Biomolecules Course Outcome 4 PDF

Biomolecules Course Outcome 4  DEFINITION OF TERMS BIOMOLECULES biological molecules organic compounds produced by cells or living organisms ORGANIC COMPOUNDS compounds composed of one or more carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to other atoms MACROMOLECULE large molecule...

Biomolecules Course Outcome 4  DEFINITION OF TERMS BIOMOLECULES biological molecules organic compounds produced by cells or living organisms ORGANIC COMPOUNDS compounds composed of one or more carbon and hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to other atoms MACROMOLECULE large molecules polymer composed of repeating monomer units  A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks. 3 SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN OF BIOMOLECULES DEHYDRATION/CONDENSATION REACTION occurs when two or more monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule 4  SYNTHESIS AND BREAKDOWN OF BIOMOLECULES HYDROLYSIS REACTION breakdown of molecules due to reaction with water 5 Polar Head An AMPHIPATHIC/amphiphilic molecule Non- polar Tail  Hydrolysis and Synthesis of ATP High Acid Anhydride Bond Energy Bond Energy is released  Acid Anhydride Bond High Energy Bond Phosphorylated Forms of Adenosine FOUR CLASSES OF BIOMOLECULES 9 NUCLEIC ACIDS PROTEINS CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS Slide 10 NUCLEIC ACIDS 11  NUCLEIC ACIDS biomolecules responsible for storing, expressing, and transmitting genetic information polymers of nucleotides The double-stranded DNA is the genetic information of ALL living things Rosalind Franklin Maurice Wilkins 13 14 James Watson Francis Crick Maurice Wilkins Rosalind Franklin Pentose Sugars one of the structural components that form the backbone of nucleic acids 17 Phosphate groups link the 3’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 5’ carbon of another nucleotide one of the structural components that form the backbone of nucleic acids Phosphate Phosphoric Acid 18 Phosphoric Acid 19 Nitrogenous bases forms the rungs (ladder) of nucleic acids In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil. 20 Nucleotides: PURINES 3. Nitrogenous bases PURINES 6-membered ring PYRIMIDINES fused with a 5- Absent in membered ring Uracil PYRIMIDINES One 6-membered ring 21 Chargaff’s Rule of Nitrogenous Base A+G=T+C Pairing 23 DNA: Antiparallel Orientation The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions. 24 Nitrogenous 5-Carbon base sugar Nucleoside Nitrogenous base Deoxyribonucleoside (Adenine, Guanine, Deoxyribose Cytosine, Thymine) (5-Carbon sugar) Found in DNA Nitrogenous base Ribonucleoside (Adenine, Guanine, Ribose Cytosine, Uracil) (5-Carbon sugar) Found in RNA  Nitrogenous base Deoxyribonucleoside (Adenine, Guanine, Deoxyribose Cytosine, Thymine) (5-Carbon sugar) Found in DNA Deoxyribose Adenine (5-Carbon sugar) Deoxyadenosine Deoxyribose Guanine (5-Carbon sugar) Deoxyguanosine Deoxyribose Cytosine (5-Carbon sugar) Deoxycytidine Deoxyribose Thymine (5-Carbon sugar) Deoxythymidine  Nitrogenous base Ribonucleoside (Adenine, Guanine, Ribose Cytosine, Uracil) (5-Carbon sugar) Found in RNA Ribose Adenine (5-Carbon sugar) Adenosine Ribose Guanine (5-Carbon sugar) Guanosine Cytosine Ribose (5-Carbon sugar) Cytidine Ribose Uracil (5-Carbon sugar) Uridine Nitrogenous 5-Carbon Phosphate sugar Group Nucleotide base Nitrogenous base Deoxyribonucleotide Deoxyribose Phosphate (Adenine, Guanine, monophosphate Cytosine, Thymine) (5-Carbon sugar) Group Found in DNA  Deoxyribose Phosphate Deoxyadenosine Adenine (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate The highlighted part is deoxyadenosine.  Deoxyribose Phosphate Deoxyguanosine Guanine (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate The highlighted part is deoxyguanosine.  Deoxyribose Phosphate Deoxycytidine Cytosine (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate The highlighted part is deoxycytidine.  Deoxyribose Phosphate Deoxythymidine Thymine (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate The highlighted part is deoxythymidine. Nitrogenous 5-Carbon Phosphate sugar Group Nucleotide base Nitrogenous base Phosphate Ribonucleotide Ribose (Adenine, Guanine, (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate Cytosine, Uracil) Found in RNA  Ribose Phosphate Adenosine Adenine (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate The highlighted part is adenosine.  Ribose Phosphate Guanosine Guanine (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate The highlighted part is guanosine.  Ribose Phosphate Cytidine Cytosine (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate The highlighted part is cytidine.  Ribose Phosphate Uridine Uracil (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate The highlighted part is uridine.  Nitrogenous base Ribose Phosphate Ribonucleotide (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine) (5-Carbon sugar) Group Found in RNA Ribose Phosphate Adenosine Adenine (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate Ribose Phosphate Guanosine Guanine (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate Ribose Phosphate Cytidine Cytosine (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate Ribose Phosphate Uridine Uracil (5-Carbon sugar) Group monophosphate Phosphoric Acid Phosphate 44 Nucleotides: monomer units in nucleic acids 45 PROTEINS 47  PROTEINS polymers of amino acids Carboxylic Acid Group COOH  Amino Acids Amino acids differ from one another because of their respective side chains. These side chains are vital in a protein’s chemical properties, structure, and functions. Essential Amino Acids 50  Polypeptides When amino acids are linked covalently by peptide bonds, a polypeptide is formed. Proteins are made of one or more polypeptide chains. 51 Polypeptides 52  PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is based on the specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA. A simple change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA and RNA can greatly affect the amino acid sequence of a protein. Protein structure determines its function. It depends on the specific sequence of amino acids. Hence, when the sequence changes, the structure and the function of the protein will also change.  SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: A change in primary structure Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder in which there is not enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the different parts of the body. PROTEIN DENATURATION The structure of proteins can also change due to several factors. Changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors can cause a protein to denature and become inactive. 57  PROTEIN FUNCTIONS Protein have various functions depending on their type. Enzymes Structural Proteins Motility Proteins Regulatory Proteins Transport Proteins Hormonal Proteins Receptor Proteins Defensive Proteins