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Section 2: You may not turn right on red if signs are posted at the intersection that read “No Turn on Red,” or if a red arrow...
Section 2: You may not turn right on red if signs are posted at the intersection that read “No Turn on Red,” or if a red arrow pointing to the right is displayed. Signals, Signs and Left turn on red: You may turn left at a red light if you are on Pavement Markings a one-way street and turning left onto another one-way street while the traffic signal displays a red light. Before turning, you must come to a complete stop. Look both ways and yield the right-of-way to pedestrians and other traffic. Be sure to check for less visible vehicles such as motorcycles, bicycles, and mopeds. You may not turn left on red if signs are posted at the intersection that read “No Turn on Red,” or if a red arrow pointing to the left is displayed. Red arrow: A red arrow means you must stop if you intend to move in the direction of the arrow. You may not proceed in the direction of the arrow as long as the red arrow is displayed, unless signs are posted at the intersection that read “Right on Red Arrow After Stop” or “Left on Red Arrow After Stop.” Virginia law prohibits right and left turns at red arrow lights. Note: If you are traveling in another state, make sure you know In this section you’ll learn about: its laws for right and left turns at red and red arrow lights. Traffic signals Traffic signs Flashing red light: At a flashing red light, come to a complete stop and yield to oncoming Pavement markings vehicles and pedestrians. You may go when the Painted curbs way is clear. At a railroad crossing, you must come to a complete stop even if you don’t see a train. Flashing red arrow: At a flashing red arrow, come to a complete stop, yield the right-of-way to vehicles coming from Traffic signals, signs and the other direction and pedestrians in the intersection, and pavement markings are used for traffic proceed in the direction of the arrow when the way is clear. control to provide a smooth, orderly flow of traffic. It is important to understand and obey them. It is illegal to avoid Yellow light or arrow: A yellow these traffic controls by cutting through a parking lot or field. light or arrow are cautions warning that the light is about to change. Obey all signs and signals unless directed by a police officer; If you have not entered the always follow the officer’s direction. intersection, stop; or, if unsafe to stop, cautiously go through it. If Traffic Signals you are already in the intersection, go through it cautiously. Traffic signals apply to drivers, motorcycle riders, bicyclists, Do not speed up to beat the light. moped-riders and pedestrians. Flashing yellow light: A flashing yellow light Red light: At a red light, come to a complete stop means slow down and proceed with caution. at the stop line or, if there is no stop line, before Flashing yellow lights are at locations with entering the intersection or before reaching the higher-than-normal hazardous conditions. crosswalk. Remain stopped as long as the signal is red, unless turns are allowed. Flashing yellow arrow: At a flashing yellow arrow, you may turn in the direction of the arrow, if the way is clear. Yield Right turn on red: You may turn right while the traffic signal the right-of-way to vehicles coming from the other direction displays a red light. Before turning, you must come to a and pedestrians in the intersection. Be sure to check for less complete stop. Look both ways and yield the right-of-way to visible vehicles such as motorcycles, bicycles, and mopeds. If pedestrians and other traffic. Be sure to check for less visible a traffic light changes from red to flashing yellow arrow while a vehicles such as motorcycles, bicycles and mopeds. pedestrian is in the intersection, allow the pedestrian to cross the street before turning. V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L | 5 Section 2: Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings Green light or arrow: At a green light, you may go if the way Traffic Signs is clear. At a green arrow, you may go in the direction of the arrow if the way is clear. If you The color and shape of a traffic sign communicates are turning without a green arrow, important information about the sign’s message. In poor you must yield the right-of-way visibility conditions, such as heavy fog, you may be able to to vehicles coming from the other make out only the shape of a sign. As you approach a sign and direction and pedestrians in the while still distant, you may see the color long before you can intersection. Be sure to check for read the message or see the symbol, giving you some advance less visible vehicles such as motorcycles, bicycles, and mopeds. information. If a traffic light changes from red to green while a pedestrian is in the street, allow the pedestrian to cross the street before Sign Colors turning. Sign colors help you know what the intention of the sign is. Out of service signals: When traffic signals are not working Red used with white conveys stop, yield, do not, and no. Stop because of a power outage or other problem and not displaying signs, yield signs, do not enter or wrong way signs, the circle any lights, you are required to stop, proceeding through the and slash in a no turn sign, and the restrictions in a parking sign intersection as though it were an all-way stop. This does not are examples. apply if a law enforcement officer or other authorized person is directing traffic at the intersection, or if portable stop signs are in Black used with white conveys regulatory information. Speed use. limit, do not pass, no turns are examples where the operation is regulated by law and the black and white sign would be found. Lane use signals indicate lanes where you can and cannot drive during different hours of the day. Yellow used with black conveys a warning. Curve ahead, stop ahead, overhead clearances, slippery when wet, are all Red X: Never drive in a lane marked with examples. A specialized class of warning signs uses a strong a red X signal. yellow/green color with black to advise of school zone, pedestrian and/or bicyclist activities. Yellow X or Yellow Diagonal Green and white, blue and white, and brown and white signs Downward Arrow: These signals are used to provide helpful information. The green sign is used mean that you should move out to provide destination types of information, while the blue sign of the lane as soon as safely is used to inform regarding motorists services. The brown sign is possible. used to advise of historical or cultural interests that might exist in the area. Green Arrow: You are permitted to drive in a lane marked with a green arrow signal. Orange and black and pink and black signs are used to advise and warn in construction (orange) and incident (pink) areas. They are used with black and white signs that convey Left-turn Arrow: You are permitted to enter in a regulations that might exist only because of the construction lane marked with a one-way or effort or the incident. two-way arrow only to turn in the Sign Shapes direction of the arrow. Octagon (Stop): This eight-sided shape always means stop. You Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons must come to a complete stop (PHBs): PHBs appear over intersections without stoplights and at the sign, stop line, pedestrian alert drivers when pedestrians are at crosswalk or curb. Wait for any a crosswalk. One yellow light at the vehicle or pedestrian to clear the way. At some intersections bottom flashes when a pedestrian you’ll find a sign beneath the stop sign that reads “All Way” or activates the PHB. Next, the yellow “4 Way.” At these intersections all vehicles on all roads leading light turns solid to alert drivers to into the intersection must stop. If you get to the intersection prepare to stop. Then, the top two at the same time as other vehicles, the driver on the left must red lights on the PHB turn solid yield to the driver on the right. while a walk signal appears at the crosswalk, and drivers must stop. Triangle (Yield): You must Lastly, while the walk signal counts slow down as you come to the down for the pedestrians, the PHB’s two red lights alternate intersection. Be prepared to stop. flashing, telling the driver that if the crosswalk is now clear, they Let any vehicles, pedestrians or may proceed with caution. bicyclists safely pass before you proceed. 6 | V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L Section 2: Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings Rectangle (Regulatory or Guide): No Right Turn: Right turns are illegal. Do not Vertical signs generally give make a right turn when you see this sign. instructions or tell you the law. Horizontal signs may give directions or information. No U-Turn: U-turns are illegal. Do not make Diamond (Warning): These signs warn a U-turn when you see this sign. you of special conditions or hazards ahead. Slow down and drive with caution. Be ready to stop. Pentagon (School Zone/School Crossing): No Turn on Red: You may not turn on the This five-sided shape marks red light. Wait for the signal to turn green. school zones and warns you about school crossings. Two signs may be used together to show the actual location of the crosswalk. Do Not Pass: This sign marks the beginning of a no passing zone. You may not pass cars ahead of you in your lane, even if the way is Regulatory signs inform you of the law; clear. you must obey their instructions. Remember that a red circle with a slash means NO — the symbol inside the circle tells you what is Left Turn Yield on Green: This sign is used prohibited. with a traffic signal. It tells you that the traffic turning left at a green light does not have the Speed Limit: These signs tell you the maximum legal speed right-of-way and must yield to traffic coming that you may drive on the road where the sign is posted when from the other direction. Stop and look for weather conditions are good. Some roads oncoming traffic, then proceed with caution. have electronic speed limit signs that change based on weather or traffic conditions. During rain, snow and ice, you may receive a ticket Keep Right: A traffic island, median or barrier is for driving too fast for the conditions even ahead. Keep to the side indicated by the arrow. if you are driving at or less than the posted speed limit. Do Not Enter – Wrong Way: These signs mean you cannot Lane Use Control: These drive in that direction. If you drive past these signs are used where turns are signs you are going in the required or where special turning wrong direction and could movements are permitted for get into a head-on crash with specific lanes. Traffic in the lane vehicles headed your way. must turn in the direction of Immediately slow down, pull the arrow. over, and cautiously turn around. High Occupancy Vehicle: These signs One Way: Traffic flows only indicate lanes reserved for buses and in the direction of the arrow. vehicles with a driver and one or more passengers as specified on the sign. Disabled Parking: Parking spaces marked with these signs are reserved for people with No Left Turn: Left turns are against the law. disabled parking permits. In Virginia, U-turns are considered as two left turns and are illegal if this sign is posted. V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L | 7 Section 2: Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings Warning signs alert you to possible hazards ahead. Slow Slippery When Wet: When pavement is down and watch for other pavement markings, signs, signals wet, reduce your speed. Do not brake hard or work zones that may follow. or change direction suddenly. Increase the distance between your car and the one ahead of you. Advisory Speed: This sign indicates the maximum safe speed for a highway exit. Low Clearance Sign: The overpass ahead has a low clearance. Do not proceed if your vehicle is taller than the height shown on the sign. Reduced Speed Limit Ahead: Prepare Hill: A steep grade is ahead. Check your to reduce your speed; the speed limit is brakes. changing ahead. Deer Crossing: Deer cross the roadway in this area. Slow down, be alert and be ready Stop Ahead/Yield Ahead: A stop to stop. sign or yield sign is ahead. Slow down and be ready to stop. Horse-Drawn Buggies: Regularly travel in this area. Slow down and don’t use the horn. State law requires motorists to pass with at least three feet of clearance when the way is clear. Signal Ahead: Traffic signals are ahead. Slow down and be ready to stop. Tractors and Farm Equipment: Regularly travel in this area. Be ready to slow down or No Passing Zone: This sign marks the stop. Only pass when the way is clear. beginning of a no passing zone. You may not pass cars ahead of you in your lane, even if the way is clear. Pedestrian Crossing: Watch for people entering a crosswalk or crossing your path. Slow down Merge: Two lanes of traffic moving in the same and be prepared to stop. A direction are about to become one. Drivers in second sign with an arrow may both lanes are responsible for merging safely. show the actual location of the crosswalk. Lane Reduction: The right lane ends soon. Bicycle Crossing/Bike Path: Drivers in the right lane must merge left when Bicycles regularly cross or ride space opens up. Drivers in the left lane should beside traffic in this area. Drive allow other vehicles to merge smoothly. with caution. A second sign with an arrow may show the actual location of the bike crossing. Divided Highway Begins: The highway ahead is split into two separate roadways by School Zone/School Crossing: a median or divider and each roadway is Watch out for children crossing one-way. Keep right. the street or playing. Be ready to slow down or stop. Obey speed limits and signals from any Divided Highway Ends: The highway ahead crossing guards. A second sign with no longer has a median or divider. Traffic goes an arrow may show the actual in both directions. Keep right. location of the sidewalk. Open Joints: Slow down. Open joints on bridges or ramps could cause a motorcyclist to lose control of the motorcycle. 8 | V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L Section 2: Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings Expansion Joints: This sign is used when a Winding Road: The road ahead winds with joint across lanes creates a bump or is wide a series of turns or curves. On all curves, slow enough to cause loss of traction in down for better control. wet weather. Low Ground Railroad Crossing: A steep Intersections: An intersection slope where the railroad tracks cross the road is ahead. Be alert for vehicles may cause the bottom of low vehicles to get entering the road on which you caught or drag on the tracks. are traveling. Railroad Crossing: Advance warning signs are placed before a railroad crossing. These Y Intersection: You must bear signs warn you to look, listen, slow down and either right or left ahead. be prepared to stop for trains or any vehicles using the rails. T Intersection: The roadway you are traveling Railroad Crossbuck: This sign is a warning of a on ends ahead at a stop sign. You must turn railroad crossing. Look, listen, slow down and right or left after yielding to oncoming traffic be prepared to stop for trains or any vehicles and pedestrians. using the rails. Trains may be approaching from either direction. If there is more than one track, trains may be approaching from either Roundabout: These signs indicate a circular direction on either track. intersection with an island in the center is ahead. Also called traffic circles, these Railroad Crossbuck and Flashing Lights: intersections may have one or more lanes. Flashing lights may be used with crossbuck Entering traffic must yield the right-of-way signs. Always stop when the light begins to to traffic already in the circle and travel in a flash and be alert for approaching trains. counter clockwise direction. Do not proceed until all trains or any other vehicles using the rails have passed, the tracks Right Curve – Side Road: The road ahead are clear, and the lights are no longer flashing. curves right and a side road joins from the Be especially alert at multi-track crossings left within the curve. Be alert for vehicles because a second train could be approaching entering the roadway you are traveling on. from the opposite direction. Crossbuck, Flashing Lights and Gate: Gates Sharp Right Turn: Slow down and be are used with flashing light signals at some prepared for a sharp right turn in the crossings. Stop when the lights begin to flash and road ahead. before the gate lowers. Remain stopped until the gates are raised and the lights stop flashing. Do not attempt to drive Sharp Right and Left Turns: Slow down around the lowered gate. and be prepared for the road ahead to turn sharply right, then left. Pavement markings, consisting of an X and RR, may be painted on the pavement Right and Left Curves: The road ahead at the approach to curves right, then left. Slow down. some crossings. When approaching railroad tracks, be alert. Trains may approach the Right Curve with Safe Speed Indicator: crossing at any time and The road ahead curves right. Slow down from either direction. to the safe speed indicated. Unless you can clear the tracks completely, never start across the tracks. Make sure there is room for your vehicle on the other side of the tracks before proceeding. V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L | 9 Section 2: Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings Note: School buses must always stop at railroad crossings, Flaggers: Flaggers are highway workers even when the lights are not flashing. who normally wear orange or yellow vests, or yellow-green shirts or jackets. If a dangerous condition exists at a rail crossing, call the They use STOP/SLOW paddles or red number listed on the emergency sign. flags to stop or direct traffic through the This will allow the rail company to work zone, and to let other workers or stop or reroute approaching rail traffic construction vehicles cross the road. until the hazard is removed. Be sure to give the posted crossing number Photo Speed Enforcement: This sign so that the hazard can be identified indicates that automated photo enforcement correctly. is in place for speeding in a work zone. Always obey the posted speed limit in a If your car work zone. stalls on the tracks, don’t Traffic Control Devices: hesitate. Get Barricades, vertical signs, concrete out of the car barriers, drums and cones are the most right away and common devices used to guide drivers run diagonally safely through work zones. When driving away from the near the devices, keep your vehicle in the tracks in the middle of the lane and obey the posted direction of speed limit. As you leave the work zone, the oncoming stay in your lane and maintain your speed. train. Don’t change lanes until you are completely clear of the work zone. In a work zone, the lives of highway workers depend on Message Boards: You may see portable or permanent message drivers like you obeying the posted speed limits and avoiding boards along roadways. They provide information about traffic, distractions. If you are convicted of exceeding the speed limit road, weather or other hazardous conditions. Always obey any in a highway work zone, you may be fined up to $500. If you directions posted on these message boards. For information are convicted of using a handheld communications device in about road conditions or road construction in advance of your a highway work zone, you will be fined $250. Remember, the trip, visit www.virginiadot.org, www.511virginia.org or call 511. color orange marks a work zone and means slow down and be alert. Rumble Strips Ahead signs warn motorists of black or orange strips placed across the travel lanes in advance of work zones, including a Rough Road, Bump, or Uneven Lanes: These signs are flagger or lane closure. Rumble strips should used when certain road conditions, such as loose gravel or be slowly driven over, not swerved around. road construction, affect the roadway surface and create Slow Moving Vehicles traveling at 25 MPH or less, potentially difficult such as farm equipment, horse-drawn vehicles conditions for or highway work vehicles, must display these motorists, especially signs when using a public highway. Be prepared motorcyclists. to adjust your speed or position when you see a vehicle with one of these signs. Road Construction Ahead – Detour: These signs indicate a change in the traffic pattern Pavement Markings or route ahead. Slow down. Unusual or potentially dangerous conditions are ahead. Road markings guide and warn drivers as well as regulate traffic. Markings may be red, yellow or white. They may be used alone or in combinations. Each has a different meaning. Flashing Arrow Boards: Large flashing arrow Red markings are generally not used; but, some communities boards or flashing message signs in work zones do use red curbs to indicate no parking zones. direct drivers to proceed into different traffic Red reflectors on the pavement show areas not to be entered lanes and inform them that part of the road or used. They are positioned on the road surface so that only ahead is closed. traffic flowing in the wrong direction would observe them. 10 | V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L Section 2: Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings Yellow center lines mean two-way traffic, flowing in Dotted white lines are actually small rectangles in a series opposite directions. where each is closely spaced to the next. They are used to show lane assignment in intersections and interchanges where there might otherwise be a tendency to drift out of a lane or an area of intended use. Often they are used to guide two Broken yellow center turning lanes through the intersection. Dotted white lines lines mean that passing are also used to denote the opening of a turn lane at an on the left is allowed in intersection and entrance/exit lanes at interchanges. either direction when the way ahead is clear. Many two-lane roads in Virginia do not have lane markings to separate the lanes. On an unmarked two-lane road, you may pass a slow moving vehicle on the left side if there are no signs prohibiting passing. Make sure that the way is clear. Solid white lines show turn lanes and discourage lane changes near intersections, interchange/on- and off-ramps, and at other locations where lane changes might be dangerous. Solid white A broken yellow line lines also mark alongside a solid yellow the right edge line means that passing is of pavement. allowed from the side of Arrows used the broken line, but not with white lines from the side of the solid indicate which line. turn may be made from the Vehicles on the solid yellow lane. Stop lines, line side may only cross the crosswalks and line to pass pedestrians, parking spaces bicyclists, and riders of scooters or skateboards, when the also are marked opposite lane is clear and you can pass safely. by white lines. Double solid yellow lines mark the center of the road White lane arrows are curved or straight. If you are in a and separate traffic traveling lane marked with a curved arrow or a curved arrow and the in two different directions. word ONLY, you must turn in the direction of the arrow. If Passing is not allowed in your lane is marked with both a curved and straight arrow, either direction. You may you may turn or go straight. not cross the lines unless you are making a left turn Double solid white lines separate lanes of traffic going in or passing pedestrians, the same direction. Most bicyclists, and riders of often they are used to scooters or skateboards, designate special use lane when the opposite lane is from conventional lanes, clear and you can pass safely. as when used to separate a High Occupancy Vehicle lanes from the other lanes of an expressway. You may not cross these lines. You may Broken white lines enter the designated special separate lanes of traffic use lane only where signs going in the same direction. and markings allow. You may change lanes with caution. V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L | 11 Section 2: Signals, Signs and Pavement Markings Yield line is a line of Bicycle boxes triangles extending across are painted the roadway that may be on the road at used with a yield sign to intersections. show the point at which They contain a you must yield or stop, if white bicycle necessary. A yield line is symbol. Bike often seen at the entrance boxes and of a roundabout. the bike lanes approaching and leaving the box may be painted green. Drivers must stop for a red On three-lane roads with traffic moving in both directions, traffic signal behind all bicycle boxes, not inside the box. road markings show when drivers may use the center lane for Bicycle riders will move into the box in front of drivers at making left turns or for passing. the intersection. Right turns on red are not allowed at these intersections. If turning right on a green light, drivers must If the center lane is marked by a single broken yellow line signal and yield to bicycles on the right. on both sides, drivers traveling in either direction may use the center lane for passing. High Occupancy Vehicles (HOV) lanes are marked on highways by a If both sides of the center diamond shape in the center of the lane are marked by a solid lane. HOV lanes may also be special yellow line and a broken lanes separated by a barrier or solid yellow line, drivers traveling double white lines. During in either direction may use heavy traffic periods, HOV the lane for making left turns. lanes are reserved for However, they may not travel buses, vanpools, carpools, further than 150 feet in this other high occupancy lane. vehicles, motorcycles, and certain clean special fuel vehicles. Road signs show A shared lane marking, or the minimum number of sharrow, consists of a bicycle passengers a vehicle must symbol with a double carry (excluding motorcycles chevron arrow above it and and clean fuel vehicles) to is used on travel lanes too use the HOV lanes and the times that HOV restrictions are in narrow for motor vehicles effect. If the lanes are separated by a barrier, they are reversible. and bicycles to share side-by- This means that during certain times of the day, traffic flows one side. Sharrows clarify where way. During other times of the day, traffic flows in the opposite bicyclists are encouraged to direction. A diamond-shaped marking may also indicate that ride in the lane and remind the lane is reserved for use as a bus lane. drivers to expect bicyclists on the road. Toll Plazas and Lanes All toll facilities in Virginia accept Bicycle lanes are indicated by a solid or payment using dashed white line or green pavement E-ZPass toll markings, and a bicyclist symbol. A bicycle transponders. lane is for the preferential use of bicyclists. Transponders Drivers should not drive in the bicycle lane allow drivers to except when necessary to turn left or right. pay electronically Before turning, check your mirrors for without having bicyclists that may be behind you and to stop to pay yield to bicycles in the lane. with cash. If you have a transponder, as you approach a toll plaza look for and follow signs with the purple E-ZPass logo. If you do not have a transponder, as you approach a toll plaza, look for and follow signs for cash only lanes. 12 | V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L Slow down as you approach toll plazas. Be extra cautious as you approach, enter, and depart toll plazas. There may be other drivers changing lanes and/or toll employees crossing the lanes. Section 3: Some toll roads have high speed lanes reserved for vehicles Safe Driving with E-ZPass transponders. Do not enter those lanes unless you have a transponder. However, if you do enter one of those lanes by mistake, do not stop. Stopping is unsafe and could cause a rear-end crash. Cameras will photograph the car’s license plate number and the registered vehicle’s owner will be billed for the toll. A painted curb means that you must follow special rules to park there. Check with the locality for specific meanings. Generally, the colors on the curb mean: White — Stop only long enough to pick up or drop off passengers. Yellow — Stop only long enough to load or unload. Stay with your car. Red — Do not stop, stand or park. Every time you get behind the wheel, you accept responsibility for your actions. You must obey Virginia’s traffic laws, and ensure the safety of you, your passengers, and other motorists, pedestrians and bicyclists on the roadways. In this section you’ll learn about: Hand Position Hand position Sit straight but relaxed and place your hands on the steering Speed limits wheel. If your steering wheel were a clock, your hands should Stopping be at the 8 o’clock and 4 o’clock positions. Hold the wheel Yielding the right-of-way with your fingers and thumbs. Avoid gripping it with your Roundabouts palms. Changing lanes Over-correcting Turning U-turns Turn signals Maintaining a space cushion Searching Blind spots Sharing the road Backing Parking Visibility Lights Hazardous conditions Dangerous driving behaviors Traffic crashes Deer hazards Traffic stops V I R G I N I A D R I V E R ’ S M A N U A L | 13
