COM 218 Midterm Study Guide PDF

Dr. Hook​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ COM 218 cracy: from Max Webber, german sociologist, importance of rules and authority -​ promotes an “ideal” organization based on bureaucratic ideals -​ organizations should be closed systems driven by a ration...

Dr. Hook​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ COM 218 cracy: from Max Webber, german sociologist, importance of rules and authority -​ promotes an “ideal” organization based on bureaucratic ideals -​ organizations should be closed systems driven by a rational-legal authority (power based on expertise) -​ vs. charismatic or traditional authority -​ individuality is discouraged ​ Theory of Scientific Management ○​ Be able to define this theory ○​ Understand what research made this theory come about Theory of Scientific Management: from Federick Tyalor, american mechanical engineer, time and motion studies, “enemy of the working man” -​ emerged to combat uneven work and systematic soldiering -​ scientific methods should be used to determine the best way to do each job -​ once the “best way” is determined, we must scientifically hire and train the “best” workers -​ determined by time and motion studies -​ maintain a strict distinction and division of labor between workers and managers ​ Chapter 3: Human Relations/Resources Approach ​ Know the difference between human relations and human resources ​ Be able to explain each of the following: ○​ Hawthorne Studies ​ Four different studies & their findings ○​ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory ○​ McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y ​ Be able to explain each of the following: ○​ Black and Mouton’s Managerial Grid ○​ Likert’s Management System Human Resources Approach  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication -​ emphasizing the importance of employee contribution -​ employees feel happier when they are intellectually challenged and values for their contributions Human Resources in a Sentence -​ organizations should make sure to intellectually challenge employees and encourage them to make contributions, especially by managers who balance a concern for people and production Human Relations Approach -​ individuals need attention, social interaction, and individual achievement Human Relations in a Sentence -​ employees are actual people who need attention, achievement, and social interaction, and who are motivated by the desire to satisfy higher-order needs The Hawthorne Studies -​ illumination studies -​ relay assembly test room study -​ smaller groups (5 female workers) asked them to complete a relay to make a telephone -​ manipulated different factors beyond lighting -​ humidity, rest breaks, refreshments, temperature, hours -​ found that in general production and satisfaction increased regardless of the changes -​ interview program  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication -​ how are working conditions making you more or less productive and satisfied -​ workers were more interested in talking about their feelings than anything else -​ we need to focus more on social and emotional needs of workers Hawthorne Effect -​ individuals change their behavior when they know they’re being watched Saslow’s Hierarchy of Needs -​ physiological needs (bottom) → safety needs → belongingness and love needs → esteem needs → self-actualization (top) -​ basic needs -​ physiological: food, water, warmth, rest -​ safety needs: security, safety -​ psychological needs -​ belongingness and love needs: intimate relationships, friends -​ esteem needs: prestige and feeling of accomplishment -​ self-fulfillment needs -​ self actualization: achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities Mcgregor’s Theory x and Theory y -​ theory x -​ the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication -​ theory y -​ the assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid -​ impoverished management -​ low concern for people and production -​ bare minimum leaders -​ country club management -​ high concern for people but low concern for production -​ hyper-focuses on pleasant workplace -​ forget they have a job to do -​ authority-compliance management -​ Low concern for people, high concern for production -​ Classical theorists -​ team management -​ high concern for people and production -​ really hard to achieve -​ middle-of-the-road management -​ care for both people and production without sacrificing one over the other Likert’s Management System -​ exploitative authoritative  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication -​ the leader imposes decisions on subordinates and uses fear to achieve employee motivation -​ benevolent-authoritative -​ the leader uses rewards to encourage productivity, but management is responsible for allahabad decisions and there is no teamwork -​ consultative -​ The leader listens to subordinates and incorporates some employee ideas, but most subordinates do not feel responsible for the organization’s goals -​ participative -​ the leader engages subordinates, solves problems with teamwork, and everyone feels responsible for achieving the organization's goals Chapter 4: Systems & Cultural Approaches System Approach ​ Be able to define and describe the systems approach ​ Know the three components of systems ​ Understand system processes ○​ Input-throughput-output model ○​ Deviation-reducing vs. deviation-amplifying ​ Know the four properties of systems Cultural Approach ​ Be able to define and describe the cultural approach ​ Be able to describe:  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication ○​ The four components of Deal and Kennedy’s “Strong Cultures” ○​ Peter and Waterman’s “Excellent Cultures” ○​ Prescriptive vs. descriptive approaches to culture ​ Know the criticisms of prescriptive views ​ Know the four characteristics of descriptive and explanatory approaches to culture Systems Approach -​ organizations are complex organisms made up of various components, processes, and properties Systems Approaches in a Sentence -​ organizations are complex systems made up of an assemblage of interdependent, hierarchical, and permeable subsystems and supersystems Systems Theory Concepts -​ components -​ what systems are made of -​ processes -​ how systems work System Components -​ hierarchical ordering -​ system components are arranged in highly complex ways -​ organizations are made up of subsystems and supersystems -​ example: pepperdine departments  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication -​ interdependence -​ no component within a system can function effectively without other parts of the system -​ all components rely on each other to be successful -​ example: hub for spiritual life -​ permeable boundaries -​ systems allow information and materials to flow in and out -​ organizations fall on a spectrum from open to closed, but all require permeability to survive -​ covid-19, fizz System Processes -​ input-throughput-output -​ input: materials or information are received from the environment -​ throughput: inputs go through a transformational process -​ output: changed inputs are then returned to the environment Two Input-throughput-output Processes -​ exchange -​ the process of exchanging information between inputs/outputs and the environment outside the system -​ feedback -​ what helps to facilitate and maintain the interdependent functioning of system components  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication Deviation-Reducing -​ negative/corrective feedback meant to keep the organization on a steady course Deviation-Amplifying -​ positive feedback meant to promote change to transform an organization Four Properties of Systems -​ Holism -​ we must look holistically at activities (vs. individual contributions) -​ human resource and IT collaborating on a training -​ equifinality -​ a variety of means can be used to reach a system goal -​ three people getting fired in the same month for different reasons -​ negative entropy -​ the ability for systems to sustain themselves and grow through the flow of information -​ workplaces acknowledging increased happiness from WFH -​ requisite variety -​ systems should be as diverse and complicated as their environment -​ reaching alumni at pepperdine vs UCLA Cultural Approach  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication -​ seeks to understand the ways communication creates a unique sense of place in an organization Cultural Approaches in a Sentence -​ seeks to understand how interaction cultivates a unique sense of place in an organization through a complex web of values, behaviors, stories, rules, and metaphors, all created through the social performances of members Culture is… -​ complicated -​ various markers, like ceremonies, rites, metaphors, stories, and communication rules, can reveal layers of the organizational culture “onion” -​ emergent -​ cultures are socially created through interactions -​ cultural “performances” -​ 1. interactional -​ 2. contextual -​ 3. episodic -​ 4. improvisational -​ not unitary -​ organizations are characterized by a multitude of organizational subcultures that may coexist in harmony, conflict, or indifference -​ ambiguous  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication -​ there may be multiple manifestations of culture (or various subcultures); different members may be experiencing various realities and challenges Prescriptive Approaches to Culture -​ culture is something organizations have -​ deal and kennedy’s “strong cultures” -​ organizations can develop a “strong” culture through four components which will improve individual performance and organizational success -​ peters and waterman’s “excellent cultures” -​ by following eight themes, organizations will develop excellent cultures as long as they emphasize … Four Components of “Strong Cultures” -​ values -​ the beliefs and visions members hold for an organization -​ heroes -​ individuals who exemplify an organization’s values -​ rites and rituals -​ ceremonies through which an organization celebrates its values -​ cultural network -​ the communication system through which cultural values are instituted and reinforced 3 Criticisms of Prescriptive Views  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication -​ de-emphasizes complexities of creating and sustaining culture -​ objectifies culture as a singular “thing” that should be managed -​ doesn’t acknowledge cultures as emergent or ambiguous Chapter 5: Critical/Feminist Approaches Critical Approaches ​ Be able to describe what critical theorists believe and set out to achieve ​ Know the three frames of reference & three approaches to power ​ Be able to define each of the following: ○​ Ideology ○​ Hegemony ○​ Emancipation ○​ Resistance ​ Know the definition and components of the theory of concertive control ○​ Know the three strategies for control besides concertive control Feminist Approaches ​ Be able to describe what feminist scholars believe, study, and set out to achieve ​ Be able to define and give examples of each of the five types of feminism Critical Approach Organizations are Sites of Domination What do critical theorists believe? -​ certain societal structures and processes lead to fundamental imbalances of power  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication -​ these imbalances lead to alienation and oppression for certain groups -​ the role of critical theorists to uncover these imbalances and alert oppressed groups -​ the ultimate goal = emancipation Frames of Reference -​ unitary -​ emphasizes common goals -​ conflict is rare and negative -​ power is natural and associated with resources and status -​ pluralist -​ emphasizes varied groups -​ conflict is inherent and positive -​ power emerges as a byproduct of divergent interests -​ radical -​ emphasizes power struggles -​ conflict is reflection of larger class struggles -​ organizations are “battlegrounds” Approaches to Power -​ traditional -​ considers power to be relatively stable -​ power is possessed by people or groups -​ equated with resources or hierarchy -​ symbological  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication -​ power is a product of interactions and relationships -​ communication constitutes understandings of power - radical-critical Important Terminology -​ ideology -​ taken-for-granted assumptions about reality that influence perceptions of situations and events -​ hegemony -​ when one group controls another with consent of the oppressed group -​ emancipation -​ the liberation of people from unnecessarily restrictive power relations -​ resistance -​ how workers exert counterpressure on exercises of power Strategies for Control -​ simple -​ involves direct and authoritarian exertion of control -​ technological -​ involves control exerted through technological workplace processes -​ bureaucratic -​ based on power… Concertive Control  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication -​ when the locust of control in an organization shifts from managements to workers in a collaborative environment -​ according to concertive control, power is embedded in a system of identification and discipline -​ identification - when organizational members feels belongingness or “oneness” with an organization -​ occurs when members define themselves as a member, and take on concerns as their own -​ discipline – through communication, work groups reward conformists and punish deviants Feminist approach in a sentence: we must deconstruct the patriarchal organization. Key Theoretical Assumptions -​ gender is a primary way in which identity and power relations are constructed -​ work is a key site where this happens -​ dominant systems of gender privilege men and masculinity (vs. women and femininity) -​ gender, power, and organizations are continuously created and changed in and through communication Types of Feminism -​ feminism takes various forms, viewpoints, and strategies for activism  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication Liberal Feminism -​ “mainstream feminism” -​ the system should provide solutions for female subordination -​ women need to work harder to gain their fair share of control in patriarchal organizations Radical Feminism -​ “cutting-edge feminism” -​ calls for a radical re-ordering of society through the elimination of male supremacy in all contexts -​ advocates for the total separation of women from patriarchal institution Standpoint Feminists -​ “inclusive feminism” -​ works to enhance the opportunity for a variety of marginalized voices to be heard in societal discourse… Postmodern Feminists -​ “deconstructive feminism” -​ attempts to deconstruct male-dominated meaning systems with the goal of highlighting women’s perspectives -​ sees gender stereotypes as socially constructed  COM 218 Midterm Study Guide General ​ Know the metaphors of each theoretical approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the content, direction, channel, and style of communication of each approach (for chapters 2 & 3) ​ Know the major figure(s)/theorist(s) associated with each theoretical approach McCroskey & McCroskey (2017) ​ Know the models of communication and the components associated with each ​ Know the definition of organizational communication ○​ What “counts” as an organization ○​ Formal vs. informal networks ○​ Understand the various flows of communication Models of Communication Linear Model of Communication Pluralist Feminism -​ “contingent feminism” -​ even in feminist organizations, there are organizational contingencies that constrain an idealistic view of feminism TEST: 45 True/False or Multiple Choice 2 Matching Questions 2 Short Answer Closed Book, On Computer