Understanding the Self: Physiological Aspect - NU Fairview PDF

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Course Material No. 6 Jigo Rafael Catamio, MAEd, RGC Course Instructor 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW Physiological Aspect of...

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Course Material No. 6 Jigo Rafael Catamio, MAEd, RGC Course Instructor 2 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW Physiological Aspect of the Self 6 LEARNING OUTCOMES Here’s what I will teach you in this course material: LESSON OUTLINE To know the influence of the body to self Physical Self To understand the process of reproduction Different Body To distinguish various sexual behaviors Unit Outline Types To appraise and appreciate the importance of responsible Body Image sexual behavior to society. Sexual Characteristics RESOURCES NEEDED Sexual For this lesson, you would need the following resources: Orientation PowerPoint presentation Contraception Laptop and Internet Access Notebook or short bond paper for activities  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pretest 4 My Best and Worst Before you start, try answering the following questions. 5 The Physical Self 1. What are the effects of physical appearance to the Self? _________________________________________ 8 Reflection 2. Identify the reproductive system of men and women. 8 Sexual Aspects of the Self ________________________________________ 3. What are the different temperament of hippocrates? 14 Key Terms ________________________________________ 15 Post Test 4. How does Self-Esteem develops and what are its types? ________________________________________ 16 References 5. What are the things that we need to take into consideration in preventing the spead of STD’s?. ________________________________________ 4 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW My Body, My Self Key Point It is important to understand that the body is generally an aspect of the Self that is the easiest to observe and associated to an individual. Our similarities and differences with others could be a motivation to some or become a detriment to our perception of who we are. “My Best and Worst” Activity Identify the Part of your body that you think is the best and worst. Explain why do you think they are, and how do they affect your perception of who you are.  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW 5 The Physical Self THE PHYSICAL SELF The physical self refers to the body. It is the individual’s perception of themselves in the areas of physical ability and appearance. The performance of the body’s physical extremities and internal organs changes as we age. The efficiency of the physical self is at its peak during early adulthood and declines into the middle age. Physical development and growth of the self is at a rapid pace during babyhood, while slower during childhood. Adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood. This stage includes major physical changes including maturation of the reproductive system. The way an individual relates to the world also changes at this stage. Life span is the period of development for a person ranging from conception to one’s death. It is often referred to as the natural life stages of a person barring early or unnatural causes of death. Two Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Development Both heredity and environment have their share in molding the life and personality of the individual. Heredity is responsible for all the inheritance of traits from parents to offspring. Environment, on the other hand, is responsible for the growth and development of the physical, mental, and social traits. Gender and other physical traits are determined by the combination of chromosomes. The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the person’s gender and physical traits – X chromosome is the female chromosome, while the Y chromosome is the male chromosome. 6 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW Theories of Physical Self Theory of Physiognomy suggests that a person’s character or personality can be determined through their outer appearance – especially the face. Ancient Chinese’s practice of face reading suggests that the facial features of an individual is an insight into a person’s history, and personality. This ancient Chinese practice is rooted from the 5 Element Theory which states that the 5 elements – wood, fire, earth, metal and water – are believed to be the fundamental elements for everything occurring in the natural world. Hippocrates theorized that personality traits and human behaviors are based on 4 separate temperaments and the prominence of body fluids. This theory suggests that an excess of or deficiency of any of the 4 body fluids (or humors) influences the person’s traits and temperaments. These 4 temperaments are Sanguine, Melancholic, Choleric and Phlegmatic. Sanguine: The red bile is the predominant humor in these people. They tend to be impulsive, cheerful, happy and optimistic Melancholic: The black bile is the predominant humor in these people. They tend to be depressed and pessimistic. Choleric: The yellow bile is the predominant humor in these people. They tend to get angry easily, jumpy and temperamental. Phlegmatic: They have a high amount of phlegm in their systems. They tend to be sluggish, dull and slow. Body-type Theory was developed by William Sheldon in the 1940s. This theory suggests that an individual’s personality is based on the 3 body types: Endomorphic, Mesomorphic and Ectomorphic. Endomorphic body type is soft and plump and are perceived to be easy going and sociable. Mesomorphic body type has a strong muscular body and are perceived to be energetic, adventurous, and sociable. Ectomorphic body type is tall and thin and is perceived to be socially awkward, introverted and artistic. Jean Haner in 2008 and Squier & Mew in 1981 suggested a theory that the personality of an individual depends on the shape of his/her face.  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW 7 Body Image Body image is a person’s perception of their body and physical appearance. Appearance refers to everything that others can observe about a person. Body image is also related to self-esteem, which is a person’s overall sense of self- worth or personal value. Body image can affect both the adolescent’s physical and psychological well being. As this is the stage of maturation and changes, adolescents are more conscious of their physical appearance and their self-image. Sociocultural factors also play a vital role in an adolescent’s reaction to their physical appearance. These factors include peers, parents, media, and advertising. These factors influence the adolescent’s perception of his/her physical self, resulting to body dissatisfaction. The Importance of Beauty Different cultures have different definitions and perceptions of beauty. However, the standards of beauty change over time as sociocultural factors also influence these standards. Due to these, some people desperately change their physical appearance through body modification to meet or even surpass the standards. Examples of body modification include tattooing, makeup, piercing, cosmetic surgery and the use of diet pills. Whether beauty is biologically programmed or culturally constructed, it remains important in all societies. People tend to judge others easily based from their physical appearance; however, physical appearance alone is not enough to measure one’s character. One must look into his/her inner self to know an individual’s character.  8 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW What is your opinion regarding premarital sex? And what is your position on the debate of whether to allow abortion on unexpected pregnancies or to go on with the pregnancy regardless? The Sexual Aspect of Self As we come to understand the beauty of physical self, it is also proper to learn to understand the sexual self. Throughout the development of an individual, it is understood that the influence of ones physiology often influences ones behavior. From the concept of pleasure seeking tendency of a person in psychoanalytic approach by Freud up to the various stages of development that defines the role of sexual behavior. The time of the most changes are said to be at the beginning of adolescence where the reproductive system as well as the primary and secondary sexual characteristics are being defined. Primary Sex Characteristics. These are the physical characteristics that people already have since birth. The common distinction and example of such is our understanding of what male and female is. Physiologically, males  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW 9 are described by having penis, testes, scrotum and prostate, while females are associated with having the vagina, uterus and ovaries. Secondary Sex Characteristics. These are usually observed or said to be developing at the onset of puberty, the changes in the body such as, the enlargement of breast, onset of menstruation, and growth of pubic hairs are some of the examples for women. While, testicular growth, sperm production, appearance of facial and pubic hair, and deepening of voice are some of the changes that men experiences. Human reproductive system is an organ system by which reproduces and bear live offspring. It requires the union between the male and female reproductive system to which carries out to produce another life form. Provided that all organs are present, human reproductive system works from the released of egg cell from female reproductive organ, to the fertilization of sperm cells, to the conception, up to the giving birth of the baby and eventually to the return of the female physical body to the original state. (Harrison, 2018) picture credits to: Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 10 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW Male Reproductive System a. Testes –are the most important part of male reproductive organ. It is the source of Spermatozoa (male germ cell) b. Scrotum – it is a sac of skin where the two testes are enveloped; directly below and outside of the abdomen. c. Prostate glands – it is a gland that carries out both urine and seminal fluid. Sperm ducts from sperm ducts joining into single tube called urethra connect it. Urethra then leads to the outside of the body through penis. d. Penis – it is where the ejaculation occurs by sending sperm cell from testis and secrete out. e. Sperm – It is a male gametes, one that is necessary for the egg to develop and become a baby. Female Reproductive System 1. Ovary – It is a pair of small, oval organs that produces the egg cell (ovum; female germ cells). Thousands of ova will mature and will be taken up to the fallopian tube through the uterus by the time of puberty. 2. Fallopian Tube – are pair of thin tubes that leads from ovaries to the uterus. 3. Uterus – (womb) it is a hollow pear-shaped elastic muscular structure where fertilized ovum (zygote) develops into a baby. 4. Vagina – It is a tube leading to outside of the body through an opening called the vulva. During the sexual intercourse, the semen from male is discharged in the vagina. The sperm cells will begin moving up to the uterus reaching the fallopian tube. During the travel most of the sperms will die while climbing up the fallopian tube, only one sperm will enter the ovum and can remain alive for only 12 hours. In this time, if it meets ovum which will lead to fertilization. This zygote (fertilized egg) will form in an embryo from which will enter gestation period. It is around 9 months in time for the woman to give birth.  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW 11 Physiological Aspects of Sexual Excitement Erogenous Zone These are part of the body that particularly sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration which contributes to sexual arousal. Identifying erogenous zone (“hot spots”) gives different reaction and effect to a person. For one, these could bring sexual satisfaction, also, improves sexual health and stimulating different spots may produce different reaction to the body. Female and male erogenous zone are reproductive organ (vagina, penis, scrotum & clitoris), mouth (lips), neck, breast (nipples) and ears. Phases of Sexual Response Erogenous zones brings us to sexual arousal, which is unique to each individual, people shares same basic aspects of sexual responsiveness. According to Johnson & Master (1966), sexual response follows a regular pattern consisting of four (4) phases: arousal, plateau, orgasm and resolution. The excitement/arousal phase is the beginning of sexual arousal and said to be the most subjective. The signs of this stage varies from rising blood pressure, quick breaths, penile erection (male), and swelling of clitoris or vaginal opening becomes wet in preparation for sexual intercourse. The plateau phase is a brief period of time before the orgasm. It is the body’s preparation for orgasm. The orgasm phase is an intense, highly pleasurable experience. When this phase is reached, rhythmic muscular contractions occur in the genitals. In male, the contractions expel semen, a fluid containing semen, a 12 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW process called ejaculation. For women and men, breathing and heart rates reach maximum. Last stage of sexual arousal, the resolution The body returns to its normal state. Diversity of Sexual Orientations Sexual Orientation refers to the individuals’ sexual identity and behavior based on what gender one associates them into. In our current society where the call for equal considerations and opportunities are asked by the LGBTQ+ community, it is relevant for us to somehow understand the classifications and differences of the different orientations. Heterosexuality Often characterized by peoples sexual attraction and behavior directed to opposite sex. More than male-female intercourse, it involves kissing, petting, caressing, massaging and other form of sexual activities. Homosexuality and Bisexuality Homosexuality is often characterized by romantic and/or sexual attraction between members of same sex. Bisexuals are person who can be romantically or sexually attracted to same sex and the other sex. Some male homosexuals prefer the term Gay and some female homosexual prefer the term Lesbian. Gays and Lesbian as preference for a terminology refer not only to their sexual preference but also as Gender preference. These by which refer to a broader array of attitudes and lifestyle of the individual than the sexuality itself. Transsexual These are people who believed they were born with the body of the other gender. Men transsexuals believe that they are men in a women’s body and women transsexuals believe that they are women in a men’s body. Transsexuals sometimes seek sex exchange operations, which undergo several steps such as intensive sexual counseling, hormone injections, living as member of desired sex for several years, surgery. Transgender These are people who view themselves as a third gender, they are transvestites (who wears clothes of the other gender) or those who believed that traditional male-female classifications inadequately characterized them.  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW 13 Sexually transmitted diseases and contraception As overpopulation and countless cases of Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) such as gonorrhea, syphilis etc., along with the threat of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the government educates people the importance of Contraception. There are two kinds of contraception; the Natural Contraception and the Artificial Contraception. Natural Contraceptive methods are type of birth control method that does not necessarily use external devices or medications to be accomplished. These may be in a form of abstinence, calendar method, basal body temperature method, cervical mucus method, symptothermal method, ovulation detection, lactation amenorrhea method and coitus interruptus. Artificial Contraceptive Methods is a diverse method of contraception using various devices and or medications to prevent conception of a woman. There are different types of artificial contraception but not all types are appropriate for all situation. Using artificial contraception depends on the individual’s health status, age, sexual activity and/or number of partners. There are oral contraception, transdermal patch, vaginal ring, sub dermal implants, hormonal injection, Intrauterine device (IUD), chemical barriers, diaphragm, cervical cap, male and female condoms, surgical methods (vasectomy and tubal ligation). 14 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW LESSON SUMMARY In Summary, there are a lot of things we can associate when it comes to the physical aspects of the self. From our identification of our personality in relation to ones body type up, our perceptions of our self that influences our interactions to others, as well as, our urges and preferences when it comes to relationships are the things that we need to consider in understanding who we are and our roles in society and the world. By considering all of the concepts that was discussed in this material, we can then have a better preparation to understanding how we appreciate what we have, and be motivated to improve or pursue the things that we deem we lack. KEY TERMS Self Physical Self Sexual self temperament Self Esteem Physiological Reproductive System Testes Ovaries STDs Health Contraception  UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW 15 POSTTEST Directions: Fill in the blank with the letter corresponding to your answer. _______ 1. They tend to be impulsive, cheerful, happy and optimistic: a. Phlegmatic c. Melancholic b. Choleric d. All of the Above _______ 2. The Male sexual Gland that produces the Sperm cell: a. Penis c. Testis b. Scrotum d. Prostate _______ 3. Coitus interuptus, Subdermal Implants, Vasectomy, Ovulation Detection are samples of: a. Natural Contraception c. Both A and B b. Artificial Contraception d. None of the above _______ 4. The Last stage of sexual response is known as: a. Arousal c. Excitation b. Plateau d. None of the Above _______ 5. These are part of the body that particularly sensitive to touch, pressure and vibration which contributes to sexual arousal: a. Sex organs c. Erogenous Zones b. Arousal d. Puberty 6-10. what are the different sexual orientations discussed in this material? REFERENCES 16 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF NU FAIRVIEW Alata, E.J., Caslib Jr., B.N., Serafica, J.P., & Pawilen, R.A. (2018). Understanding the Self. [1st ed.]. Quezon City: Rex Book Store, Inc. Leary, M.R. & Tangney, J.P. (2012). Handbook of Self and Identity. [2nd ed.], New york: Gilford Press Retrieved from https://www.ravenshawuniversity.ac.in/Study_Materials/psychology_UG/handbook_of_self_ and_identity_-_second_edition_-_ch._4_pp._69-104_38_pages.pdf Go-Monilla, M.J. & Ramirez, N. (2018). Understanding the Self. [1st ed.]. Quezon City: C & E Pub. Harrison. (2018). Human Reproductive System. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/human-reproductive-system/Introduction