Applications of Artificial Intelligence PDF

Applications of Artificial Intelligence I. Applications of AI A. Healthcare − Neuroprosthetics B. Psychotherapy C. Transportation D. Public sector E. Home robots F. Social robots G. Other applications II. Risks and dangers of AI III. AI and jobs IV. What we can do that AI cannot do well Applications...

Applications of Artificial Intelligence I. Applications of AI A. Healthcare − Neuroprosthetics B. Psychotherapy C. Transportation D. Public sector E. Home robots F. Social robots G. Other applications II. Risks and dangers of AI III. AI and jobs IV. What we can do that AI cannot do well Applications of AI Healthcare Healthcare robots can − Take orders from and deliver items to a patient − Act as an around-the-clock sitter − Assist frail and elderly patients out of a bed or chair − Provide a video connection to a distant doctor (e.g., in remote clinic or cruise ship) Diagnosis of disorders − MIT, Massachusetts General, and Harvard study found that AI was equal or better than radiologists at reading mammograms for high risk cancer lesions needing surgery o Reduced the number of benign surgeries by more than 30% compared to existing approaches (Conner-Simons, 2017) − UCSD study found that AI outperformed junior physicians in diagnosis of childhood illnesses like mononucleosis, flu, and chicken pox, but the senior physicians did better than AI (Lian, Tsui, Ni et al., 2019) − Google AI algorithm found to be as effective as ophthalmologists in diagnosing diabetic retinopathy, a leading cause of blindness (Gulshan, Peng, Coram et al., 2016) − Also, AI analysis of smartphone images can now be used to diagnose diabetic retinopathy with high degree of sensitivity (Natarajan, Jain, Krishnan et al., 2018) ★ Potential hazard: A radiologist who misreads a scan may harm one patient, but a flawed A.I. system in widespread use could injure many Systems like IBM Watson can be used to determine optimal treatment, including − Type and dosage of drugs − Best diet for individual, e.g., to avoid glucose spikes after eating o This may vary, depending on patient’s unique gut microbiome Precision surgery without human artifacts like handshaking Ø Study comparing computer-controlled robots with human surgeons in performing intestinal surgery on a pig found that the robot sutures were much better—more precise and uniform with fewer chances for breakage, leakage, and infection (Shademan, Decker, Opfermann et al., 2016) Brain Computer Interface Brain Computer Interface (BCI) or Brain Machine Interface (BMI): “neural prosthetics” Computer chip is implanted in motor cortex and communicates directly with external device Allows animal (or person) to directly control a robotic arm with their thoughts ✧ BCIs have been used in tandem with exoskeletons (robot suits) to restore some movement to paralyzed patients The user’s EEG waves are read and translated into signals that control the robot’s limbs At the same time, feedback is sent to user’s brain from sensors in soles of robot’s feet ✧ A cap with electrodes can now be used instead of implants, but an extensive calibration process is required ✧ Cochlear implants are another type of neural prosthetics External part: Sits behind the ear, picks up sounds with a microphone, then analyzes the sound and sends signals to the internal part of the implant Internal part: Stimulates different regions of the basilar membrane, producing perceptions of sounds of different pitches – High-frequency sounds cause the base of the basilar membrane (near the oval window) to flex – Low-frequency sounds cause the apex (opposite end) to flex, and the whole basilar membrane also flexes back and forth in time to the sound wave ✧ A BCI has been created by UCSF neuroscientists that can generate naturalsounding synthetic speech from brain activity − Study was conducted on participants with intact speech − However, may one day restore the voices of people who have lost ability to speak due to stroke, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative disease (Anumanchipalli, Chartier, & Chang, 2019 ) ✧ Scientists are working now on designing and building a prosthetic implant to restore normal memory function when the hippocampus is damaged − Aim is to calculate what outputs would typically be generated in normal controls based on inputs, then stimulate areas of the hippocampus to mimic a normally functioning brain − Tests have been carried out in humans, showing significant improvement in episodic memory in epilepsy patients (Hampson, Song, Robinson et al., 2018) Could potentially be used to replace input devices Mouse, keyboard, touchpad would no longer be needed Would result in faster information exchange between human and machine Psychotherapy Diagnosis/identification of psychological disorders Ø AI system that analyzed Facebook posts of consenting patients in an emergency department was able to generate predictions of depression risk that were as accurate as standard depression screening tests (Eichstaedt, Smith, Merchant et al., 2018) − Indicators included references to sadness, loneliness, hostility, rumination, and increased self-reference, e.g., words like “alone,” “ugh,” “tears,” and higher frequency of use of “I” and “me” − Length and timing of posts were also considered Ø AI has also been used to analyze Instagram photos to successfully screen for depression (Reece & Danforth, 2017) − Photos posted by depressed individuals tended to be bluer, darker, and grayer − The more comments Instagram posts received, the more likely they were posted by depressed participants, but the opposite was true for likes received − Depressed participants were more likely to post photos with faces, but had a lower average face count per photo than healthy participants ➜ The screening models created from the data were able to outperform general practitioners in correctly diagnosing depression without the assistance of assessment instruments Psychotherapy (continued) Treatment of psychological disorders − Apps that can administer Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for disorders like depression or social anxiety, e.g., Woebot − Virtual therapists, e.g., Ellie − These programs may analyze tone of speech, breathing pattern, smartphone keystrokes and communication, and/or physical movements in making diagnoses and generating responses v Pros: − Easy accessibility and affordability − Research has indicated that people would rather share their innermost secrets with an avatar than a human being v Cons: − Can’t really replace human empathy − Adherence to treatment may be poor Ø Ellie: robot therapist Computerized glasses provide specialized feedback to coach children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in emotional identification and social skills (e.g., making eye contact) http://www.brain-power.com/ ★ Emotion recognition and neural networks Use of biofeedback/virtual reality to treat anxiety disorders or ADHD Transportation Kiwibot Self-driving cars Autonomous ships Self-driving cars 2018 was the target date proposed in 2015 both by Elon Musk of Tesla and by Google for introduction of self-driving cars But a series of widely publicized crashes, some fatal, have delayed release Are self-driving cars really a viable option? The great successes of deep learning have all been in relatively circumscribed domains, including chess and Go, and even things like image recognition, which primarily involves identifying patterns in a data set, then projecting those patterns onto new exemplars Some believe that self-driving cars (and other autonomous vehicles, like drones) need more than sensitivity to patterns and the ability to learn from experience ➜ They need to be able to deal with the unexpected – completely unpredictable behavior from other drivers, pedestrians, cyclist, and even wild animals Also, human drivers are constantly exploiting their knowledge of how physical objects move and behave (folk physics), as well as their knowledge of other drivers and road-users (mindreading) ➜ Perhaps a key challenge, perhaps the key challenge, for designers of self-driving cars is how to equip their vehicles with this kind of general knowledge Pros: Less human error = more lives saved Accessible to those who cannot drive Can engage in other activities during commute Cons: Criminal hacking or system glitches Loss of jobs High initial cost Fewer people using public transportation ★ Moral issues − Cars will need to make “moral” decisions in unavoidable accidents Ø Which person to sacrifice, the pedestrian or the driver? Drone delivery Public agencies (the military, police, and fire services) have used robots to neutralize and destroy bombs, fight fires, and carry out other dangerous missions Ø Can have teams of autonomous aircrafts that go out and do firefighting, either fully autonomously or in tandem with human-piloted aircrafts − Devices were initially controlled remotely, with a human supplying the “intelligence” − However, these agents are increasingly being sent into environments where the robots are required to “make decisions” on their own Home robots: cooking, cleaning, fetching… Increasingly used in instances that can be described as dangerous, dirty, or dull ✧ In retirement homes, robots can provide interaction with the elderly who would otherwise be devoid of “human” interaction for long periods of time ✧ Home robots can also permit family members to “visit” elderly parents – or elderly parents to visit with family Social robots ✧ Worldwide sales of robots has reached $20 billion and involves more than 200,000 robotic units ✧ In the immediate future, we can look forward to robotic IAs that can reproduce the skills of therapists, caregivers, guides, and security guards Language processing Use of natural language processing of speech to synthesize notes in professional settings Advertising Tracking customer behavior to target them with personalized promotions Customer service Help lines; providing information to consumers Finance and economics Record keeping Fraud detection Optimizing profits in online trading Predicting market supply and demand Boogieing Risks and Dangers of AI ✧ Deliberate programming of AI to be hostile, e.g., by terrorist group ✧ Sci-fi scenario: If human behavior contradicts one of AI’s preprogrammed goals, AI could turn malicious Ø In 2017, two Facebook computers started communicating with each other in a language they had developed on their own ✧ Simulation of government leader’s image and voice issuing unauthorized orders, e.g., military action ✧ Generation of fake emails, phone calls, video chats ✧ Loss of privacy ✧ Loss of jobs − Some AI experts predict that AI will replace or eliminate 40% of jobs within 15 years − Greatest impact will be on jobs involving tasks that are repetitive and can be automated Other related risk: Development of computer technology has meant an increase in the amount of time we spend looking at computer screens, and that may be problematic Recent study published in JAMA Pediatrics found that after controlling for age, gender and income, 3-5 year old children with higher use of screen-based media − Had lower measures of structural integrity and myelination in neurons − Scored lower on cognitive tests (Hutton, Dudley, Horowitz-Kraus et al., 2020) Similarly, in older adults, increased television viewing was found to be correlated with cognitive impairment and poor verbal memory (Fancourt and Steptoe, 2019) In fruit flies, daily blue-light exposure (such as is used in computer screens) causes brain neurodegeneration, as well as shortening of lifespan (Nash, Chow, Law et al., 2019) American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations: Children under 18 months should avert their eyes from TV and screen media at all times For children 2 to 5, screen time should be limited to no more than 1 hour per day New Jobs Created by AI On the other hand, AI has also created new jobs, e.g., AI designer, software engineer, cybersecurity developer, machine relations manager ★ Top 10 Happiest Jobs (CareerBliss): Teaching Assistant Quality Assurance Analyst.NET Developer Marketing Specialist Senior Software Developer Data Analyst Human Resources Manager IT Specialist Project Coordinator Systems Analyst *Jobs in red are AI-related v Unfortunately though, people whose jobs are taken away may not necessarily be those who get new jobs created by AI development Jobs that Are Hard to Replace Emotionally demanding jobs Therapist − Depends on individual (some veterans like talking to AI) Taking care of babies/children Human Resources Politician Creative jobs Writer Software/graphic designer Things We Can Do that AI Cannot Do Well ✧ Feel or show empathy ✧ Have insights v As Anthony Goldbloom puts it, machines cannot “connect seemingly disparate threads to solve problems they have never seen before” − Machines can’t tackle novel situations − Need to learn from large volumes of past data Ø Percy Spencer was working on radar during World War II when he noticed a magnetron (used to generate radio signals) melting his chocolate bar This led to the discovery of… Microwave oven ✧ Make plans for the distant future − Humans can plan their lives years in advance − Robots tend to focus only on completing the immediate task at hand ✧ Be conscious (?) − Whether machines can have consciousness depends on the definition of consciousness − No machine today meets all the criteria that we may give to consciousness and that humans have Video References Videos excerpted from: How It Works IBM Watson Health https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfaZtsz2YNg Next Generation Robots - Boston Dynamics, Asimo, Da Vinci, SoFi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vIT2da6N_o SimSensei & MultiSense: Virtual Human and Multimodal Perception for Healthcare Support https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejczMs6b1Q4 Empowered Brain's Emotion Charades: Learn how to Read the Emotions in Facial Expressions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLjnye3iOEQ Can machines read your emotions? - Kostas Karpouzis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QFk3e5PcK7s The Journey to Wild Divine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWFOBbm3HQI Waymo's fully autonomous driving technology is here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aaOB-ErYq6Y 10 Machine Learning based Products You MUST See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eT1MmdFed7o Breakfast Dropped Off By Drone? The Impact Of Expanding Delivery Services | NBC Nightly News https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtZPTCM5Bwo How Amazon Drone Delivery Will Work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzhvR4wm__M Next Generation Robots - Boston Dynamics, Asimo, Da Vinci, SoFi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vIT2da6N_o The Rise of Personal Robots | Cynthia Breazeal | TED Talks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAnHjuTQF3M Tonight Showbotics: Jimmy Meets Sophia the Human-Like Robot https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bg_tJvCA8zw Do You Love Me https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fn3KWM1kuAw