artes** -- Rizal\'s Degree: Degree held by Rizal. **Spanish Cortes** -- Spain\'s Legislative Body: Lawmaking body in Spain. **Insulares** -- Term for Educated Filipinos: Enlightened ones educated in Europe. **Masonry** -- Fraternal Organization: Strives for moral betterment. **La Solidaridad** -- Propaganda Movement Newspaper: Main publication. **December 30, 1896** -- Rizal\'s Execution Date: Date of execution by firing squad. **Mi Ultimo Adios** -- Rizal\'s Last Poem: Composed in his final days. **There is something inside** -- Rizal\'s Message to Trinidad: What he murmured when handing the gas lamp. **The copy of his last poem** -- Under the Gas Lamp: Item Rizal handed to Trinidad. **It is finished!** -- Rizal's Last Words: Spoken before execution. **Insulares** -- Pure-blooded Spanish in Philippines: Term for Spaniards born in the Philippines. **Mestizo** -- Mixed Ancestry Term: General term for people with mixed ancestry. **Pacto de retroventa** -- Land Sale Agreement: Agreement allowing landowners to sell and buy back land. **Peninsulares** -- Pure Blooded Spaniards: Spaniards born in Spain. **Principalia** -- Wealthy Pure-blooded Natives: Term for affluent natives. **Sangley** -- Pure Chinese Descent: Term for people of pure Chinese descent. **Indio** -- pure looded natives of the Philippines **Conquistador** -- Spanish Conquerors: Term for Spanish conquerors. **Caballeria** -- Small Land Tract: Term for a small tract of land in a land grant. **Canon** -- Annual Rent: Rent paid by the inquilino. **Encomienda** -- Large Estates: Used for livestock and agriculture. **Inquilino** -- Tenants from Friars: Rented land from friars and subleased it. **Principales** -- Ruling Elite Class: Well-to-do living in 19th century Philippines. **Sharecropper/kasama** -- Land Renter: Individual renting from inquilino. **Rehiyon** -- Large Land Grant: Term for a large tract of land included in a land grant. **Episcopal Visitation** -- Bishop\'s Visit: Official visit to examine congregation conditions. **Garrote** -- Capital Punishment Apparatus: Tool used for execution. **Polo Y Servicio** -- Forced Labor Policy: Required service from Filipino males. **Regular clergy** -- Religious Order Priests: Priests belonging to orders. **Secular clergy** - Secular Priests: Priests engaged in pastoral work. **Tributo** -- Tax imposed by the Spanish colonial government on Filipinos. **GOMBURZA** -- Priests advocating for reform during the mutiny. Public Execution Outcome -- **Opposite Effect**: Intended to instill fear, but it inspired reform. **Creole** -- Term for Spaniards born in the Philippines. **La Solidaridad** -- Key publication of the movement. **The Propaganda movement** -- Organization founded by Rizal for reform. **Noli Me Tangere** -- Novel exposing colonial life in the Philippines in 19^th^ century. **Noli Me Tangere** -- Considered Rizal's first novel. **Maximo Viola** -- Insisted on funding the publication. **Reach Countrymen** -- Rizal write his novel in Spanish to connect with Filipinos. Objective of Noli Me Tangere -- **Awareness of Colonial Conditions: Aimed to awaken consciousness among Filipinos.** **Noli Me Tangere** -- Sparked social discussions in the late 19th century. **Audiencia** -- Royal Court of Justice ; Judicial body in Spain and colonies. **Ecclesiastics** -- Religious Missionaries in Rizal\'s Time Rizal\'s Annotations -- Philippine Perspective: **Attempted to present Philippine history from a Filipino viewpoint.** **Indio** -- Term used by Spaniards for native Filipinos. **Filibustero** -- In19th Century Patriot Definition; Associated with revolutionary activities. **Guardia Civil** -- Military Force for Order; Enforced peace and order in the colony. **Cabeza de Barangay** -- Head of the barangay. **Simoun** -- Wealthy jeweler character in El Filibusterismo. **Kerosene Lamp with Explosive** -- Simoun\'s Revolutionary Plan; Instrument for revolution. **Mercado** -- meaning Market **Francisco Mercado** -- Wealthy Individual in Binan; Noted for his wealth and carabao herds. **Blumentritt** -- Rizal\'s Benefactor; Supported Rizal\'s education. **Carromata** -- Rizal\'s Journey to Binan; Mode of transport at age 9. **Going to Europe** -- Secret Pact with Paciano; Pact for Rizal\'s studies abroad. **Masons** -- Exposure to Liberal Ideas in Madrid; Group that influenced Rizal. **Radical** -- El Filibusterismo\'s Tone; More radical than Noli Me Tangere. **Fort Santiago**: Location of arrest; Arrest after La Liga Formation **La Liga Filipina** -- Rizal\'s Socio-Civic Organization; Established by Rizal. **\"Touch me not\"** -- Translation of Noli Me Tangere, Literal meaning in Latin. **Dapitan** -- Rizal\'s Exile Location; Place of exile. **Katipunan Revolution** -- Plan Learned in Dapitan; Awareness of revolutionary plans. **GOMBURZA** -- Dedication of El Filibusterismo, Dedicated to the priests. **Lamp** -- Last Poem\'s Location; Hidden inside Manila in 1834 -- **Opened to world trade**. **Binondo, Manila** -- Rizal\'s Remains (Aug 17, 1898) -- Exhumed and taken to his house **Paco Cemetery** -- Rizal's Secret Burial (Dec 30, 1896) -- Buried secretly. Identification on Rizal\'s Grave -- **Yes, there was no identification on his grave.** Rizal\'s Honorable Burial -- **No, he was secretly buries at the Paco Cemetery.** Current Location of Rizal's Remains -- Kept in a monument with a **statue** at Rizal Park. **Richard Kissling** -- Designer of Rizal Monument Rizal on Philippine Independence -- Likely to occur **after a violent and bloody revolution.** 19th Century Filipino Experience -- **Filipinos remained brutalized and oppressed.** Future Independence Concerns -- Rizal argued **this independence could be short-lived.** Interpretation of Simoun's Failures -- Reflects Rizal's **abhorrence of violence and bloodshed.** Aim of the Propaganda Movement -- To assimilate the Philippines as a **province of Spain.** El Fili\'s Message -- Corrupt leaders could lead to **Spain's downfall.** **Valentin Ventura** -- A friend of Rizal who help him to finally published the El fili. GOMBURZA -- Accused of being **filibusters** in 1872. **El Filibusterismo** -- Passion and Ideology. **Simoun** -- Main Character of El Filibusterismo, a rich jeweler. **Simoun\'s True Identity** -- He was actually Crisostomo Ibarra from Noli. Father Damaso\'s View on Filipinos -- Claims they are **indolent.** **Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas** -- Rizal's Annotation of Antonio Morga's Work. **Spolarium** -- Juan Luna's Notable Painting, depicting human suffering. **Uncle Tom's Cabin** -- Harriet Beecher Stowe's Work , about American slavery. **Maximo Viola** -- Financial Support for Noli\'s Printing, lent Rizal money. Purpose of Writing Noli -- To expose **ills of Philippine colonial society under Spain.** **Circulo Hispano-Filipino** -- Organization Led by Juan Atayde **Father Jose Burgos** -- forefront of struggle to gain equality between Spanish and Filipino GOMBURZA Accusation -- Guilty of **treason** as instigators of the Cavite Mutiny. **Gov. Gen. Izquierdo** -- order to Arrest Priests Following Revolt in Cavite. The public execution of the three priests was meant to instill **Fear in the Filipinos** Rizal\'s Distressing News in Hong Kong -- Concerning **Hacienda de Calamba**. **Hacienda de Calamba** -- Land Ownership: Vast land owned by friars. **Caballeras** -- Smaller Land Tracts **El Filibusterismo** -- represents the reign of greed. **Francisco Mercado** -- Rizal's father a wealthy farmer leasing land from Dominican friars. **Teodora Alonso** -- Rizal's mother a woman of ordinary culture. **Pueblo** -- a town or village. Rizal\'s Excellence: Excelled in **Latin and Spanish** in Binan. Spanish crowd shouted, **"Long Live Spain!" and "Death to Traitors!"** during execution. **Captain Rafael Dominguez** -- read the official notice of Rizal's execution. **Father Faura** -- persuaded Rizal to marry Josephine. Father Balaquer\'s Report -- **That only a little hope that Rizal is going to retract.** Rizal wrote his last poem, Mi Ultimo Adios -- **During the time that he was not strictly watched by the guards.** **Dr. Pio Valenzuela** -- was commissioned to inform Rizal about the Katipuneros\' revolution. Rizal as a Propagandist: **he was one of the propagandists**. Rizal\'s Martyrdom: **he died believing in the future freedom of his country.** Rizal\'s Stance on Revolution: **he primarily sought assimilation over revolution**. Rizal\'s Financial Situation in Europe: **he experienced hardships; allowances sometimes failed to arrive.** American View on Rizal: **Americans hailed him as the national hero.** Rizal as a Speaker: **he was an eloquent speaker as a student.** Competitions in Europe: **he joined competitions to alleviate hunger.** Rizal and Josephine\'s Child: **they had a child who did not survive upon birth**. Inspiration for Philippine Revolution: **His political writings** inspired the revolution. Rizal\'s Political Programs: **Includes representation in Cortes, replacement of friars, and equality before law. Freedoms of assembly and expression, and Integration of the Philippines as a province of Spain.** Knowledge Against Colonialism: His main point was **igniting intellectual revolution.** Rizal\'s Contributions: **his writings and reforms are key legacies.** El Filibusterismo: Known as **\"The reign of the greed,\"** exposing injustices. Reasons for Rizal as National Hero: All listed reasons support his status as a hero **Rizal\'s Legacy:** - Martyrdom sparked revolution. - Ideas and sacrifices resonate with Filipinos. - Inspires generations for freedom, democracy, and social justice. Rizal as a Reformist: - Exposed social ills through writing. - Critique of Philippine society. - Key member of the propaganda movement. Rizal\'s Baptism: Baptized by **Father Rufino Collantes.** La Liga Filipina: **Secret/civic society.** Purpose of La Liga Filipina: **aimed to involve people in the reform movement.** - Propaganda Movement\'s Lack of Success: - Colonial government rejected demands. - Spain faced internal problems. - Mother country ignored Filipino petitions. Rizal\'s Plan for the Country: **advocated for reforms and full representation as a Spanish province.** **Aims of La Liga Filipina:** - Unite the archipelago. - Mutual protection. - Defense against violence/injustice. - Development of education. - Study and implementation of reform. Rizal\'s Motivation for Joining the Propaganda Movement: Inspired by **Father Jose Burgos.** Rizal\'s Japanese Mentor: **O Sei San** taught him Japanese art, language, and culture. Rizal\'s Childhood Sweetheart: **Leonor Rivera**. Closest Confidant of Rizal: **Ferdinand Blumentritt.** Rizal\'s School Behavior: **had no records of trouble or fights in school** 2. **SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY** **Cell** -- Basic Unit of Life **Solar energy** -- Renewable Energy Source **Photosynthesis** -- Plant Food Production Process **H2O** -- Chemical Symbol for Water **CT scan** -- Technology for Scanning Internal Organs **Mitochondria** -- Powerhouse of the Cell **Python** -- Programming Language **Nitrogen** -- Most Abundant Element in Earth\'s Atmosphere **Battery** -- Device Converting Chemical to Electrical Energy **Digestion** -- Not a Function of Skeletal System **Jupiter** -- Largest Planet in Solar System **Gravity** -- Force Keeping Planets in Orbit **Cerebellum** -- Brain Part for Balance and Coordination **Iodine** -- Element Essential for Thyroid Hormones **Combustion** -- Example of Exothermic Reaction **Barometer** -- Device Measuring Atmospheric Pressure **300,000 km/s** -- Speed of Light in Vacuum **Rusting iron** -- Example of Chemical Change **Mars** -- Planet Known as the \"Red Planet\" **Nitrogen** -- Not a Greenhouse Gas **Vitamin D** -- Vitamin Produced by Sunlight Exposure **Bluetooth** -- Technology for Short-Range Data Exchange **Gamma rays** -- Electromagnetic Radiation with Shortest Wavelength **Nitrogen** -- Primary Gas in Earth\'s Atmosphere **Albert Einstein** -- Scientist Who Proposed General Relativity **Jupiter** -- Planet with Most Moons **Igneous rock** -- Rock Formed by Volcanic Activity **Proxima Centauri** -- Closest Star to Earth **Sulfur** -- Non-Metal **Density** -- Physical Property of Matter **Sirius** -- Not a Planet in the Solar System **copper** -- Conductor of Electricity **Methane** -- Primary Component of Natural Gas **Wind energy** -- Example of Renewable Resource **Saturn** -- Planet Known for Prominent Ring System **Oxygen** -- Chemical Element with Symbol \'O\' **Kidney** -- Organ Filtering Blood to Produce Urine **Venus** -- Hottest Planet in Solar System **Evaporation** -- Process Converting Liquid Water to Vapor **Hertz** -- Unit of Frequency **Carbon dioxide** -- Main Gas Responsible for Global Warming **Freezing** -- Process of Converting Liquid to Solid **Heart** -- Organ Pumping Blood Throughout Body **Gamma radiation** -- Radiation Used in Medical Imaging **Seismology** -- Scientific Study of Earthquakes **Thermometer** -- Device Used to Measure Temperature **Oxygen** -- Byproduct of Photosynthesis **Proton** -- Particle in Atom with Positive Charge **Gravity** -- Force Pulling Objects Toward Earth **HTTP in Web Technology** -- Hypertext Transfer Protocol **Primary Function of an Operating** System -- Manage hardware and software resources **Bluetooth** -- Technology for Wireless Communication Over Short Distances Purpose of a Firewall in a Computer Network -- Protect against unauthorized access **Function of Antivirus Software** -- Detect and remove malware **Virtualization** -- Technology for Creating Virtual Environments **Photosynthesis** -- Process by Which Plants Make Food **Fight infections** -- Primary Role of White Blood Cells **Refraction** -- Phenomenon Explaining Bending of Light **CPU** -- Component Known as Computer\'s \"Brain\" **Operating System** -- Software that manages computer hardware and software resources Non-Input Device -- **Monitor** **Hard Drive or SSD** -- Part of Computer for Long-Term Data Storage Example of a Web Browser -- **Google Chrome** Non-Output Device -- **Keyboard** **The Sun** -- Main Source of Energy for Life on Earth Atomic Number of Hydrogen **-- 1** Chemical Symbol for Gold **-- Au** Example of a Chemical Change -- **Burning wood** **Gene** -- Basic Unit of Heredity **Red Blood Cell** -- Blood Cell Carrying Oxygen Function of Hemoglobin -- **Transporting oxygen** **Plants** -- Organism That Makes Its Own Food **Skin** -- Largest Organ in the Human Body **Cerebellum** -- Part of Brain Regulating Balance and Coordination Primary Function of Small Intestine -- **Absorption of nutrients** **Femur** -- Longest Bone in Human Body **Left Ventricle** -- Heart Chamber Pumping Oxygenated Blood **Diaphragm** -- Muscle Responsible for Breathing **Pelvis** -- Center of Gravity in Human Body **Autonomic nervous system** -- Nervous System Controlling Involuntary Actions **Melatonin** -- Hormone Regulating Sleep-Wake Cycle **Charles Babbage** -- \"Father of the Computer\" **Punch cards** -- Primary Input Method for Early Computers **Tim Berners-Lee** -- Creator of the World Wide Web **Third generation** --Generation of Computers with Integrated Circuits **Paul Allen** -- Co-Founder of Microsoft with Bill Gates **Charles Babbage** -- Developer of First Mechanical Computer **Windows 1.0** -- Major Microsoft Software Released in 1985 **Hydrogen** -- Lightest Element on the Periodic Table **Oganesson** -- Element with Highest Atomic Number Element Represented by Symbol 'Fe' **-- Iron** Atomic Number of Carbon **-- 6** Element with Chemical Symbol \'K\' -- **Potassium** 3. **THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD** **Globalization** -- Increasing interconnectedness of countries via trade, communication, technology, and culture. **Security council** -- UN Decision-Making Body; Main deliberative organ with representatives from 193 member states, discussing peace, security, development, and human rights. **NATO** -- Multilateral Military Agreement -- Military alliance formed in 1949 for collective defense among North America and European countries. **Antonio Guterres** -- Current UN Secretary-General\*\* **Russia** -- the Soviet Union challenged U.S. supremacy in military, economic, and ideological spheres during the Cold War. **Bretton Woods Conference** -- 1944 conference leading to the creation of the IMF and World Bank for global economic stability. **Treaty of Versailles** -- Treaty Ending WWI **World Bank** -- Global Financial Institution for Poverty Eradication **Australia** -- Non-Member of UN Security Council **WTO** -- Organization Facilitating World Trade **Dollar** -- International Currency from Bretton Woods **Trusteeship Council** -- UN Organ for Newly Independent Countries **Francis Fukuyama** -- Author of \"The End of History" **Treaty of Potsdam** (1945) -- Treaty Ending WWII **Hyper-Globalist** -- Believes globalization positively impacts the world economy **ASEAN** **Objectives** focuses on economic cooperation, political stability, and social development. **Global North** **Objectives** includes developed countries with higher HDI and GNP, and low corruption Index **Countries in Global South** -- Mexico, Malaysia, and Brazil **17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)** **International Court of Justice (ICJ)** -- UN Organ for Territorial Dispute **Culture** -- Source of Modern Conflict (Huntington) **Global South Objectives** is characterized by high population, high corruption, and low human development. **Mikhail Gorbachev** -- Leader of USSR during Disintegration **Korean War** -- Cold War Resulting War **Karl Marx** -- Father of Communism **October 24, 1945** -- United Nations Declaration **QUAD Membership** -- US, India, Japan, and Australia. **Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala** -- WTO Secretary-General (first African and first woman in position). **Rohimyans** -- Stateless People of Myanmar **Skeptics** -- Argue that globalization had only negative impacts **Jens Stoltenberg** -- NATO Secretary-General Members of Allied Powers in WWII -- **USA, USSR, Great Britain, France** Bretton Woods Conference Outcomes -- **Established World Bank and IMF and WTO** **World Trade Organization (WTO)** -- sets regulation in international trade **East Timor** (joined in 2012) -- Newest ASEAN Member **Perestroika** -- Gorbachev\'s Policy (economic reform) contributed to USSR\'s disintegration. **38th Parallel** -- basis of the division of Korean. **Indian-Pakistan War** -- primarily caused by religious differences between Hindus and Muslims. **Primary functions of IMF:** - Foster global monetary cooperation - Secure financial stability through assistance - Facilitate international trade **Globalization Effects in Third world countries** -- Developing countries often become consumers of Western products. **Floating Currency** -- currency price of the nation is set by the forex **Concept of unipolarity** -- USA became the sole power after USSR\'s collapse. **Unipolarity**: Dominance of one state in the international system. **Torn country** -- condition of the Philippines after losing their identity. **Dr. Rebecca Fatima Sta. Maria** -- is the current Director of APEC. **Globalization Definition** -- complex process of economic, political, and cultural interactions. **Globalization Intensity** -- Increased intensity compared to historical precedents due to technology and communication advancements. **Trade and capital mobilization** -- Economic Aspect of Globalization **Political Aspect of Globalization** -- Involves international wars and conflicts. **Social/Cultural Globalization** -- Migration of people and exchange of cultural practices. **Transformationalist Perspective** -- Globalization has transformed the lives of people **Bretton Woods System** -- Established post-World War II to facilitate reconstruction and development. **International Monetary Fund (IMF)** -- Lender of last resort **ITO proposed post-WWII but never ratified** because ITO\'s complexity made it difficult to manage. **Neo-liberalism** -- promotes privatization of inefficient government-owned corporations. **Political Ideology** -- The ideological conflict was the basis of the Cold War dichotomy. **Quality of Education** -- Considered a crucial factor in the HDI for individual and societal well-being. **End Poverty** -- Ranked as the top goal emphasizing the eradication of extreme poverty. **Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)** -- organization which regulates the petroleum trading in the world. **Founding members of ASEAN**- Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore **President Vladimir Putin** -- ordered the launched of Special Military Operation in Ukraine **United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)** -- used by the Philippines to claim its exclusive economic zone. **Carlos P. Romulo** -- First Asian Chairman of the UN Security Council **British --** country withdraw its membership from European Union. **Nigeria** -- lowest HDI in the world as reported by UNDF in 2019 **United Nations Secretariat** -- responsible for day-to-day operations organized along departmental lines with each department or office **Sustainable Development Goals Timeline** -- Goals adopted in 2015 with a target for achievement by 2030. **Government** -- Not explicitly identified as a critical area by the UN UN conference in Rio de Janeiro was entitled as **The Future we want** **COP 27** -- World\'s Largest Corporate Sustainability Initiative\*\* **Hauge** -- International Court of Justice Headquarters **Willy Brandt** -- developed a way of showing how the world was geographically split **Ursula von der Leyen** -- European Commission President **GATT Impact** -- Opening of countries for world trade. **NATO** -- composed of countries acquiring weapons for mass destruction. IMF as Last-Lender Resort because it **offers short term loan** **Geneva** -- WTO Headquarters **2 years** -- UN Non-Permanent Member Term of Office **G8 Members** -- USA, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, Russia, Japan **USA** -- NHighest Share in World Bank and IMF **BIMP-EAGA** -- Focuses on resource processing and value-added production with clean technologies. **Sovereignty** -- Power of the State **15** -- Number of Judges in ICJ **Crimea** -- Ukrainian Port Annexed by Russia **Religion** -- Reason for Armenia-Azerbaijan War **Weapon state** -- Asian Countries with Weapons of Mass Destruction 4. **MALAYUNING KOMUNIKASYON SA FILIPINO** **Panitikan** -- Salamin ng kultura ng bansa. - Naglalaman ng mga kuwento, tula, awit, na nagpapakita ng kaugalian, paniniwala, at kasaysayan. **Lalawiganin** -- Antas ng wika sa partikular na rehiyon. - May sariling salita at tono. **Balbal** -- Mga salitang slang tulad ng \"etneb, erpat, ekis\". - Ginagamit ng partikular na grupo, kadalasang kabataan. **Idyolek** -- Natatanging paraan ng pagsasalita ng isang tao. - Naiimpluwensyahan ng edad, kasarian, at edukasyon. **Dayalekto** -- Wika sa partikular na pook o rehiyon. - Halimbawa: Manileño, Batangueño. **Tungkulin ng Wika** **-- Personal**: Halimbawa, \"Nakikiramay ako sa pagpanaw ng iyong ama\". **Buwan ng Wika** -- Itinakda ni Pangulong Fidel V. Ramos noong 1997 (Proklamasyon Blg. 1041). **Salita** -- Pinagsama-samang titik na may kahulugan, pangunahing yunit ng wika. **Sintaks** -- Pag-aaral ng masistemang pagbuo ng pangungusap. **Ponema** -- Makabuluhang tunog sa wika, pinakamaliit na yunit ng tunog. **Teoryang Pooh-pooh** -- Nagsasabing ang wika ay nagmula sa mga ekspresyon ng damdamin. **Teoryang Yoheho** -- Ang wika ay nagmula sa tunog mula sa pisikal na gawain. **Penomenal na Pangungusap** -- Halimbawa: \"Lumilindol na.\" - nagpapahayag ng karanasan. **Pang-ukol** **-- Salitang \"tungkol\"** - nagpapakita ng relasyon ng mga salita. **Pabalat-bunga** -- Nangangahulugang hindi tunay o pekeng. **Kasingkahulugan ng Apurado** -- Interesado - mga bisita ay nais malaman ang impormasyon. Kasalungat ng **\"ikinaila\"**: ipinagmamalaki **Interpersonal** -- Nangyayari sa pagitan ng dalawang tao. - Kabilang ang pakikipag-ugnayan at pagbuo ng reclusion. **Sining ng Pagbasa** -- Pag-unawa sa nakalimbag na simbolo. - Nagbibigay ng impormasyon at kaalaman. **Unang Proseso sa Pagbasa -- Persepsyon**: pagkilala sa mga simbolo. **Mabilis na Pagbasa -- Scanning**: naglalayong matukoy ang partikular na datos o salita. **Di-berbal na Komunikasyon -- Oculesics:** pag-aaral ng galaw ng mata at epekto nito sa mensahe. **Sender sa Komunikasyon** -- Tao na nagpapadala ng mensahe. - Siya ang nagsisimula ng proseso ng komunikasyon. **Haptics** -- Pag-aaral ng paghawak. - Halimbawa: Dahan-dahang haplos ni Roan kay Jovan. **Vocalics** -- Pag-aaral ng tunog ng boses. - Pagsipol ng mga binata bilang halimbawa. **Balagtasan** -- Pagtatalo ukol sa isang paksa sa paraang patula. **E-mail** -- Elektronikong mensahe na ipinapadala gamit ang internet. **Bilog** -- Tauhan na nagpapakita ng pagbabago sa katayuang panlipunan. **Lapad** -- Tauhan na nagpapakita ng walang pagbabago sa katayuang panlipunan. **Pabalat-Bunga** -- Nangangahulugang mapagkunwari. **Feminismo** -- Pahayag na nagpapakita ng kahalagahan ng ina sa buhay ng bata. **Romantisismo** -- Pahayag na naglalarawan ng matinding pag-ibig at pagmamahal. **Eager Beaver** -- Uri ng tagapakinig na nagpapakita ng interes at pagsang-ayon. **Balat-Kalabaw** -- Nangangahulugang hindi nahihiya. **Idyoma** -- Pahayag na may ibang kahulugan kaysa sa literal na kahulugan. **Persweysiv** -- Pangungusap na nanghihikayat o kumbinsihin ang tagapakinig. **Layunin ng Talumpati** -- Magpaliwanag, manghikayat, magbigay katwiran. **Naglilimbag ng Mensahe** -- Printer: parato para sa pag-print ng mga mensahe o larawan mula sa computer. **Konsiderasyon ng Komunikasyon** -- **Act Sequence --** pagkakasunod-sunod ng mga kilos sa usapan. **Uri ng Pagtatalo** -- **Paraang Oregon-Oxford** - pagtatalo na may tatlong tagapagsalita sa bawat panig. **Bahagi ng Pananaliksik -- Kabanata I** -- naglalaman ng panimula, kaligiran ng pag-aaral, at conceptual framework. **Blueprint ng Sarili -- Resume** -- komprehensibong dokumento ng personal at propesyonal na impormasyon. **Pinakaepektibong Sulatin -- Memorandum** -- pormal na komunikasyon para sa mabilis na daloy ng impormasyon. **Dimensyon ng Wika -- Mode** -- paraan ng komunikasyon, pasalita o pasulat. **Kahulugan ng \"Communicare\" -- Pakikipag-usap** -- ibig sabihin ay \"to share\" o \"to make common\". **Proseso ng Pag-unawa -- Komunikasyon** -- proseso ng pagpapalitan ng impormasyon at ideya. **Kakayahang Dapat Tandaan sa Komunikasyon -- Kakayahang linggwistika at komunikatibo** - mahalaga sa mabisang komunikasyon. **Daluyan ng Mensahe** -- medium ng mensahe tulad ng verbal, written, at nonverbal. **Abstrak na Anyong Komunikasyon -- Haplos** -- nonverbal na komunikasyon sa pamamagitan ng paghaplos. **Pagsusulat ng Kuwento -- Blogging** -- online na pagbabahagi ng mga karanasan at saloobin. **Pagrerecord ng Boses -- Podcasting** -- pamamahagi ng audio files para sa on-demand na pakikinig. **Kahalagahan ng Wika -- Nagpapayabong ng kultura** -- naglilipat ng tradisyon mula sa isang henerasyon sa iba pa. **Uri ng Talumpati -- May kahandaan** -- paksa na maagang ipinapaalam sa mga kasapi. **Pinakapormal na Talumpati -- Handa** -- pinaka-strukturado at pormal na uri ng talumpati. **Uri ng Talumpati -- Daglian** -- Walang kaalaman ang tagapagsalita. - Binibigkas nang walang paghahanda, umaasa sa kaalaman at mabilis na pag-iisip. **Dimensyon ng Pagsulat -- Artistiko** -- Masining na panghihikayat. - Gumagamit ng matalinghagang wika at emosyonal na apela. **Katangian ng Mahusay na Pagsulat -- Kaisahan** -- Umiikot sa pangunahing paksa. - Pagkakapare-pareho at pagkakaugnay ng teksto. **Uri ng Midya -- Digital** -- Internet at mobile phone. - Gumagamit ng elektronikong signal at digital na teknolohiya. **Tungkulin ng Wika -- Regulatori --** Pakikiusap at pag-uutos. - Kontrolin o impluwensyahan ang pag-uugali. **Tungkulin ng Wika -- Interaksyonal --** Pormulasyong panlipunan. - Pagbuo at pagpapanatili ng panlipunang relasyon. **Pamantayan ng Mahusay na Talumpati -- Nilalaman** -- Dapat may pinakamalaking bahagdan. - Mahalaga sa pagiging epektibo ng talumpati. **Tungkulin ng Wika -- Personal** -- Panliligaw. - Pagpapahayag ng personal na damdamin at karanasan. **Teorya ng Pag-uugali -- Teoryang Behaviorist** -- Gawa at kilos ng bata, nakokontrol ng kapaligiran. - Pag-aaral sa pamamagitan ng asosasyon at parusa. **Dimensyon ng Rehistro ng Wika -- Field** -- Layunin at paksa ng komunikasyon. - Nakakaapekto sa bokabularyo at istilo. **Bahagi ng SPEAKING Model -- Act Sequence** -- takbo ng usapan - Istruktura ng pakikipag-ugnayan. **Uri ng Midya -- Print** -- Pahayagan. - Pisikal na pag-print at pamamahagi ng papel. **Sinaunang Alpabetong Pilipino** **-- Alibata** - 17 katinig at 3 patinig. **Proklamasyon ng Wikang Pambansa -- Manuel L. Quezon** - Nagdeklara ng Tagalog bilang batayan ng wikang pambansa. **Konsepto ni Aristotle -- Ethos** -- Kredibilidad ng nagsasalita. - Kredibilidad at karakter ng tagapagsalita. **Wikang Opisyal ng Pilipinas -- Dalawa, Ingles at Filipino** - Ingles bilang pamana ng kolonisasyon, Pilipino batay sa Tagalog. 5. **UNDERSTANDING THE SELF** **Philosophical Concepts** **Socrates on the Soul** -- Believed in the immortality of the soul; explored in Plato\'s "Phaedo" **Descartes\' Self** -- Defined self as a thinking entity, distinct from the body; encapsulated in \"I think, therefore I am.\" **René Descartes** -- Founder of Modern Philosophy **Empiricism** -- Philosophy emphasizing that sense experience is the primary source of knowledge. **St. Augustine on Sin** -- Believed sinners cannot reach heaven without God\'s grace due to original sin. **Descartes\' Philosophy** -- \"I think, therefore I am\" establishes certainty in knowledge. **St. Augustine** -- taught that the ultimate goal of human existence is union with God. **Empiricism Reiterated** -- Knowledge derived from sensory experiences. Socratic Philosophy Emphasized **\"Know thyself\"** as the path to true wisdom. **Kant** -- Differentiated between inner self (thought and intellect) and outer self (sensory experience). **Self and Identity** -- Statements about kindness reflect aspects of one\'s identity. **Self-Concept** --The way individuals perceive and evaluate their own characteristics. **Material Self** -- Physical elements reflecting identity, including body and possessions. **Constructivism** -- Educational philosophy that prioritizes student-centered learning. **Confucianism** -- Basis for good manners and ethical conduct, emphasizing virtues like benevolence and propriety. **Excitement Phase** -- Initial stage of sexual response cycle characterized by physiological arousal. **Sexual Intercourse** -- Mechanism for genetic inheritance through combining genetic material. **Coitus** -- Formal term for sexual intercourse. **Abstinence** -- Effective method of birth control involving refraining from sexual activity. **Tubal Ligation** - Permanent birth control method for women. - Offers protection against ovarian cancer if tubes are fully removed. - Not mandatory; a personal choice for women who do not wish to have children. - Not related to general illness. **Masturbation** -- Solitary Behavior (self-stimulation for sexual pleasure). **Sexual Intercourse** -- Involves elements like romance, coitus (sexual intercourse), and sexual arousal. **Sperm Cell Production** -- Originates from male reproductive organs (testes). **Calendar Method** -- Applicable to women with regular menstruation cycles for natural family planning. **Condoms** are a highly effective contraceptive and protect against STIs. **Siddhartha Gautama**, real name of buddha a founder of Buddhism. **Dukkha** -- Refers to suffering, a key concept in Buddhism. Solution to Suffering in Buddhism -- **The Four Noble Truths** outline the nature and cessation of suffering. **Hinduism** believes in reincarnation. Spiritual Goal of Hinduism -- **To attain Moksha** (liberation from the cycle of birth and death). **Christianity** -- means **Universal** **Easter** -- means **Salvation** **Lenten Season** -- Commemorates **Jesus\' suffering** during the 40 days of temptation in the wilderness. **Rosh Hashanah** -- new year of Judaism **Torah** -- Sacred Text of Judaism **Judaism** -- Monotheistic belief in one God, referred to as **G-d.** **Hajj** -- means Pilgrimage to Mecca **Sawm** -- Arabic term for fasting, especially during Ramadan. Major Islamic Festivals -- **Eid al-Fitr** (end of Ramadan) and **Eid al-Adha** (commemoration of Prophet Ibrahim\'s willingness to sacrifice). **Manana Habit** -- Common Filipino trait of procrastination; \"Mamaya na lang\" (later) mentality reflects this. **Colonial Mentality** -- Preference for foreign products, such as buying made-in-China goods, indicates a deeper issue of valuing foreign culture over local. **Filipino Time** -- Term describing the tendency to be late for appointments **Bahala Na** -- Expression meaning \"come what may\" or \"leave it to God,\" derived from **\"Bathala,\"** the supreme deity in Filipino mythology. **Bayanihan** -- describe asunity **Superstitious Belief** - Example: Belief that injuries on \"mahal na araw\" (Holy Friday) hinder healing, reflecting supernatural beliefs and religious observance. **Filipino Myths** - Examples include \"Alamat ng pinya,\" \"Alamat ng butuki,\" and \"Alamat ng sampalok,\" **Being a Good Filipino** -- Involves active citizenship, studying Philippine history, and supporting local products. **Brigada Eskwela** -- Example of Bayanihan 6. **READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY** **Historiography** -- Study of writing history and constructing historical narratives. **Secondary Sources** -- Materials analyzing or interpreting primary sources. Examples: Journal articles, books. Clarification: Pictures can be primary (original event) or secondary (used in textbooks). **Herodotus** -- Father of History **Masao(also Mazaua)** -- First Mass Venue (Recorded by: Antonio Pigafetta on March 31, 1521.) **Antonio Pigafetta** -- Account of Magellan\'s Travels (Significance: Primary source on Magellan's voyage and the Battle of Mactan.) **Carlos Maria de la Torre** -- Governor General Replaced by Rafael Izquierdo (Known for: Liberal policies, improved Filipino lives.) **Rafael Izquierdo** -- Cavite Mutiny Account (Identified leaders: Fr. Jose Burgos, Fr. Jacinto Zamora, Fr. Mariano Gomez.) **Rajah Saui** -- Chieftain of Butuan - Mentioned in Pigafetta\'s account during Magellan\'s arrival in 1521. **Pio Valenzuela** -- Emissary to Rizal (Task: Inform Rizal about the Katipunan and its revolutionary plans.) **August 26, 1896** -- Date of Cry of Pugad Lawin **by Guillermo Masangkay** **Fr. Jose Burgos** -- Secularization Movement Leader - Aimed to replace Spanish friars with Filipino priests. **Cavite Mutiny (1872)** -- Event Leading to Gomburza Execution - Spanish blamed Gomburza for instigating the mutiny without evidence. **Tejeros Convention (March 1897)** -- Event Resulting in Bonifacio\'s Death - Bonifacio executed after being defeated in the election for president. **Pantaleon Garcia** -- Execution of Andres Bonifacio\*\*: - Confirmed by document from Emilio Aguinaldo. **Philippine Revolution of 1896** -- Framing of the 1899 Philippine Constitution - Established the First Philippine Republic. **Sovereignty** -- Element of the State - Supreme power to govern independently without foreign intervention. **Power of Eminent Domain** -- Power of the State - Government\'s right to acquire private property for public use with just compensation. **Malolos Constitution** -- Separation of Church and State - First constitution to mandate separation in the Philippines. **1987 Constitution** -- Martial Law Limitations - Duration: Limits implementation to 60 days. **1987 Constitution Provisions** - Self-reliant national economy (Article XII, Section 1). - No foreign military bases (Article XVIII, Section 25). - Suspension of habeas corpus during invasion/rebellion (Article VII, Section 18). **Cecilia Muñoz-Palma** -- Chairman of the 1987 Constitution **Commission on Human Rights** -- Commission Established by Article VIII of 1987 Constitution - Protect and promote human rights. **Freedom Constitution** -- Interim Constitution (1987)\*\*: - Used post-People Power Revolution until ratification of 1987 Constitution. **Amendment of the 1987 Constitution** -- No amendment under this section shall be authorized within five years following the ratification of this Constitution nor oftener than once every five years thereafter. **Ramon Magsaysay** -- Implementation of RA 1199 - Rice Share Tenancy Act aimed to reform tenancy in rice farming. **Progressive Tax** -- type of tax which imposed a higher percentage rate on taxpayers who have higher incomes **1899 Constitution** -- Women are not allowed to vote **Vice President** can declare Martial Law in president\'s absence (Article VII, Section 18). **1987 Constitution** -- attainment of the sovereignty of the Philippines happened after the formation of the United Nations. **American President** -- External Sovereignty in 1935 Constitution; retained control over foreign affairs and defense. **Land Bank** During Macapagal\'s Presidency -- Facilitated land ownership transfer to landless farmers. **Ilustrados** -- Educated Class During Spanish Era; studied in Europe **Reduccion** -- Spanish Policy on cabeceras/Resettlement. **Democracy** -- Government of the People; power resides with the people. **Parliamentary system** -- Government with Fusion of Powers; executive and legislative branches are fused. **Unitary system** -- Center of Power in Government; central government holds primary power. **In the Filipino people** -- Power in a Democracy **Parliamentary** -- Government Form During Marcos Regime; holding legislative and executive powers. **Bangladesh** -- no claims in the South China Sea **China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia** -- Claimants of the Spratly Islands **Mt. Pinatubo** -- Volcanic Eruption in the 1990s, Which volcano caused widespread destruction **Polo Y Servicios** -- A system of forced labor (imposed on Filipino males) **Galleon Trade** -- Exclusive trade between Acapulco and Manila (Spanish-controlled) **Political Situation in the Philippines** -- It is haunted by graft and corruption (historical issue) **Spanish Social Stratification** -- Filipinos experienced racial discrimination (rigid hierarchy) **Secularization** -- process of allowing "Filipinos" to become priests **Main Issue in Secularization Conflict** -- **Equality** (struggle between Filipino priests and Spanish clergy) **Surnames in the Philippines** -- Introduced during Spanish regime by **Governor-General Narciso Claveria.** - Issued the \"Decreto sobre Apellidos\" in 1849 mandating Spanish surnames. **Citizens** -- Permanent inhabitants **Power of Eminent Domain** -- Power of State to Acquire Property; allows government to take private property for public use. **Writ of Amparo** -- Protects the right to life, liberty, and security **Writ of Habeas Corpus** -- Writ Requiring Accused\'s Presence in Court **President Diosdado Macapagal** -- Change of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. **Encomienda System** -- A system of land ownership granting control over land and indigenous people to Spanish conquistadors. **Bandala** -- A forced taxation system requiring goods to be sold to Spaniards at low prices. **Tributo** -- A mandatory annual tax of 8 reales imposed on adult Filipino males. **Italian** -- Antonio Pigafetta\'s Nationality **Balanghai** -- was a large boat used for trade and transportation. **Teodoro Patino** -- Whistleblower in the Katipunan; betrayed the organization to Spanish authorities. **Kalayaan** -- The official newspaper of the Katipunan **Portugal** -- Treaty of Tordesillas - Eastern Lands **Spain** -- Treaty of Tordesillas - Western Lands **Treaty of Tordesillas** -- Treaty Dividing Lands Outside Europe **Emilio Jacinto** -- Author of the Kartilya of Katipunan\*\* **Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao** -- Three stars represent the major islands. **External Criticism** -- Authenticity of Evidence by examining its physical characteristics **Mt. Apo** -- Highest Mountain in the Philippines **7,641 islands** -- Philippine Archipelago **Animism** -- Pre-Colonial Religious Beliefs **Primary Sources** -- Materials created during the studied time period. **Malaria** -- Caused of death of Emilio Jacinto\*\*: **For the collection of tax** -- Spanish Surnames by Claveria **Treaty of Paris** -- Important Event on December 10, 1898; signed, ending the Spanish-American War. **Paco, Manila** -- Location of National Archives **Ermita, Manila** -- Location of National Museum **Historia** -- Greek word meaning "knowledge acquired through inquiry". **Limasawa, Leyte** - March 31, 1521, the First Catholic Mass Location **Graphe** means to write **Rizal** -- Katipunan Third Level Password\*\*: **Tayabas** currently called as Quezon **Morong** currently called as Rizal **1898** -- Philippine Independence Year\*\*: **Battle of Mactan (April 27, 1521)** -- Significant as first Filipino resistance against Spanish colonization. **Dimasalang** --Jose Rizal's pen name **Balangay** -- refers to a boat used in early Philippines **Katipunan** -- aims to initiate revolution against Spain **Datu** -- tribal chiefs in pre-colonial Philippines **Importance of Oral Histories** -- Provide personal and community perspectives **1986 People Power Revolution** -- Peaceful uprising that overthrew President Ferdinand Marcos. **Role of Social Movements** -- Fostered change and reform **Nationalism** -- Emerged as a socio-political movement in 19th Century advocating for independence from Spain. **Francisco Dagohoy** -- Known for leading the longest revolt in Philippine history (over 80 years). **Philippine National Anthem** -- composed by **Julian Felipe**; lyrics by **Jose Palma**. **Treaty of Paris (1898)** -- Ended Spanish rule in the Philippines. **Japanese Occupation (WWII)** -- Japan occupied the Philippines from 1942 to 1945, causing immense suffering. **Impact of American Colonization on Education** -- Introduction of a public education system. **Colonial Rule\'s Impact on Local Industries** -- Led to the decline of indigenous crafts **Apolinario Mabini** -- Renown for his Political philosophy and advisory **Emilio Aguinaldo** -- Negotiator of the Treaty of Paris **Gregoria de Jesús** -- known as \"Lakambini,\" played a vital role in organizing women\'s participation in the revolutionary movement. **Land ownership disputes** -- Current Issues Rooted in the Philippine-American War Reading historical texts helps Filipinos **By fostering a sense of belonging** connect with their heritage and shared history, enhancing their identity. 7. **ARTS APPRECIATION** **Painting** -- Application of color/pigment to surfaces (paper, wood, canvas, metal) using mixed paint in a binder. **Sculpture** -- Three-dimensional artwork created through carving, modeling, assembling, or casting with various media; can be free-standing or in relief. **Architecture** -- Art and science of designing and constructing buildings and environmental features. **Line** -- Basic element of art defined as a visible path traced by a moving point. **Triadic Color** -- A set of three colors forming a triangle on the color wheel. **Primary Colors** -- Blue, Red, Yellow **Secondary Colors** -- Orange, Green, Violet. **Analogous Color Harmony** -- Uses 3 to 4 neighboring colors with one color in all mixtures. **Visual Rhythm** -- Characterized by the repetition of a single motif. **Tempera** -- Fast-drying painting medium made from pigment mixed with a glutinous material (usually egg yolk). **Acrylic** -- Quick-drying synthetic medium in contemporary painting favored for ease of use and versatility. **Cubism** -- Non-representational or non-figurative imagery in Western art; may involve distortion or simplification of forms. **Lamberto Hechanova** -- Notable Philippine sculptor known for \"Crucifix\". **Solomon Saprid** -- Notable Philippine sculptor known for \"Tikbalang\". **Abdulmari Imao** -- Notable Philippine sculptor known for \"Sarimanok\"; national artist for visual arts. **Juan Arellano** -- Architectural designer of the Manila Metropolitan Theatre. **Tomas Mapua** -- first Filipino registered architect; built Philippine General Hospital and DLSU La Salle building. **Antonio Toledo** -- Architectural designer of the Manila City Hall. **Cambodia** -- Known for Angkor Wat. **Origami** -- Art of paper folding, originated from Japanese art style in the 17th century. **Wayang Kulit** -- Traditional shadow play from Indonesian art style. **White** -- Resulting color from combining all primary-colored lights. **Complementary Color Harmony** -- Using yellow and violet in painting. **Architect\'s Goal** -- To meet the needs, satisfaction, and demand of men. **Assemblage** -- Additive technique in sculpting involving putting different objects or scraps together. **Carlos Francisco** -- Painter/muralist from Angono, Rizal, known as \"Botong\". **Casting** -- Process used to create identically produced small figurines for sale. **Brush and Ink** -- Instruments/media popularized in Chinese painting. **Surrealism** -- Western art movement inspired by the subconscious mind. **Gothic** -- Art period focused on architecture, emphasizing the power of God through cathedrals. **Napoleon Abueva** -- Father of modern sculpture, skilled in various materials. **RA NO. 10066** -- Act for the protection and conservation of national cultural heritage. **Ibanag** -- Dominant ethnic group in Cagayan province, mainly lowland farmers. **Salakot** -- Woven Hats for Sun Protection, Tribal people and farmers in Bontoc wear traditional straw hats. **Paete, Laguna** -- is known as the \"Woodcarving Capital of the Philippines.\" **Vigan City** -- is referred to as the \"Intramuros of the North\" for its preserved Spanish colonial architecture. **Folk Drama - Komedya/Moro-Moro** -- Originated in the 17th century, typically performed during **All Saints Day**. **Artist\'s Expression** -- The finished product of an artist\'s creativity is referred to as **Art**. **Ritual Dance in Cordillera** -- The **Caniao** dance symbolizes triumph and hopes for a good harvest. **Father of Spanish Zarsuela -- Severino Reyes** is recognized as the father of Spanish Zarsuela in the Philippines. **Poetry** -- is a significant form of literary art. **Poem** -- is categorized as a literary art, not a performing art. **Color** -- is the most important element in visual arts. **Composer of National Anthem** -- **Julian Felipe** composed the music for \"Lupang Hinirang,\" with lyrics by **José Palma**. **Painting** -- is considered a form of fine art. **Subtractive sculpture** -- Removing material to create a form (like carving). **Additive sculpture** -- Building up a form by adding materials (like modeling clay or welding). **Band** -- A musical ensemble primarily using wind instruments. **Rondalla** -- A traditional Filipino ensemble featuring stringed instruments. **Dance** -- Using rhythmic movements to express ideas and emotions. **Dancer** -- The most important element, embodying the movements and story. **Costume** -- The attire worn by dancers, enhancing the presentation. **Dance as exercise** -- Requiring physical coordination and strength. **Dance as a social activity** -- Bringing people together for shared experiences. **Dance as a religious function** -- Used for worship and ceremonies. **Tinikling** -- Dancing around rhythmically moving bamboo poles. **Pandanggo sa Ilaw** -- Balancing lit candles on glasses while dancing. **Make-up artist** -- Applies make-up to actors, altering their appearance. **Story** -- The foundation of a play, providing the narrative and themes. 8. **ETHICS** **Jeremy Bentham** -- Major proponent of utilitarianism. **Utility** -- Defined as pleasure and absence of pain. Moral Actions -- Actions are morally good **when they promote general happiness.** Martyrdom Value -- Mill argues martyrs\' **happiness sacrifices contribute to the general good.** Social Nature of Humans -- Mill states that **caring about others\' interests is natural.** Virtue and Happiness -- Mill argues virtue **can be part of people\'s happiness.** Critique of Bentham -- Mill found Bentham's **definition of happiness impoverished.** Lying to Save Lives -- Mill will argue **lying can be justified if it saves a life.** Foundation of Rights -- Mill argues **utility** is the basis for rights. Protection of Rights -- Mill believes there is a **strong utilitarian interest in securing rights.** **St. Thomas Aquinas** -- Author of Natural Law. Natural Law Violations -- **Free will and human emotion** can lead to violations. **Thomas Aquinas** -- A medieval friar who reconciled Greek and Christian philosophies and developed Natural Law theory. Influence of Aristotle -- **Aristotle** was a significant influence on Aquinas. Natural Law Theory -- **Based on the view that God has a purpose (telos) for the universe and as humans form part of the creation.** **Eternal Law** -- Considered the most important level of law by Aquinas. Natural Law Authorities -- Based on **Aristotle and the Bible.** Religious Theory -- Yes, **Natural Law is a religious theory**. Greatest Happiness -- According to Aquinas, it is **being joined with God.** Human Law -- Includes **civil law and ecclesiastical (canon) law**. Eternal Law -- Represents **God\'s general governance of the world.** Divine Law -- The **law revealed in the Bible.** Moral Law -- Refers to **Natural Law.** Natural Law Applications -- Can change in its **applications but not in basic principles.** Objective Nature -- Natural Law **is objective, known through self-evident principles.** Kant\'s Ethical System -- Classified as **deontological.** **Right Action, Wrong Reason** -- Acting according to duty is not praiseworthy if the reason is wrong. Ends vs. Means -- Kant believes humans are **ends rather than means.** Determining Duty -- We work out our duty by **using reason.** **Universalizability** -- The principle that a **maxim can be applied to everyone or not.** **Example of Duty** -- Being honest is an example of acting in accordance with duty. Deontological Theories -- Commonly take into account **an act\'s effects and the actor\'s intentions.** Kant on Stealing -- Views stealing as immoral because **it would be impossible to 'steal' something for oneself if people always took whatever they wanted from each other** Focus of Deontology -- Centers on **duty and obligations.** Unethical Acts -- **Lying, killing intentionally, and hurting others** are unethical in deontology. Moral Development Attitude -- John follows commands out of fear to **avoid punishment.** Cultural Relativism -- Explains **acceptance of other cultures.** **Child's Self-Interest** -- Focuses on expecting rewards. **Good Boy Attitude** -- Represents a positive behavior in children. **Law and Order Morality** -- Following laws without complaint. **Social Contract** -- Agreement between teens and government regarding laws. **Principle** -- Represents adult perspectives and responsibilities. **Lawrence Kohlberg** -- Developed the theory of Moral Development. **Culture** -- Refers to daily activities of individuals or groups. **Ramon C. Reyes** -- Author of \"Man and Historical Action.\" **Cultural Relativism** -- Mekus-mekus critiques cultural relativism. **Cultural Relativism** Study -- Involves acceptance of one\'s culture. **Physical Event** -- Observed through resemblance (e.g., John looks like his father). **Interpersonal Influence** -- Acting like a family member (e.g., act like my grandmother). Religion is part of **historical** context. 9. **PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **Purposive Communication** - Involves writing, speaking, and presenting to diverse audiences for various purposes. - Intentional communication occurs within specific contexts. **Contexts** - Affects message transmission, semantics, channel selection, word choice, and delivery methods. **Includes:** 1. Settings or environment 2. Social relationships 3. Scenes (place, time, occasion) 4. Culture **Elements of Communication** **Source** - Originator of the idea (person/group). - Message quality is reliant on the source\'s credibility. - Must use language and grammar understood by the receiver. - Emphasis on articulation, word choice, and voice projection. - Importance of delivery style. **Message** - The information being communicated (what is said). **Five C\'s of Communication** 1. Courtesy: Polite language and tone. 2. Clarity: Correct usage, grammar, and delivery. 3. Conciseness: Brief and to the point. 4. Concreteness: Being specific and using examples. 5. Completeness: Addressing What, Who, When, Where, Why, and How. **Channel** - Medium for transmitting the message (how it's delivered). - Choice depends on availability, practicality, and impact on the receiver. **Receiver** - The recipient of the message (to whom it\'s directed). - Requires good listening and comprehension skills. **Feedback** - Response process (verbal or non-verbal). - Receivers actively respond to messages. **Types of Noise in Communication** - **Physical Noise**: External sounds that interfere with communication, like background noise from traffic or air conditioning. - **Psychological Noise**: Internal distractions such as stress or anxiety that affect the receiver\'s ability to focus. - **Semantic Noise**: Misunderstandings arising from differences in language or cultural interpretations. - **Physiological Noise**: - **Factual Noise**: The truth is omitted **Nonverbal Communication** **Forms of Nonverbal Communication** - **Kinesics/gestures**: The study of body movements, gestures, and facial expressions as forms of communication. - **Haptics**: The use of touch in communication, which can convey emotions and establish connections. - **Proxemics**: The study of personal space and how physical distance affects communication in different cultures. - **Facial Expressions**: Convey emotions and reactions, often involuntarily, and can enhance or contradict verbal messages. - **Posture**: The way a person holds their body can indicate confidence, openness, or defensiveness in communication. - **Dress and Appearance**: The way we dress and present ourselves can communicate messages about our personality, status, and even our intentions. A professional suit conveys a different message than casual attire. - **Olfactics**: This refers to the sense of smell and its role in communication. Scents can evoke memories, influence moods, and even affect our perceptions of others. - **Artifacts**: These are objects that we use to communicate. This includes things like jewelry, accessories, cars, and even the decor of our homes. These items can convey status, personality, and even cultural identity. - **Paralinguistics:** This refers to the vocal cues that accompany speech, such as tone of voice, pitch, volume, and speed of speech. These elements can significantly alter the meaning of words, even if the words themselves remain the same. - **Eye Gaze/eye to eye:** The way a person uses their eyes can communicate a great deal. Direct eye contact can show interest and engagement, while avoiding eye contact can suggest disinterest or dishonesty. The duration and intensity of eye contact also play a role in communication. **Purpose of Communication** - **To Inform**: Communication is often used to convey information, such as policy changes or project updates, ensuring that all team members are on the same page. - **To Request**: Employees may communicate to ask for help or clarification on tasks, which is crucial for maintaining workflow and productivity. - **To Persuade**: Communication can also aim to influence others\' opinions or actions, such as during negotiations or presentations. - **To Entertain**: Informal communication can serve to build relationships and lighten the mood within a team or group. - **To Confirm**: Communication is used to verify information or agreements, ensuring that all parties have a mutual understanding. - **To Argue:** This purpose of communication involves expressing disagreement or opposing viewpoints. It can be used to challenge assumptions, stimulate critical thinking, or work towards finding a solution. **Ethos:** Refers to the speaker\'s credibility and character, establishing trust and authority with the audience. It is built through expertise, experience, or moral integrity. **Pathos:** Focuses on the audience\'s emotions, aiming to evoke feelings such as empathy, fear, or excitement. **Logos:** Relies on logic and reason, presenting evidence, facts, and logical arguments to support claims. This approach is used to create clear arguments, address counterarguments, and provide supporting evidence. **Understanding Culture** - Culture shapes perspectives, interpretations, and self-expression. **Fundamental Patterns of Cultural Difference** Differences in: - Communication styles - Attitudes toward conflict - Decision-making styles - Approaches to knowledge **Codes Used in Communication** - **Verbal:** Words and voice. - **Non-Verbal:** Gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact, appearance, touch. **Multi-Cultural Communication:** Focuses on dynamics across cultures. **Local Multicultural:** Filipinos use non-verbal cues extensively and have a strong intuitive sense of implied meanings. **Multicultural vs. Intercultural** - **Multicultural:** Society with multiple cultural groups living alongside each other but not necessarily interacting. - **Intercultural:** Focuses on mutual exchange and relationship development. - **Cross-Cultural:** Compares cultures, often highlighting one as the norm. **Globalization** - Increasing interdependence of global economies, cultures, and populations through trade, technology, and information flow. - Influences global communication, enhancing business opportunities and reducing cultural barriers. **Blocks to Cultural Communication** a. **Ethnocentrism:** Viewing one\'s culture as superior. b. **Discrimination:** Unequal treatment based on minority status. c. **Stereotyping:** Generalizing individuals based on cultural assumptions. d. **Prejudice:** is a major barrier to cultural communication, involving the pre-judgment of individuals based on stereotypes and negative assumptions about their culture, ethnicity, or religion. e. **Cultural Blindness:** Ignoring cultural differences. f. **Cultural Imposition:** Belief that everyone should conform to the majority. g. **Tone Difference:** Formal tone may be perceived negatively in some cultures. **Allness** -- No one can know all or see all. Someone makes sweeping generalizations or claims to have complete knowledge about a topic, person, or group. **Static Evaluation** - mean any assessment or judgment that is made based on a fixed set of criteria or data, without considering any dynamic or changing factors. **Polychronic Culture** - prioritize relationships and flexibility over strict schedules. They view time as fluid and adaptable, allowing for interruptions and multitasking. **Monochronic Culture** - prioritize schedules, deadlines, and efficiency. They see time as linear and value punctuality and single tasking. **Language as Barriers** - **Vocabulary Equivalence** - Difficulty in finding direct word translations across languages. Nuances and emotional weight can differ (e.g., \"home\" in English vs. other languages). - **Idiomatic Equivalence** - have figurative meanings that differ from literal meanings. Cultural context is crucial for accurate translation (e.g., \"to kick the bucket\" may not translate effectively). - **Experiential Equivalence** - Challenges in communicating culturally specific experiences. Difficulty in conveying the nuances of cultural traditions (e.g., explaining a holiday celebration). - **Conceptual Equivalence** - Communication of concepts that vary in understanding across cultures. Awareness of differing meanings (e.g., \"freedom\") is essential for sensitive communication. **Type of speech acts** - **Locutionary Act:** The words themselves. - **Illocutionary Act:** The speaker\'s intended meaning. - **Perlocutionary Act:** The effect on the listener. **Methods of Speech Delivery** **Overview of Delivery Methods** - **Impromptu Speech**: A spontaneous form of delivery with little to no preparation, ideal for situations requiring quick responses. - **Extemporaneous Speech**: A planned but not memorized speech, allowing for a natural flow while referencing notes. - **Memorized Speech**: A speech that is fully committed to memory, providing a polished and confident delivery but can lack spontaneity. - **Manuscript Speech**: A speech that is read verbatim from a written document, ensuring accuracy but may come off as less engaging. **Conflict management styles in cultural contexts** - **Integrating:** Finds solutions that satisfy everyone\'s needs through open communication and compromise. Preferred in collaborative cultures. - **Compromising:** Each party gives something up for a mutually acceptable solution. Effective in cultures that avoid direct confrontation. - **Avoiding:** Withdraws from conflict or avoids confrontation. Can be effective for minor issues or high-risk situations but can lead to unresolved issues. Common in harmony-focused cultures. - **Obliging:** Gives in to the other party\'s demands. Useful when the issue is unimportant or maintaining a positive relationship is crucial. Prevalent in cultures with deference to authority. - **Dominating:** Uses power to force a solution. Effective when there\'s a clear advantage or a need for quick decisions but can damage relationships. More common in assertive, direct cultures. **Messages can obscure distinction** - **Indiscrimination:** Overgeneralizing and failing to recognize individual differences, leading to stereotypes and prejudice. This prevents seeing individuals for who they are, rather than as members of a group. - **Polarization:** Viewing issues in extreme terms, ignoring nuances and the possibility of middle ground. This creates a \"us vs. them\" mentality, hindering constructive dialogue and compromise. - **Static Evaluation:** Holding onto outdated perceptions of people or situations, failing to acknowledge change or growth over time. This leads to inaccurate and unfair judgments. **Form of informal communication** - **Expediting:** This is about speeding up a process or getting information quickly. It often involves using informal channels to bypass formal procedures. - **Circumventing:** This means going around or avoiding formal channels or procedures. It can be used to get something done faster or to bypass obstacles. - **Contradicting:** This means disagreeing with or challenging something that has been said or done, often in a casual or informal way. - **Expanding:** This means adding to or elaborating on information that has already been shared, often in a casual or informal way. - **Supplementing:** This means adding information to or supporting what has already been shared, often in a casual or informal way. - **Confirming:** This means verifying or ensuring that information is accurate, often in a casual or informal way. **Interview** -- a two-party conversation in which at least one person has a specific, serious purpose - It is a formal encounter or conversation between two or more people, often undertaken to assess a candidate's qualifications, abilities, experiences, and appropriateness for a job or post. **Mentor** -- a person who acts as a guide, trainer, coach teaches you the rules of an organization that comes from the firsthand experience. **Pamphlets** -- prove to be especially valuable in scenarios where the mass media can only reach a portion of the population. **Press release** -- a written communication sent to media outlets, announcing news or events related to an organization. A **Pamphlets** -- a small, often folded, printed sheet of paper that contains information or promotional material. **OMultimodal Advocacy** -- refers to the use of multiple communication channels to promote a cause, idea, or initiative. **Aspects that need to consider in conducting interview** **Place** -- "Making sure that is free of distractions". **Time** -- "it ensures that they interview progresses smoothly and efficiently". **Purpose of the opening of an interview** - To build rapport and establish a positive tone **Aspects of Language** - **Language syntax** -- It\'s the rules that govern how words are arranged to form grammatically correct sentences. Think of it as the blueprint of a sentence. - **Language semantic** - It\'s the study of how words and sentences convey meaning, considering context and how meaning can shift depending on the situation. Think of it as the content and purpose of a sentence. **four key types of communication within an organization** - **Upward communication** -- Flows from lower levels of an organization to higher levels. - **Downward communication** -- Flows from higher levels of an organization to lower levels. - **Vertical communication** -- Encompasses both **upward** and **downward** communication. - **Horizontal communication** -- Flows between individuals or departments at the same level of an organization. **FOUR COMMUNICATION STYLES** - **Submissive style** - Prioritizes the needs of others over their own. - **Dominant Style** - Assertive, direct, and takes charge. - **Assertive Style** -- Communicates needs and opinions clearly and respectfully, while acknowledging others\' perspectives. - **Persuasive style** -- Focuses on influencing others to see their point of view, using logic, reasoning, and emotional appeals. **Four key aspects of the self** - **Moral self** -- Your sense of right and wrong, values, ethics, and principles that guide your behavior. - **Physical self** -- Your body image, physical abilities, and perception of your physical appearance. - **Emotional self** -- Your ability to recognize, understand, and manage your own emotions. - **Intellectual self** -- Your curiosity, love of learning, critical thinking skills, and desire to understand the world. **Learning** -- It allows people to gather information about themselves, other people, past, beliefs, and attitude. **Communication as social context** -- the activity of producing, transmitting and receiving meaningful symbolic messages in an environment such as schools, church or any social gathering **Communication as a process** focuses on the steps involved in communication but doesn\'t emphasize the influence of the surrounding environment. **Communication as interaction** highlights the two-way nature of communication but doesn\'t specifically address the social context. **70%** of human beings spend in daily time communication **Skills to Overcome Differences** **Understanding Body Language** A. **United States:** - Avoids hugging and close physical contact for greetings. - Relaxed sitting posture; may sit with ankle on knee. B. **Arab Countries:** - Left hand considered unclean. - Feet should remain on the ground while sitting. - \"Thumbs up\" gesture is offensive. C. **South Korea:** - Bows for greetings, appreciation, apologies, and farewells. - Folding arms indicates deep thought. **Opening of Gifts** A. **Saudi Arabia:** Gifts opened in private. B. **USA:** Gifts opened in public. **Appreciated Gifts** A. **Indonesia:** Tokens or mementos from your country/company. B. **Turkey:** Wine (if hosts drink), candy, pastries, roses, glassware. **Gifts to Avoid** A. **UAE:** Avoid alcohol, alcohol-based perfumes, pork products. B. **China:** Avoid gifts in sets of four, clocks, cut flowers, and white objects. **Handshake Etiquette** - Firm handshake, maintain eye contact, and smile. - The initiator of the handshake also closes it. **Welcome Topics of Conversation** A. **Indonesia:** Family, travel, sports, local cuisine, future plans. B. **Germany:** Sports (soccer, tennis), current events, beer. **Topics to Avoid** A. **Indonesia:** Politics, corruption, religious criticism. B. **Saudi Arabia:** Middle Eastern politics, Israeli issues, criticism of Islamic beliefs. C. **South Korea:** Local politics, Korean War, personal family matters. D. **Germany:** World War II, personal questions. **Language Varieties** - Languages vary by region, social group, and situation. - Linguistic items can represent full languages, dialects, or slang. **World English/World English's** - Emergence of localized varieties of English in former British colonies. - Classification based on user group, region, and social status. **User Group Classification** 1. **ENL:** English as a native language. 2. **ESL:** English as a second language. 3. **EFL:** English as a foreign language. **Three Circles of English** 1. **Inner Circle:** Norm-providing (native speakers). 2. **Outer Circle:** Norm-developing (second language users). 3. **Expanding Circle:** Norm-dependent (foreign language users). **Standard English** - The highest-status variety in a community, used in media and education. **Accent and Dialect** - **Accent:** Pronunciation characteristic of a group. - **Regional Dialect:** Distinctive way of speaking within a specific area. **Pidgin and Creole** - **Pidgin:** Simplified language for communication between different language speakers. - **Creole:** Complete language acquired as a native language. **Indigenized Varieties** - Varieties mainly spoken as second languages in multilingual ex-colonies. **Language Registers** - Defined styles based on social situations. **Five Registers:** 1. **Frozen:** Rarely changes. 2. **Formal:** Focused on form (academic, public speaking). 3. **Consultative:** Mix of formal and casual. 4. **Casual:** Used among friends. 5. **Intimate:** Private conversations. **Understanding Texts** - **Text:** Encompasses films, artifacts, and any medium conveying meaning within a culture. **Misunderstanding Causes:** Differences in pronunciation (phonology). **Text Categories** a. **Created Texts:** Authored by non-native speakers for non-native speakers to meet curricular goals. b. **Semi-authentic Texts:** Adapted from original language materials by native/non-native speakers for curricular needs. c. **Authentic Texts:** Created by native speakers for native speakers in native contexts. **Culturally Sensitive & Bias-Free Language** a. **Racism:** Discrimination based on race; be aware of current self-identifying terminology. b. **Sexism:** Prejudice based on gender; use gender-neutral terms (e.g., \"Artificial\" instead of \"Man-made\"). c. **Class Discrimination (Classism):** Prejudice based on social class; use sensitive vocabulary (e.g., \"the upper class\" instead of \"the owning class\"). d. **Ageism:** Discrimination based on age; avoid stereotypes about older individuals. e. **Disabilities:** Focus on the person, not the condition; avoid derogatory terms. **Communication Aids and Strategies** - **Sign Language:** A form of communication using body movements; useful when spoken communication is not possible. **Communication Gaps:** - **Language Barrier:** Difficulty due to language differences. - **Inability To Speak:** *Dysphasia/aphasia* impairments affecting language ability. **Communication Strategy** - A plan outlining how to convey messages effectively to achieve objectives. **Types of Communication Strategies:** 1. Verbal: Includes written (e-mails, texts) and oral (phone calls, face-to-face). 2. Non-verbal: Involves visual cues (body language, facial expressions). 3. Visual: Documentation tools (signs, illustrations, web pages). **Factors in Developing a Communication Strategy** 1. **Objectives:** Align communication goals with overall plans. - **General vs. Specific:** General indicates broad goals; specific outlines measurable outcomes. 2. **Audiences:** Identify target audience and their characteristics. 3. **Messages:** Develop a central thesis statement summarizing the message. 4. **Context:** Influences message delivery. 5. **Tools and Activities:** Choose appropriate communication tools (e.g., diagrams, visual aids). 6. **Resources and Time:** Ensure resources are available and equipment is functional. 7. **Evaluation:** Consider self-assessment questions. **Objectives Examples** - **Vague Objective:** \"I want to collect donations.\" - **Specific Objective:** \"I want to collect at least P500 from each person.\" **Audience Considerations** - Assess audience knowledge, preferences, demographics, and attitudes. **Evaluation Self-Assessment Questions** - **Support for Claims:** Were claims backed by verbal/visual support? - **Clarity and Persuasiveness:** Did supporting materials enhance clarity, interest, and persuasiveness? - **Variety of Support:** Was there a range of verbal support (definitions, examples, stories, statistics, comparisons)? - **Effectiveness of Visuals:** Did visuals (charts, graphs, photos, videos) enhance clarity, interest, and persuasiveness? **Communication for Work Purposes** **Workplace Communication:** Distinct from academic writing; serves specific organizational purposes. **Key Considerations for Workplace Communication** **Purpose:** - Is the writing to create a record, provide/request information, or persuade? - What message is intended? **Audience (Searles, 2014):** - Who is the reader? - What are their roles/responsibilities? - What is their existing knowledge of the situation? - Why do they need this information? - Desired actions from the audience? - Factors influencing audience response? **Categories of Workplace Communication** 1. **Upward Communication:** From lower to higher job hierarchy (e.g., response to manager). 2. **Lateral Communication:** Among peers at the same level (e.g., collaboration with co-worker). 3. **Downward Communication:** From higher to lower job hierarchy (e.g., reminders to trainees). 4. **Outward Communication:** To external parties (e.g., inquiries to suppliers). 5. **Tone in Communication** - Sets the audience\'s perception of the message. - Avoid sounding demanding or condescending, especially on sensitive issues. **Ethical Standards in Workplace Communication (Searles, 2014)** Avoid: 1. Suppression of information 2. Falsification or fabrication 3. Overstatement or understatement 4. Selective misquoting 5. Subjective wording 6. Conflict of interest 7. Withholding information 8. Plagiarism **Business Writing** - Includes memorandums, reports, proposals, emails, etc., for internal/external communication. - Also referred to as business communication or professional writing. - Essential skill for all professionals regardless of specialization (Mosura et al., 199). **Business Letters** - A type of technical writing for communication between companies or with clients. - **Purposes:** Request information, order supplies, address mistakes, apologize, convey goodwill. - **Value:** Provides a permanent record and may be viewed more seriously than other communication forms. **Indentation Formats for Business Letters** a. **Standard:** Colon after salutation, comma after closing. b. **Open:** No punctuation after salutation or closing. c. **Block:** All text left-aligned, no indentation. d. **Semi-Block:** Left-aligned text, indented paragraphs, double/triple spacing between paragraphs. e. **Modified Block:** Aligned except for address, date, and closing, which are centered; no indentation. f. **Modified Semi-Block:** Left-aligned except for address, date, and closing (which are indented); paragraphs are indented. **Types of Business Letters** 1. **Resignation Letter** - Notifies manager of employee\'s intention to leave. - May include reasons for departure. 2. **Recommendation Letter** - Written by previous employer. - Describes relationship and opinion of job seeker. 3. **Sales Letter** - Starts with a strong statement to capture interest. - Includes calls to action, benefits, and contact information. 4. **Inquiry Letter** - Requests information from recipient. - Should be clear and include contact details. 5. **Complaint Letter** - Expresses dissatisfaction. - Should be direct yet professional. 6. **Order Letter** - Used to request goods or services. - Contains specific details like model number, quantity, and pricing. 7. **Acknowledgement Letter** - Confirms receipt of prior communication. - Action may or may not have occurred. 8. **Follow-Up Letter** - Sent after initial communication. - Combines thank you notes and sales letters. 9. **Cover Letter** - Accompanies reports or merchandise. - Describes contents and required actions. 10. **Adjustment Letter** - Responds to claims or complaints. - States resolution clearly and professionally. **Importance of Business Letters** - Properly written letters are crucial for effective communication and making a good first impression in business. **8 Steps to Writing a Business Letter** 1. **Decide on the Letter Type** - Identify the purpose (e.g., complaint, inquiry, application, resignation, order). 2. **Create an Outline** - Include source of information, qualifications, experience, references, and availability for interviews. 3. **Use Correct Format/Layout** - Include heading, inside address, salutation, body, complimentary close, signature line, and enclosures. 4. **Choose Appropriate Vocabulary** - Tailor language for specific letter types (e.g., \"I am writing to complain\" for complaints). 5. **Check Spelling** - Ensure correct spelling using spell check tools. 6. **Check Grammar** - Pay attention to common grammar issues (e.g., your vs. you\'re). 7. **Check Punctuation** - Correctly use commas and avoid excessive punctuation. 8. **Format the Letter** - Use block format, left-justified, single-spaced, with double spacing between paragraphs. Common fonts: Times New Roman 12 or Arial.