Biomolecules Course Outcome 4 PDF

Biomolecules Course Outcome 4  DEFINITION OF TERMS BIOMOLECULES biological molecules organic compounds produced by cells or living organisms ORGANIC COMPOUNDS compounds composed of one or more carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to other atoms MACROMOLECULE large molecu...

Biomolecules Course Outcome 4  DEFINITION OF TERMS BIOMOLECULES biological molecules organic compounds produced by cells or living organisms ORGANIC COMPOUNDS compounds composed of one or more carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to other atoms MACROMOLECULE large molecules polymer composed of repeating monomer units  A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks. 3 SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN OF BIOMOLECULES DEHYDRATION/ CONDENSATION REACTION occurs when two or more monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule 4  SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN OF BIOMOLECULES HYDROLYSIS REACTION breakdown of molecules due to reaction with water 5 Polar Head An AMPHIPATHIC/amphiphil ic molecule Non- polar Tail  Acid Anhydride Bond High Energ y Bond Phosphorylate d Forms of Adenosine  Hydrolysis and Synthesis of ATP High Energ Acid Anhydride Bond y Energy Bond is release d FOUR CLASSES OF BIOMOLECULES 9  CARBOHYDRAT NUCLEIC ACIDS PROTEINS LIPIDS ES Slide 10 NUCLEIC ACIDS 11  NUCLEIC ACIDS biomolecules responsible for storing, expressing, and transmitting genetic information polymers of nucleotides The double-stranded DNA is the genetic information of ALL living things 13 Rosalind Franklin Maurice Wilkins James Watson (left) Francis Crick (right) 14 1962 Nobel Prize Winners James Maurice Rosalind Francis Crick Watson Wilkins Franklin Pentose Sugars one of the structural components that form the backbone of nucleic acids 16  Phosphate groups link the 3’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 5’ carbon of another nucleotide one of the structural components that form the backbone of nucleic acids Phosphoric Phosphate Acid 17 Phosphoric Acid 18 Nitrogenous bases forms the rungs (ladder) of nucleic acids In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil. 19 Nucleotides: PURINES 3. Nitrogenous bases PURINES 6-membered ring PYRIMIDINE S fused with a 5- Absent in membered ring Uracil PYRIMIDINES One 6-membered ring 20 Chargaff’s Rule of Nitrogenous A+G=T+C Base Pairing 22 DNA: Antiparallel Orientation The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. 23 Nitrogen 5-Carbon Nucleosi ous base sugar de Nitrogenous base Deoxyribos Deoxyribonucle (Adenine, e oside Guanine, (5-Carbon Cytosine, sugar) Found in DNA Thymine) Nitrogenous base (Adenine, Ribose Ribonucleoside Guanine, (5-Carbon Cytosine, sugar) Found in RNA Uracil) Nitrogenous base Deoxyribos Deoxyribonucle (Adenine, e oside Guanine, (5-Carbon Cytosine, sugar) Found in DNA Thymine) Deoxyribos Adeni e Deoxyadenosin ne (5-Carbon e sugar) Deoxyribos Guani e Deoxyguanosin e ne (5-Carbon sugar) Deoxyribos Cytosi e Deoxycytidine ne (5-Carbon sugar) Deoxyribos Thymi e Deoxythymidin ne (5-Carbon e sugar) Nitrogenous base (Adenine, Ribose Ribonucleoside Guanine, (5-Carbon Cytosine, sugar) Found in RNA Uracil) Adeni Ribose (5-Carbon Adenosin ne sugar) e Guani Ribose (5-Carbon Guanosi ne sugar) ne Cytosi Ribose ne (5-Carbon sugar) Cytidine Ribose Uracil (5-Carbon sugar) Uridine Nitrogen 5-Carbon Phosphat Nucleoti ous base sugar e Group de Nitrogenous base Deoxyribos Deoxyribonucle (Adenine, e Phosphat otide Guanine, monophosphate Cytosine, (5-Carbon e Group sugar) Found in DNA Thymine)  Deoxyribos Adeni e Phosphat Deoxyadenosine e Group monophosphate ne (5-Carbon sugar) The highlighted part is deoxyadenosine.  Deoxyribos Guani e Phosphat Deoxyguanosine e Group monophosphate ne (5-Carbon sugar) The highlighted part is deoxyguanosine.  Deoxyribos Cytosi e Phosphat Deoxycytidine e Group monophosphate ne (5-Carbon sugar) The highlighted part is deoxycytidine.  Deoxyribos Thymi e Phosphat Deoxythymidine e Group monophosphate ne (5-Carbon sugar) The highlighted part is deoxythymidine. Nitrogen 5-Carbon Phosphat Nucleoti ous base sugar e Group de Nitrogenous Ribonucleotid base Ribose Phosphat e (Adenine, Guanine, (5-Carbon e Group monophospha Cytosine, sugar) Uracil) te Found in RNA Adeni Ribose (5-Carbon Phosphat Adenosine e Group monophosphate ne sugar) The highlighted part is adenosine. Guani Ribose (5-Carbon Phosphat Guanosine e Group monophosphate ne sugar) The highlighted part is guanosine. Cytosi Ribose (5-Carbon Phosphat Cytidine e Group monophosphate ne sugar) The highlighted part is cytidine.  Ribose Phosphat Uridine Uracil (5-Carbon sugar) e Group monophosphate The highlighted part is uridine. Nitrogenous base (Adenine, Ribose Phosphat Ribonucleotide (5-Carbon Guanine, e Group Found in RNA Cytosine, sugar) Thymine) Adeni Ribose (5-Carbon Phosphat Adenosine e Group monophosphate ne sugar) Guani Ribose (5-Carbon Phosphat Guanosine e Group monophosphate ne sugar) Cytosi Ribose (5-Carbon Phosphat Cytidine e Group monophosphate ne sugar) Ribose Phosphat Uridine Uracil (5-Carbon sugar) e Group monophosphate Phosphoric Acid Phosphate 43 Nucleotides: monomer units in nucleic acids 44 PROTEINS 46  PROTEINS polymers of amino acids Carboxylic Acid Group COOH  Alpha Carbon Amino Carboxylic Group Acid Group Residue (Side chain)  Amino Acids Amino acids differ from one another because of their respective side chains. These side chains are H H vital in a protein’s chemical properties, structure, and functions. Essential Amino Acids 50  Polypeptide s When amino acids are linked covalently by peptide bonds, a polypeptide is formed. Proteins are made of one or more polypeptide chains. 51 Polypeptides 52 PROTEIN STRUCTU RE AND FUNCTIO N PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is based on the specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA. A simple change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA can greatly affect the amino acid sequence of a protein. Protein structure determines its function. It depends on the specific sequence of amino acids. Hence, when the sequence changes, the structure and the function of the protein will also change. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: A change in primary structure Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder in which there is not enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the different parts of the body. PROTEIN DENATURATION The structure of proteins can also change due to several factors. Changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors can cause a protein to denature and become inactive. 57 PROTEIN FUNCTIONS Protein have various functions depending on their type. Enzymes Structural Proteins Motility Proteins Regulatory Proteins Transport Proteins Hormonal Proteins Receptor Proteins Defensive Proteins