The Construction Process PDF

The Construction Process Construction Stage – Inspectors are often Project Planning – sets the project foundations present at the construction site to facilitate the by base-lining the proje...

The Construction Process Construction Stage – Inspectors are often Project Planning – sets the project foundations present at the construction site to facilitate the by base-lining the project scope, schedule, work in progress. quality standards, objectives, and goals. Need for Materials with Various Qualities Working Drawings – The engineer or architect will prepare working drawings showing the Footing - concrete, steel reinforcement, details of the completed project. waterproofing membrane Specifications – set of documented Basement floor – concrete, rebar, requirements to be satisfied by a material, waterproofing membrane, polyethylene vapor design, product, or service. barrier, epoxy coating 2 Types of Construction Contract Basement wall – concrete or concrete blocks, rebar, waterproofing membrane, corrosion- Lump Sum – requires the contractor to estimate resistant coating all of the material quantities, installation, labor, and equipment costs to complete the project. Other Floor and Ceiling – concrete slab, wood or steel beams, plywood or concrete panels, Unit Price – the contractor calculates cost vapor barrier or insulation, finishing materials factors for each material quantity unit as well as overhead and profit values. Outside Wall – structural frame, concrete block, insulation, exterior finishing - Therefore they make provisions for quantity changes because the Partition – wood or steel stud, gypsum board, contractor will base the bid price on mineral wool or fiberglass insulation the owner’s estimate of material quantities. Roof – roof decking, trusses or rafters, insulation, waterproofing roofing membrane, Project Safety – requirements are based on roofing shingles for tiles Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) laws. Selecting Materials - The contractor will also be required Designer – responsible for selection of all to keep a Manufacturer’s Safety construction materials to achieve the desired Data Sheet (MSDS) for all products performance within the budget cost and tools used on the project. Maintenance - includes such operations as Construction Scheduling – allows the cleaning, preventing, and repairing corrosion contractor to deploy resources such as damage, and replacing damaged material personnel, money, equipment, and materials. Material Specifications – are detailed Materials – common materials used in documents or guidelines that describe the construction as wood, asphalt, stone, sand, and characteristics, properties of materials used in a manufactured materials such as concrete specific project. hollow blocks, rebar, plywood, etc. Closed / Proprietary Specifications – Identifies Suppliers / Vendors - those who supply specific products with no allowable materials partially or fully built. substitutions. Open Specification – will name a proprietary Energy Efficiency – minimize energy usage product but allow substitutions by adding the during material production (ex: low-carbon phase “or approved equal”. concrete) Performance Specification – if the designer Durability and Longevity – use materials with a specifies performance in terms of appearance, long lifespan to reduce replacement frequency. strength, corrosion resistance, and other (ex: high-performance concrete, weather- features. resistant metals) End-of-Life Management – materials that can be easily recycled or safely decomposed (ex: The process of selection may include the biodegradable composites, modular design following steps: elements) 1. Analysis of the problem (e.g., Sustainable Materials Examples performance required, useful life required, allowable cost, and  Bamboo – used for scaffolding and maintenance expense). flooring  Recycled Aggregates – reused concrete FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF and masonry waste MATERIALS:  Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) - COST alternative to steel and concrete, - AESTHETICS reducing carbon footprints - WEATHER / CLIMATE  Geopolymer Concrete – uses industrial - POPULARITY by products like fly ash instead of - AVAILABILITY cement  Green Insulation – made from recycled 2. Comparison of available materials or paper, wool, or hemp, for thermal products with the criteria of step. performance 3. Design or selection of type of Environmental Benefits material, size, shape, finish, method of preserving, and method of fastening in Reduced Carbon Emissions - Lower embodied place. energy in materials leads to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Life Cycle Cost Analysis – method used tp evaluate the total cost of owning, operating, Waste Reduction - Recycling and repurposing maintaining, and disposing of a material, or minimize construction and demolition waste. system over its entire life span. Energy Savings - Improved thermal properties Sustainability of construction Materials – in sustainable materials lower operational essential for reducing this impact, promoting energy needs. energy efficiency, and addressing climate Challenges and Opportunities - change. Challenges Principles of Sustainability in - Higher initial costs. Construction Materials - Limited availability in some regions. Resource Efficiency - use renewable and recycled materials (ex: recycled steel, reclaimed - Lack of awareness or expertise in sustainable wood) practices. Opportunities Vicat Apparatus – used to test the consistency and settling time of cement, mortar, and - Innovations in material science (e.g., carbon- concrete. negative concrete). Electric Oven – uses electricity to heat a - Government incentives for sustainable chamber for drying or curing. construction. Shovel – used to move loose materials like dirt, - Growing demand for eco-friendly buildings in snow, and coal. urban planning. Trowel – bricklayers mix and work with mortar Various Types of Equipment and Tools for using it. Laboratory and Field Testing Wheelbarrows – used to transport heavy loads. Sieve Set – used to separate solids based on their size. Hydraulic Jack – uses hydraulic fluid to lift heavy loads. Balance – weighing test materials and sampling amounts, formulation, and density Funnel – used to direct liquid or powder into determination. tiny hole. Graduated Beaker – indicate the volume of First aid Kit – medical kits for workers liquid it holds Calculator – electronic device for performance of mathematical operations Slump Cone – test the consistency of fresh concrete. - Also known as an Abrams cone Hydrometer – measures the specific gravity of liquids, comparing their density to water density. Universal Testing Machine – may apply transverse, compressive, or tensile stress to a test specimen Concrete Mixer – machine used in construction to mix cement, water and etc. Pressure Gauge – measures the pressure of a liquid or gas within a system Tamping Rod – used to tamp fresh concrete into cylinder molds and slump cones to eliminate voids and excess air. Thermometer – measures temperature Vibrator – shakes concrete to remove air bubbles