Cog S25 Exam 1 General Information PDF

Exam 1: General Information Ch 1: History Ch 2: Neuroscience Ch 3: Perception 1  Exam 1: F2/07 – Sa2/08, 75 mins via Honorlock  Part 1: (50-60%; 25 – 30 questions) Fill-in- the-blank with word, name, or phrase, with occasional...

Exam 1: General Information Ch 1: History Ch 2: Neuroscience Ch 3: Perception 1  Exam 1: F2/07 – Sa2/08, 75 mins via Honorlock  Part 1: (50-60%; 25 – 30 questions) Fill-in- the-blank with word, name, or phrase, with occasional multiple choice or matching  Part 2: Short answer/essay (40-50%) For each chapter, you will be presented with 2-3 questions. You will need to select 1-2 per chapter to answer (total = 4 questions). Answers require 3-4 sentences. Option to answer 1 extra question for EC. 2  Exam 1: 75 mins via Honorlock  Part 1: FiB example The most important invention to set off the cognitive revolution was ____________.  Part 2: Short answer/essay (40-50%) Select one researcher who was influential in starting the cognitive revolution, and briefly describe how their work or ideas contributed to the start of cognitive psychology. 3  Ch1 Intro and History Topics Definition of cognitive psychology and the study of the “mind.” 1800’s - early 1900’s: Early attempts to study the mind  Approaches used by Fechner and Weber (psychophysics),  Wundt (structuralism and introspection),  Donders (simple and choice RTs),  Ebbinghaus (forgetting and savings curves), and  James (psychology text and course) Early to mid-1900’s: Introduction of behaviorism with focus on observable and verifiable behavior  Pavlov (classical conditioning), then  Watson and Skinner (instrumental learning or operant conditioning): then  later shift in focus by Tolman (cognitive maps) and Thorndike (trial and error learning) to link behavior to (unseen) goals 4  Ch1 Intro and History Topics 1950s and 1960s: Start of field of Cognitive Psychology  Events such as introduction of computer that led to the “cognitive revolution” and  Leads to the study of human information processing (e.g., using flow diagrams). 1970’s to the present: Contemporary cognitive psychology  The field gradually expands to include more focus areas  Develops new methods and technologies including EEG and brain imaging (e.g., PET and fMRI) 5  Chapter Summary Questions are Similar to Short Answer Items 1.1: Explain how cognitive psychology defines the “mind.” 1.2: Describe the different approaches used by Wundt, James, Donders, and Ebbinghaus in their early attempts to study the mind. 1.3: Contrast Watson and Skinner’s motivation for focusing on observable behaviors in their research with Tolman’s motivation for measuring behavior in his experiments. 1.4: Identify the major historical events occurring in the 1950s and 1960s that ultimately led to the “cognitive revolution.” 1.5: Identify three ways in which the scope of contemporary cognitive psychology has grown since its beginnings in the 1950s and 1960s. 6  Ch 2 Topics: Neurons and the Brain The Basic Structure and Function of the Brain Levels of Analysis: – behavior vs physiology; – systems vs components Early views of neuron processing: – Camillo Golgi: (now disproven) nerve net model – Santiago Ramon y Cajal: neuron doctrine of brain organization How Neurons Communicate – Neurons as the building blocks of the brain (dendrites, axons, synapses) – Neural pathways and communication – rate of neural firing vs intensity of stimulation vs magnitude of sensory experience. Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Ch 2 Topics: Neurons and the Brain Evidence of hierarchical brain processing – e.g., in vision (from edge orientation to face recognition) Types of encoding across neurons: – specificity, population and sparse coding Evidence for localization of brain function: – neuropsychology, neuron recordings, brain imaging Evidence for distributed neural representation – Structural vs functional connectivity Evidence of dynamic functional networks for different stages or types of cognition – e.g., default mode network Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Chapter 2 Summary Questions are Similar to Short Answer Items 02.01: Describe the “levels-of-analysis” approach as it applies to the study of the mind in cognitive neuroscience. 02.02: Contrast Camillo Golgi’s now disproven nerve net model with Santiago Ramon y Cajal’s neuron doctrine of brain organization. 02.03: Explain how the rate of neural firing is related to the intensity of stimulation and to the magnitude of sensory experience. 02.04: Describe how the hierarchical processing of visual information contributes to the representation of complex visual stimuli such as specific faces or objects. 9  Chapter 2 Summary Questions are Similar to Short Answer Items 02.05: Explain how specificity coding, population coding, and sparse coding could represent sensory information in the brain. 02.06: Describe evidence for the localization of function within the brain based on findings from neuropsychology, neuronal recordings, and brain imaging studies. 02.07: Explain what is meant by the concept of distributed neural representation. 02.08: Distinguish between structural connectivity and functional connectivity of neural networks. 02.09: Describe the dynamic nature of activity of different functional networks, including the default mode network, during different types or stages of cognition. 10  Ch3 Topics: Perception Challenges involved in visual perception (e.g., inverse projection problem and viewpoint invariance requirement, complex and high-level information) Bottom-up (data-based) vs top-down (knowledge- based) processing. Historical perspectives on how we perceive: – von Helmholtz and unconscious inference, – Gestalt principles of perceptual organization, – the use of regularities in the environment, and – the process of Bayesian Inference Evidence of experience-dependent plasticity The Link between Perception and Action Evidence of separate brain pathways for perceiving objects and interacting with objects. Mirror neurons: built-in link between self and other Goldstein, Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 5th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Chapter 3 Summary Questions are Similar to Short Answer Items 03.01: Describe the challenges involved in visual perception in humans and in computer-vision systems. 03.02: Distinguish between bottom-up (data-based) and top-down (knowledge-based) processing. 03.03: Describe how Helmholtz’s process of unconscious inference, the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization, the use of regularities in the environment, and the process of Bayesian Inference are believed to contribute to our ability to accurately perceive objects. 12  Chapter 3 Summary Questions are Similar to Short Answer Items 03.04: Explain how experience-dependent plasticity has been demonstrated experimentally in the visual system of humans and animals. 03.05: Explain how movement contributes to visual perception. 03.06: Describe evidence demonstrating the existence of separate brain pathways for visually perceiving objects and for physically interacting with those objects. 03.07: Describe evidence suggesting that the function of mirror neurons is to code the intentions of the actions made either by oneself or by someone they are observing. 13  Exam 1: This Fri/Sat when you choose—but don’t forget to take it! 14