Code of Practice for Road Marking IRC:35-2015 PDF

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD MARKING IRC:35-2015 BY INDIAN ROAD CONGRESS SHWET RAHANE 2021BPLN031 TOPICS OF DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION ROAD MARKING MATERIALS COLOUR PATTERN FOR MARGIN CLASSIFICATION OF PAVEMENT MARKING MARKING OF ROAD LINKS MARKINGS FOR SPEED REDUCTION MEASURES, P...

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD MARKING IRC:35-2015 BY INDIAN ROAD CONGRESS SHWET RAHANE 2021BPLN031 TOPICS OF DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION ROAD MARKING MATERIALS COLOUR PATTERN FOR MARGIN CLASSIFICATION OF PAVEMENT MARKING MARKING OF ROAD LINKS MARKINGS FOR SPEED REDUCTION MEASURES, PEDESTRIAN CROSSING & CYCLISTISTS PARKING ROAD STUD MARKING FOR AT-GRADE INTERSECTION PERFORMANCE ASSESMENT AND MONITERING  INTRODUCTION Road markings are defined as lines, patterns, words except road signs which are applied or attached to the carriageway or kerbs or to objects within or adjacent to the carriageway for controlling, warning, guiding and informing the road users. The objective of this code is to establish uniform system for road markings in India to provide guidance, procedures and recommendation on the type of road markings. The markings serve as a psychological barrier and thus help to signify the delineation of traffic path and its lateral clearance from traffic hazards facilitating safe movement. Unlike road signs, the road markings are not likely to be obscured and are not pruned to vandalism. ROAD MARKING MATERIALS  THE COMMONLY USED MATERIALS FOR ROAD MARKINGS ARE: 1.THERMOPLASTIC COMPOUND 2.SOLVENT BORNE AND WATERBORNE ROAD MARKING PAINTS Thermoplastic Markings Thermoplastic is the most commonly used pavement marking material on roadways and is a mixture of plasticizer and resins that serves to hold all of the other ingredients together. The thermoplastics hot applied in molten state adheres to pavement and get solidified immediately at the ambient temperature. Thermoplastic markings possess fast drying time and are highly durable. The service life of one application of thermoplastic can be upto 2 to 3 years, depending on traffic volumes Solventborne and Waterborne Road Marking Paints Road marking paints are oldest form of pavement marking materials. It can be used for temporary work zone markings. The solvent-based and water-based are the two types of road marking paints : 1.Water-based paint is environmentally friendly and is easier to handle compared to solvent based paints and pose less safety hazards to workers. 2.The road surface painted with water based paints can be opened to traffic quicker than the road surface painted with solvent based paints.  OTHER SPECIAL MATERIALS Cold Applied Plastics Cold applied plastic is more durable than thermoplastic markings in retaining the original color and luminance values. It can be applied to the surface in a variety of ways with a superior finishing and has no need of large application equipment and can be easily carried in a medium sized van and a trailer. Preformed Adhesive Tapes Preformed tapes are available in continuous rolls of various lengths and widths. It is designed to provide service life of 3 to 6 months depending upon the wear and durability factor. The provision of preformed tapes would entail high initial cost than the other forms of road marking application, but would offer more service life in locations with high traffic volumes and are suitable for those locations that require frequent replacement of pavement markings. Preformed tapes are also used for object markings and also for transverse lines in high-traffic areas COLOUR PATTERN FOR MARKINGS  RED/ WHITE YELLOW BLUE GREEN PURPLE Because of the The longitudinal The blue colour The green colour Where multiple road visibility and good marking in yellow should be used to should be deployed users are sharing contrast against the colour should be indicate new and to distinguish the the road space on road surface, the used to convey special markings bicycle and non- hazardous locations, white colour should message where it is which are not motorised transport the red colour be widely used for not permitted to conventional. facilities provided on marking is primarily road markings. cross the markings. the road. used to help people Blue is the colour of understand the Yellow colour is also public transportation When dedicated used to show parking including three non-motorized lanes danger restrictions and to wheelers, scooter are built, a special impose other traffic and rickshaws. green cycle boxes control should also be used. CLASSIFICATION OF PAVEMENT MARKING  Longitudinal Marking (LM) Transverse Markings (TM) The longitudinal marking are generally The marking provided across the carriageway provided along the traffic movement. The for traffic control with broken lines, single/ broken lines, single/double continuous lines double continuous lines such as Stop marking and and continuity lines. Give way marking. Hazard Marking (HM) The pavement marking that facilitating traffic merging/diverging, prohibiting to cross-over and to deflect the traffic ahead of hazardous situations.  Block Marking (BM) Arrow Marking (AM) Facility Marking (FM) The zebra crossing for The arrows painted on The marking for pedestrians, triangular and carriageway are meant to give parking, the word checkered marking for speed direction for driver. messages for buses, breakers and Giveway symbol. cyclists and disabled ones MARKING FOR ROAD LINKS  Center Line The center lines should be used only on single carriageway roads to separate the opposite streams of traffic and to facilitate their movements. Normal Traffic Lane Lines Warning The carriageway having two or more in one direction are divided into separate lanes by traffic lane line marking for vehicles to move in proper lanes and to discourage the meandering tendency of the drivers. No Overtaking  No Overtaking Lines No overtaking zones shall be established on summit curves, horizontal curves and elsewhere on two and three lane highways where overtaking manoeuvring must be prohibited because of restricted sight distances or other hazardous conditions. Border or Edge Lines The border or edge lines are intended to indicate end of the carriageways and thus help to delineate the limits up to which driver can safely venture.  Longitudinal Marking for Undivided Roads The centre line markings used for normal sections are 3 m Mark + 6 m Gap.. When it entered into warning section, it shall be 6 m Mark + 3 m Gap and continues as single on no-overtaking section. Longitudinal Marking for Divided Roads The centre line markings used for normal sections are 3 m Mark + 6 m Gap. When it entered into warning section, it shall be 3 m Mark + 3 m Gap and continues as single on no-overtaking section.  MARKINGS FOR SPEED REDUCTION MEASURES, PEDESTRIAN CROSSING & CYCLISTS Markings on Speed Breakers Thermoplast Bar Marking The markings on speed Each strip of thermoplastic breakers are necessary to strip shall be of 5 mm high. warn driver about the Each strip of 300 mm shall hazard ahead in advance. be set apart by 600 mm For better night time and one set shall comprise visibility, the marking shall of 6 strips. be made with retro reflective and reinforced with road studs. Bicycle Lane Marking Pedestrian Crossings The minimum width of If pedestrian crossing length is the cycle track shall more than 10.5 m in one go, there be 1.5 m and shall be 2 shall be Refuge Island in between m where the cycle of at least 1.2 m width to serve as traffic is heavy shelter place. The width of the crossing generally lies between 2 m to 4 m. PARKING Parking Spaces The limitation in parking space on urban roads warrants efficient use of the parking spaces. On-Road Parking The markings shall be solid white lines of 100 mm wide. The word “TAXI”, “CARS”, “SCOOTERS”, “AUTO-RICKSHAWS”, etc, may also be written if the parking area is specific for any particular type of vehicles. Off-Road Parking ROAD STUDS Retro-reflective studs are used to supplement The road studs to be placed on longitudinal/transverse reflectorized road broken longitudinal markings and it markings, which would improve visibility in night shall always be placed at the centre time and adverse weather conditions. of gap and shall never be upon the line segment or by the side of line segment The performance of road studs depends Uni-directional road studs shall be used on upon the amount of light from vehicle one directional carriageway of undivided head lamps reflected back towards the roads, one way street or slip roads. Bi- source directional road studs shall be used for two directional roads to delineate the centre line and edge line. Road studs are also used across the carriageway to serve as Speed Arrestor coupled with eschewing warning through the creation of the rumbling sensation to the user.  Red road studs are to be used to indicate that the edge of the Yellow road studs are to be used to carriageway indicate the lane Green road studs are to White road studs are to be employed to indicate indicate traffic lane line crossable edge line and centre of carriageway MARKINGS FOR AT-GRADE INTERSECTIONS Carriageway markings within and in The type of carriageway marking the neighbourhood of an for a particular intersection intersection depends on speed characteristics would ensure orderly movement of of traffic and availability of traffic. space. The choice of layout for a particular The precise layout may be location depends upon the adjusted to suit the design of conditions at site. intersection under consideration. At-grade intersection, marking involves The markings for the i) Marking for Traffic Control various intersections ii) Lane Demarcating Markings types illustrated in iii) Diagonal & Chevron Markings this section are iv) Directional Arrow Markings and Word typical only. messages v) Hatch Markings/Ghost Island vi) Prohibitory Markings vii) Pedestrian crossings  Simple T Junction The Simple junction is a T or staggered junction without any ghost or physical island both in major and minor side road. If the main road has visibility If the forward visibility is clear problems due to horizontal or enough, the broken centre line vertical geometry or any other can be continued, but would be external factors, centre line shall be warning centre line at junction provided with no overtaking influence area.  Skew or Y-Junction The skew or Y-Junction is a layout in which a side road approaches the main road at oblique angle. By virtue of geometry, a triangular island can be catered and thereby side road traffic would be made to align at nearly perpendicular to the main carriageway by which safety can be enhanced substantially. If the forward visibility is clear enough, If the main road has visibility issues due to the broken centre line can be continued, horizontal or vertical geometry or other external but would be warning centre line. factors, centre line shall be no overtaking.  Ghost Island Junction It is an at-grade junction in which an area of the carriageway will be made with pavement markings to direct the traffic movement as well as it would give a shelter lane for right turning movement. Wide paved area generally will provoke drivers to move recklessly and hence hatch markings will cause the drivers to confine within the required space as well to avoid the accidents by hitting raised islands. The desirable width of turning lane is 3.5 m but The width of the Ghost Island at urban junctions it is advantageous to use should be between 2.5 m and wider turning lane not exceeding 5 m so that the 3.5 m and not less than 2.5 m right turning vehicle can have some shelter. in any case.  Dual Carriageway Junctions The standard layout for right turns on dual carriageway is shown in Figure. The through lanes should maintain its width throughout the carriageway and be separated from the right turn lane with broken markings.  Signalised Intersection At the signal controlled junctions, the Stop lines should be laid as near as possible to intersection keeping in mind the need of the pedestrians. At the place near the intersection and Care should be taken that driver can have approaches, appropriate arrow should be uninterrupted view of at least one signal marked to show the turning lane Lane lines should also be marked so that maximum available space of the carriageway could be marked  Roundabout The general rule governing the behaviour of traffic at roundabout is that drivers should give way to any traffic on their immediate right. The conventional roundabouts always operate based on the priority from right rule and shall be adhered. The traffic from approach road while entering into circulatory carriageway shall ensure the priority of those vehicles already in the circulatory carriageway Signalised Roundabout Double Roundabout Signalled roundabouts have Double roundabout will be required in traffic signal on one or more situations where in the number of roads approach arms. stop are meeting and are not possible to line should be laid at right handle them in one big roundabout. angled to carriageway edge. In a double roundabout ,the two Lane markings should be provided on roundabouts shall function as the circulatory path of the standalone roundabouts and by roundabout lane marking and will so doing it will enhance safety and improve the road space on the capacity roundabout and guide the driver for its smooth movement. Lane markings will act as a major tool in reducing the incidence of the side swipe of the circulating traffic as well as collision between entering and circulating traffic  Double Roundabout Signalised Roundabout  Basically objects within / adjacent to the carriageway are physical obstructions which constitute a serious hazard to the traffic flow and shall be adequately marked. The objective of delineating such objects is to Typical obstructions adjacent/near to the make those objects more visible during the carriageway are continuous raised kerbs night time for facilitating safe driving and at the edge of carriageway, culvert head walls, thereby taking the measures towards the subway abutments and piers, electrical poles, prevention/avoidance of collision of vehicles sign posts, signal supports, trees, guard rails and with the objects. stones. Physical obstructions present on the road can Typical obstructions within carriageway are be classified under two categories namely, monuments, raised channelizing islands, central island and central median, underpass i) Objects within carriageway structures such as piers, abutments and their ii) Objects adjacent / near to carriageway restricted vertical clearance based on the location of such objects on the roadway. Markings for Objects within the Carriageway On the face of obstructions (underpass pier, abutment, restricted vertical clearance) located within the carriageway shall be marked by not less than six alternate black and yellow stripes sloping downward at an angle of 45 degrees towards traffic. The diagonal stripes shall be uniform and its width shall not be less than 300 mm Markings for Objects adjacent to Carriageway The objects of subway piers, abutments and culvert head walls that are not in the roadway including paved shoulder shall be marked with at least six alternate black and white stripes sloping down at an angle of 45 degrees towards the traffic PERFORMANCE ASSESMENT AND MONITERING In this section, the level of performance It also describes the assessment required to govern the quality of the road mechanism for various marking is discussed. performance characteristics. The performance of the white road markings is based on daytime visibility, nighttime visibility and wear durability Daytime visibility It corresponds to how drivers can view the marking from distance (30 m) Nighttime visibility Night time line visibility is a result from vehicle headlamps being retroreflected back to the source (the driver) at a very narrow observation angle. This ultimately facilitates in the proper visibility of the pavement markings during night time to the driver. Daytime visibility Nighttime visibility Wear Durability Assessment of the degree of wear is measured as a percentage of the area remaining intact of the high performance pavement marking. Pavement marking systems demonstrate different wear profiles. Some pavement marking systems wear out faster corresponding with the traffic operation while others tend to exhibit the phenomenon of staying intact for a longer time with the pavement surface depending up on its wearing resistance. Below 70 % intact Above 90 % intact THANK YOU