Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person PDF

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person COURSE MATERIAL NO. 1 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 1 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON ...

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person COURSE MATERIAL NO. 1 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 1 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  TO THE NATIONALIANS, WHAT WILL YOU LEARN? Welcome to Introduction of Philosophy to This module has been designed to help you: Human Person! Identify philosophical questions. This course material provides pertinent information that will help you appreciate Determine holistic the importance of learning the Introduction perspective from a to the Philosophy of a Human Person. partial point of view in understanding Through this, you will be introduced to the philosophy. different concepts and principles relative to the subject. Sufficient explanations and Infer the value of illustrations were provided for better philosophy obtained comprehension. from a larger point of Among other things, this course will help view. you do the following: Demonstrate understanding and reasoning Explore the complex nature of being in a human and find meaning in life. philosophical manner Analyze ethical dilemmas, societies, through an essay. and the impact of actions. Develop your ability to understand and navigate the world around you. Appreciate diverse perspectives and philosophies. Overall, this course will allow you to think critically beyond of what we have already thought of. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 2 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  WHAT’S INSIDE THIS MODULE? PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION Module: DOING PHILOSOPHY PRE-ACTIVITY: Lesson 1: Holism and Reductionism PICTURE ANALYSIS The Universal and Holistic Perspective vs. Particular and Partial Point of View Look at the pictures below. What can you say about them? Describe their similarities Lesson 2: Doing Philosophy and differences. Write your answer in your notebook. Nature and Functions of Philosophy Revealing the Whole Discovering Philosophical Question Ultimate Reason Cause and Principle Branches of Philosophy Lesson Summary References Contributor 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 3 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  PRE-TEST INSTRUCTION: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of your answer before the number. 1. Most of social science concepts have etymological background. Which of the following talks about the etymology or origin of the term philosophy? A. The term philosophy comes from two Greek words philo and sophia which means “to love” and “wisdom”, respectively. B. The term philosophy comes from Confucian idea which says that deep thinking is essential to one’s well-being. C. The term philosophy comes from two Greek words philo and sophia which means “to argue” and “agree”, respectively. D. The term philosophy was coined by early philosophers which means reasoning. 2. Social Science is composed of many different disciplines. Which of the following statements shows the relationship between Social Science and Philosophy? A. Social Science and Philosophy are disciplines. B. Philosophy is a discipline under Social Science. C. Philosophy is employed in many different disciplines. D. Social Science is a discipline under Philosophy. 3. Disciplines like Economics, Sociology, Psychology, History, among others; follow scientific method in their inquiry. What makes Philosophy a science? A. Enables us to find answers to our questions. B. Reasoning itself is a science. C. Helps other sciences in their quest for answers. D. An organized body of knowledge just like any other sciences. 4. Philosophy is considered as a science. However, what makes it different from other sciences? A. It considers itself unique. B. It focuses mainly on reasoning. C. It uses human reason alone. D. Philosophers are different from scientists. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 4 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  5. Philosophy is overarching other sciences. What makes philosophical approach overarching other sciences? A. Became a discipline ahead of other sciences. B. All of them originated from it. C. It studies everything. D. Each field of science uses scientific method. 6. One of the characteristics of doing philosophy is that it is multidimensional or holistic in its approach. What is meant by holistic? A. Does not limit himself to a particular object of inquiry. B. Questions almost anything, if not everything. C. Approach must be based on empirical evidence. D. Both A and B are correct. 7. Philosophy follows First Cause or Highest Principle. Which of the following pertains to the Principle of Identity? A. It is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time. B. Everything is what it is. C. Nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence. D. A thing is either is or is not, there is no middle ground possible. 8. The Principle of Sufficient Reason states that “nothing exists without sufficient reason for its being and existence”. Which of the following scenarios best describes this principle? A. Ghosts as popularly known are spirits. B. Anything afloat the atmosphere will fall down on Earth. C. Cats have nine lives because they can easily prevent accidents. D. Happy people are those who are contented with their lives. 9. One distinguishing characteristic of philosophy is that it uses Natural Light of Reason. Choose from the following statements below that best describes this characteristic. A. A philosopher uses his natural capacity to think or the so-called unaided reason. B. A philosopher uses experiments to test his arguments to aid his reasoning. C. A philosopher employs his gut feeling in order to arrive at reasonable argument. D. A philosopher can assume what the majority thinks and consider as valid reasoning. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 5 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  10. One of the Highest Principles employed by philosophical inquiry is the Principle of Non- Contradiction. Which of the following statements best applies this principle? A. A cow is the same as beef. B. Ice is a liquid matter in solid form. C. If Ana went to school, then she is not anywhere else. D. The same person is present in two places at the same time. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 6 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  The Blind Men and The Elephant: I. HOLISM AND REDUCTIONISM A Short Story about Perspective The Universal and Holistic Perspective vs. Particular and Partial Point of View In philosophy, particular refers to a part of the whole, while the universal pertains to the whole. To set an example, the question “Why I am here?” can be called a particular as it is just one among the other questions, but when you start to think about that question, you will find that it does not confine to a single situation. It echoes other philosophical questions which talk about the experiences which this question arises, making it universal. If interpreted as a question about existence, the totality of existence is involved. Asking our purpose is like a thread that is woven through everything that happens such as who Guide Questions: determines our purpose. Thus, to 1. What is the main message of the poem? philosophize is to look at things in a holistic How do the blind men's descriptions of the manner. elephant help show this message? 2. What might have happened if the blind men Holistic Perspective. A perspective that had shared their experiences before making considers large-scale patterns in systems conclusions? How could this change their and often described as looking at the “Big understanding? Picture” or each component part when 3. Does the poem teach a good lesson about describing or analyzing a situation or understanding other people's perspectives? problem. Why or why not? Give an example from the poem. Partial Point of View. Point of view that focuses on specific or certain aspects of a whole. It views the little details of things but 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 7 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  forgets or tends to ignore the bigger MARTIN HEIDEGGER picture. (1889 - 1976) According to German philosopher Martin Born in the town of Heidegger, what makes philosophy Messkirch in Germany, different in science is that a scientific Heidegger initially published question is always confined to the articles in Catholic journals particular, whereas a philosophical as a result of his education question “leads into the totality of beings” Image Source: https://www.who2.com/bio/martin-heidegger/ in the seminary. and “inquiries into the whole” The goal is He is responsible for the term “hermeneutics of that from a particular philosophical facticity” which means that people interpret things question, the wholeness of reality is as they encounter them in different ways. revealed. (Heidegger 2002, The Essence of Human Freedom, 9). After posting a philosophical question, the next step is how do we start to look Philosophy is an activity people undertake when they seek to understand for an answer? There are methods and fundamental truths about themselves, the criteria in answering inquiries that we will world in which they live, and their relationships to the world and to each discuss in the next course materials. For other. now, you must understand that “every person that engages in philosophical reflection must recognize that possible answers to philosophical questions require adequate justification or rational basis.” Image source: PPT - Holism vs. Reductionism PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:9705414 (slideserve.com) 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 8 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  II. DOING PHILOSOPHY FOCUS QUESTIONS A. THE NATURE AND What is Philosophy? FUNCTIONS OF How important is Philosophy in your daily living? PHILOSOPHY What are the kinds of Philosophy? The wise man doesn’t give the right answers, he poses the right questions. – Claude Levi-Strauss PLATO (427-347 B.C.E) One of the most famous You might have been heard someone philosophers who ever lived, called you as, this Greek Athenian “Pilosopo ka!” remark when you tried to philosopher was a student of argue and reason out. We usually say this Socrates and teacher to Aristotle. He wrote whenever someone is trying to be witty numerous dialogues in which Socrates is the with their reasoning that made us main character. His most famous works are the speechless. At some point, at the back of Apology (where he gives an account of our minds, we thought, “…he has a Socrates’ trial) and the Republic (where he point...” presents his famous Theory of Forms). For many, philosophy is said to be only for philosophers, but every person has enough capacity to find the value of it in their lives. Truth to be told, there are Asking a philosophical question does not numerous and distinct answers to the give us a false hope that we can find a issues that philosophy fosters about most definite or final answer, but this will help us to understand or make sense of our aspects in life. experiences. So, what is PHILOSOPHY? In literal terms, philosophy means “love of wisdom”. It involves thinking, evaluating, 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 9 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  and engaging in arguments and SOCRATES philosophizing is the act of doing (469 – 399 B.C.E.) philosophy (Lee, Z.E., 2022). Man is His life is a puzzle because rational being. We can always agree to even three disagree on almost anything and recognized sources (Plato, everything. Philosophy is working out and Xenophon, and Aristophanes) justifying reasons the best way we know on his life presented differing accounts. how to deal with life. (Mendoza, E.H., and He left no writings but conversed with people from Garcia, Lorma S.P., 2018) all walks of life using question and answer as a concrete living out of his famous advice – “Know Common Meanings of Philosophy thyself.” His commitment to philosophy was the reason he was condemned to death. Mabaquiao (2016) enumerated convenient contributes in understanding the nature of the starting points towards a more refined question and finding a plausible answer that may understanding of philosophy. He qualify. emphasized that philosophy refers to: 1) ideas, views, principles, perspectives, or beliefs; 2) the activity of reasoning; and 3) ARISTOTLE an academic course or degree. (384-322 B.C.E) The first common meaning of philosophy He was born in Stagira, refers to ideas, views, principles, Greece and studied in perspectives, or beliefs held by either Plato’s Academy. He an individual or a group people including surpassed his teacher by the number of works but not limited to religious, cultural, he wrote and diverse fields he studied scientific, historical, or psychological (philosophy, biology, politics, psychology, and beliefs. There are instances when we art). are being asked what is our motto in life. The person who wanted to know He tutored a thirteen-year-old boy who came to be presumably asking about our beliefs and known as Alexander the Great. Aristotle also put principles that you have help onto up a school in Athens called Lyceum. throughout your life – these beliefs help us overcome life challenges and that give us a sense of purpose. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 10 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  The second common meaning of philosophy reflects our understanding on the meaning of the word “pilosopo”. Philosophy is the activity of the “pilosopo”. But who is a “pilosopo”? We will discuss it further in the next lesson. For now, the way to define philosophy is to understand the context of our views on being “pilosopo”. Hence, a “pilosopo” is someone who engages in argument for the purposes of annoying someone. The third common meaning of philosophy refers to philosophy as an academic discipline that is usually taught in universities and colleges. It is a discipline comprising as its core logic, aesthetics, ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology (Merriam Webster The progress of science resulted to Dictionary). People who are interested in rationalism and empiricism philosophies. studying in Philosophy may become a RATIONALISM: knowledge is acquired through reason independent of sense priest, a lawyer, and a philosophy experience. Knowledge for rationalists is teacher. based on ideas. EMPIRICISM: holds that all knowledge is B. REVEALING THE WHOLE ultimately derived from sense experience. The Value of Philosophical Reflection - “Pilosopo” as a Social Critic Normally, we hear the word “Pilosopo” as a negative connotation that means someone is reasoning out poorly. Sample situation in the Philippine context of Pilosopo is when asked with the philosophical question, 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 11 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  “Why am I here?” answers back “…because I am not there.” Sometimes, we find it entertaining, but in this sense, this person is only evading the argument by pretending to address them. This reasoning under logic is called fallacy. It is important to study arguments so we can Image Source: https://dbq8hrmshvuto.cloudfront.net/assets2/090/817/717 /504/normal/image.jpg create reasoning that are mindful and not to deceive. Let us try to look at another context of Pilosopo in Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere novel: We have here the character of Pilosopong Tasyo. Pilosopong Tasyo walks around the public places while conversing about politics and society. He expressed views that are deep and What can you say about the quotation consequently difficult to process or below? Do you agree with this? Express even to take seriously. your answers on the space provided. The character of Pilosopong Tasyo is near to the kind of real philosophers. They are uncommon in our society and have been seen as fools. Philosopher or pilosopo is someone who observes, thinks, sees clearly, and speaks the truth. While other people prefer comfort in mere acceptance of the status quo, Socrates and Pilosopo Tasyo seek wisdom. They are what the world needs in helping to make necessary reforms towards a better future. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 12 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  C. DISCOVERING PHILOSOPHICAL LET’S LEARN REFLECTIONS Do you often ask yourself “What is my The Missing One Peso purpose in life? Or wonder “Why do we have to die? What is the essence of free Three friends decided to eat in a restaurant. will?” Each has P10. They agreed to cheap in their money (amounting to P30) and chose a menu These are the questions that you might which they could eat together. After finishing have been thinking for a long time but has their meal, they’ve learned that their bill never tried to discuss with anyone or have amounted to P25. failed to look for answers. These are called This is what they did with the remaining P5. philosophical and to think of an answer to Each one got P1 back and they gave the these questions is to engage in a waiter P2 as tip. philosophical reflection as it compels us to look at a particular experience from a Here’s the puzzle. If each of them wider perspective. (Discovering contributed P10 and got back P1 later it Philosophical Reflection -ELCOMBLUS). means that each one actually spent P9. If we multiply P9 by 3 (friends), it means that they We reflect in a philosophical manner spent P27. Adding the P2 they gave to the because the questions do not have a waiter to P27 they spent, makes it P29. If definite answer or a ready answer yet. their money from the start is P30, where is When we become conscious about our the P1? struggles in this world, we get to ask tough Are you ready to lay down your reasons whether questions because we wonder about there is a missing peso? Use the guide questions circumstances that we lived with. A below to present your arguments. philosophical question always rooted from a bigger triggering problem or situations. 1. Can we really find the missing P1 in the Not to look for its answers will leave us puzzle? Why or why not? confused or lost. The last resort for these 2. What argument/s can you give regarding the questions is to simply ask them, but how? puzzle? Thus, the beginning to finding an 3. What philosophical concepts, will you use in answer is to ask a philosophical order to make your argument/s valid and strong? question. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 13 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  Another fundamental question one must D. ULTIMATE REASON CAUSE & ask is "What does doing philosophy PRINCIPLE entail?" Through the natural light of reason, philosophy 1. Doing philosophy is every man's examines the original grounds or the essential vocation. 2. Doing philosophy entails digging into principles of all things. Thus, it also studies the First the roots. Cause or the Highest Principle since everything in 3. Doing Philosophy involves the the world and every situation in the world has an marriage of Theoria and praxis. origin. 4. Doing Philosophy necessitates deep reflection. Consider these principles: 5. Doing philosophy is primarily about ✓ Principle of Identity – it means that a thing, questions rather than answers. idea, or person always has a name, a 6. Doing Philosophy leads to holistic concept, and a characteristic for that thing to perspective. exist. ✓ Principle of non-contradiction – it denies that a thing can be and not be at the same time. ✓ Principle of Excluded Middle – everything must either be or not be there is no middle ground conceivable. ✓ Principle of Sufficient Reason – nothing happens without a sufficient reason for its being and existence. CAUSALITY is at the heart of Aristotle’s scientific and philosophical enterprise. Each Aristotelian science consists in the causal investigation of a specific department of reality. If successful, such an investigation results in causal knowledge; that is, knowledge of the relevant or appropriate causes. Image Source: Optimize your Processes: The emphasis on the concept of cause explains Aristotle’s 4 Causes | by Pedro Robledo | why Aristotle developed a theory of causality Medium which is commonly known as the doctrine of the four causes. For Aristotle, a successful investigation of the world around us. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 14 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY Philosophy is a broad discipline. In this part of the course material, we will determine the SCIENCE: It is a systematized body of scope of philosophy by identifying the knowledge and it make sure to back claims with valid and sound explanation branches of it. CAUSE: Is the goal of every philosophical inquiry. REASON: capacity to make things sensibly and consciously applying logic, establishing and verifying facts, and changing/justifying practices. It is associated with thinking, cognition, and intellect. Image source: https://philgcg11chd.files.wordpress.co m/2014/09/main-branches-of- philosophy.jpg 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 15 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON Below is a comparative presentation of the branches of philosophy especially made for you in order for easier recall. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 16 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  LEARNING ACTIVITY 1 Instructions: Complete the table below. Write your answer in your paper. ACTIONS WHAT MUST BE DONE BEFORE THE ACTION? 1. Buying new clothes 2. Choosing friends 3. Eating food 4. Deciding where to study for Senior High School 5. Attending classes in the afternoon 6. Going to school 7. Visiting a friend 8. Playing computer games 9. Buying a new gadget 10. Asking permission if you would like to go out with friends 11. Helping a stranger 12. Traveling without your family 13. Joining an organization in school 14. Going to mass or any religious activities 15. Watching movies that are not allowed for your age 16. Posting your opinion or feelings in the social media 17. Communicating to your siblings about a conflict 18. Giving opinions 19. Going out with the opposite sex 20. Confronting a person who verbally hurt you Answer the following questions and write your answer in your notebook. 1. Reflect from your answers, what must do before making actions? 2. Is it helpful that you do this before taking actions? Why or why not? 3. As a grade 12 student, what have you realized about this activity? Reflect and explain your answer. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 17 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  LEARNING ACTIVITY 2 Instructions: Below are situational cases where each need particular philosophical perspective in order to understand the issues inherent within each of them. Read each case and think of a particular branch of Philosophy that can appropriately address the issue at hand and explain why. Write your answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper. Case 1 The resources that supply our daily needs come from the environment. The number of resources that we demand affects environmental condition. Increasing our demand raises the pressure on environment. Conversely, the condition of environment influences the quality of life that we have. An environment in good condition sustains life. While degraded environment brings forth social problems. What kind of treatment should we accord to the environment that supplies our needs then? Case 2 For some reasons, there has been an increasing incidence of teenage pregnancies. Despite efforts exerted by stockholders of school community in preventing such phenomenon to happen, still it exists. Why do teenagers engage to this kind of issues? Case 3 Most of us are Face Book users. As such, we cannot deny the fact that some posts or comments seen on it lack validity or reliability. Sometimes, we are fooled to comply to some posts. Sometimes, we are unaware that we believe on some opinions making such ideas become part of our consciousness. The danger of which it reflects the kind of personality that we have. What can you say about this? 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 18 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  POST-TEST INSTRUCTION: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of your answer before the number. 1. Philosophy is considered to be overarching other fields of science. What makes philosophical approach overarching other sciences? A. It became a discipline ahead of other sciences. B. All of them originated from it. C. It studies everything. D. Each field of science uses scientific methods. 2. There are many different disciplines under Social Science. Which of the following statements shows the relationship between Social Science and Philosophy? A. Social Science and Philosophy are disciplines. B. Philosophy is a discipline under Social Science. C. Philosophy is employe in making arguments. D. Social Science is a discipline under Philosophy. 3. Economics, Sociology, Psychology, History, among others; are disciplines that follow scientific method in their inquiry thus making them science. What makes Philosophy a science? A. Enables us to find answers to our questions. B. Reasoning itself is a science. C. Helps other sciences in their quest for answers. D. Organized body of knowledge just like any other sciences. 4. Most of social science concepts have etymological background. Which of the following talks about the etymology or origin of the term philosophy? A. The term philosophy comes from two Greek words philo and sophia which means “to love” and “wisdom”, respectively. B. The term philosophy comes from Confucian idea which says that deep thinking is essential to one’s well-being. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 19 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  C. The term philosophy comes from two Greek words philo and sophia which means “to argue” and “agree”, respectively. D. The term philosophy was coined by early philosophers which means reasoning. 5. One of the characteristics of doing philosophy is that it is multidimensional or holistic in its approach. What is meant by holistic? A. It means that a philosopher does not limit himself to a particular object of inquiry. B. It means that a philosopher questions almost anything, if not everything. C. It means that philosophical approach must be based on empirical evidences. D. Both A and B are correct. 6. The Principle of Non-Contradiction is one of the Highest Principles employed by philosophical inquiry. Which of the following statements best applies this principle? A. A cow is the same as beef. B. Ice is a liquid matter in solid form. C. If Ana went to school, then she is not anywhere else. D. The same person is present in two places at the same time. 7. “Nothing exists without sufficient reason for its being and existence” is stated by the Principle of Sufficient Reason. Which of the following scenarios best describes this principle? A. Ghosts as popularly known are spirits who could not be accepted either in hell or in heaven. B. Anything afloat the atmosphere will fall on Earth because gravity will work on it after some time in one way or another. C. Cats have nine lives because they can easily prevent accidents. D. Happy people are those who are content with their lives. 8. One distinguishing characteristic of philosophy is that it uses the Natural Light of Reason. Choose from the following statements below that best describe this characteristic. A. Natural capacity to think or the so-called unaided reason. B. Gut feeling to reach a reasonable argument. C. Gut feeling to reach a reasonable argument. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 20 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  D. Assume what the majority thinks and consider such as valid reasoning. 9. Philosophy follows First Cause or Highest Principle. Which of the following pertains to the Principle of Identity? A. It is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time. B. Everything is what it is. C. Nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence. D. A thing is either is or is not, there is no middle ground possible. 10. `Philosophy is a science just like any other sciences. But what makes it different from other sciences? A. It considers itself unique. B. It focuses mainly on reasoning. C. It does not employ any investigative tools. D. Philosophers are different from scientists. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 21 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  LESSON SUMMARY Reductionism is the belief that human behavior can be explained by breaking it down into simpler component parts. Holism is a theory that parts of a whole are in intimate interconnection, such that they cannot exist independently of the whole, or cannot be understood without reference to the whole, which is thus regarded as greater than the sum of its parts. The difference between these two ideologies is their focus – the truth of the matter. The former focuses on the properties of each part while the latter’s emphasis is on the relationship between them. As we philosophize, we shall use all the approaches but we take Holism as our ground to understand the Image Source: motivational philosophy of the human person. Let us not forget the Latin quotes about philosophy - Maxim – “Minima Maxima Sunt” Google Search Philosophy means the love of reasoning making wisdom its primary goal. Philosophy is defined as the science that by natural light of reason studies the highest principles of things. The salient features of Philosophy are: it applies science in its investigation similar to other sciences, employs the Natural Light of Reason or the natural capacity to think compared to other sciences which use laboratory instrument or investigative tools, it is a Study of All Things thus overarching other sciences, it is also guided by First Cause or Highest Principle in doing the process of philosophizing. The First Cause or Highest Principle are comprised of: Principle of Identity, Principle of Non- Contradiction, Principle of Excluded Middle and Principle of Sufficient Reason. Using any, if not all, of these philosophical principles enables the process of reasoning clear, valid, reliable and strong. Image Source: motivational quotes about philosophy - Google Search 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 22 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON  REFERENCES TEXTBOOKS Camiloza, L.G. et.al (2016). Philosophy of the Human Person. An Introductory Text for Senior High School. The Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Ferriols, R. J. Sapagkat ang Pilosopiya ay Ginagawa. http://spsintro2philo.blogspot.com/2018/05/sapagkat-ang-pilosopiyaay- ginagawa.html Mabaquiao, N. B. (2016). Making Life Worth Living: An Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. The Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. ONLINE RESOURCES Florida State University (n.d.) What is Philosophy? Retrieved from https://philosophy.fsu.edu/undergraduate-study/whyphilosophy/ What-is-Philosophy Revealing the Whole | Dialectic | Truth, https://www.scribd.com/presentation/395070999/1-Revealing-the- Contributors Whole. Agustin, John P. Jr., Camiloza, L.G. et.al (2016). Philosophy of the Human Person. An Dayrit, Anna Dominique C. Introductory Text for Senior High School. The Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Discovering Philosophical Reflection - ELCOMBLUS, https://www.elcomblus.com/discovering-philosophical-reflection/. Florida State University (n.d.) What is Philosophy? Retrieved from https://philosophy.fsu.edu/undergraduate-study/why- philosophy/What- is-Philosophy Mabaquiao, N. B. (2016). Making Life Worth Living: An Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. The Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 1st Term, AY 2024-2025 INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY Page 23 of 23 OF THE HUMAN PERSON