Climate Full Unit Original PDF

 Things we see/experience EX: “It’s felt colder this year than last Atmospheric conditions of a specific place at a specific time...

 Things we see/experience EX: “It’s felt colder this year than last Atmospheric conditions of a specific place at a specific time year” Facts/data using numbers EX: rain, sun, wind, snow, cloud and measurements coverage, etc. EX: “The average temperature of Jan 2022 was 2.3° colder than Jan 2021.” Average weather conditions in a Varies a lot. Doesn’t vary much. EX: Edmonton can be region over a period of several EX: Mexico’s always hot -40 to +40 years (at least 30) Mild, not too hot or cold. Extremes; hot or EX: Vancouver has a rainy EX: Vancouver cold. climate, Mexico has a hot EX: Greenland climate  The narrow zone around Earth that can support life All the air All the water All the land All three parts of the biosphere include biotic and abiotic components living things non-living things Plants, animals, Rocks, water, bacteria sunlight 80 km → 300 km 50 km → 80 km -100°C → +1500°C 0°C → -100°C very little gas trace water vapour Where planes fly! 10 km → 50 km surface → 10 km -60°C → 0°C 15°C → -60°C the ozone layer (O2 converted to 80% of atmospheric gases, most O3, exothermic, why temp living organisms increases) A reversal of the temperature change with altitude (usually we would expect it to get colder as we go higher, but in the stratosphere and thermosphere, it gets hotter)  The sun 10-12 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-5 10-1 103 Used in chemotherapy Can be absorbed by the to kill cancer cells skin; why we need sunscreen What we can see; each The amount of energy that colour has a different Transmits heat wavelength is actually received by the Earth’s surface  One of the two points in axis is an imaginary line between theNorth The Earth’s _______ ________ Earth’s orbit where the poles and South ______________________. This is the line the Earth rotates around. are pointed most towards or poles 23.5° away from the sun HOWEVER! This axis does not go through the “top” orbital 23.5° and “bottom” of Earth. It is at an angle of ________. plane angle of This is called the ___________________________. The two days where the inclination number of daylight hours is exactly equal to the number of nighttime hours Event North South Hemisphere towards sun Hemisphere away from sun summer winter Tilted: Tilted: Season: Season: fall spring Equator directly faces sun Equator directly faces sun Season: away from sun Season:towards sun winter summer Tilted: Tilted: Season: Season: spring fall Equator directly faces sun Equator directly faces sun Season: Season:  It only hits a smaller Each point in that area received area. Energy is not as Energy is spread out less energy compared to areas spread out. over a larger area. where the ray hits straight on. Less energy = colder 3: Small area = more energy 1 throughout; hotter Less direct sunlight; 2 colder 3 2 & 4:than Medium area = less energy 3 but more than 1/5; mild 4 More direct sunlight; 5 1 & 5:Largest area = less energy throughout; colder hotter The angle between the sun’s ray and the surface of the Earth  Very bright since it’s reflecting lots of light → high albedo (80-95%). Cloud coverage The gases in the and atmospheric atmosphere; different Absorbing only the remaining 5-20%, so dust → block light gases absorb/reflect it’s cold from getting different amounts of through sunlight Not bright = not reflecting much → low albedo (5-10%) Absorbing the other 90-95%, so it’s hot the percent of solar radiation that a material Depends on where the sun is. Can be reflects anywhere from 10-60% and therefore Different materials in the lithosphere/hydrosphere have different albedos. Average albedo for Earth’s ranges from cold to warm surface is about 30%  carbon dioxide Solar energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere CO2(g) cars, factories, Some of the energy is reflected back out to cellular respiration space Earth’s surface is heated by the solar energy, methane then radiates the heat back out towards CH4(g) space Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some agriculture (cows) of the heat, keeping it near Earth’s surface coal mining, landfills water vapour H2O(g) Good → Caused by human activity evaporation, keeps the respiration, irrigation Earth warm. Adding more gases into Without it, the atmosphere, which then trap more heat nitrous oxide the average atmospheric temperature Too much extra heat being trapped = N2O(g) would be below 0°C Earth’s temperatures rising agriculture, combustion of FF Solar energy that makes it to the Thermal energy that the Earth’s surface re- surface of Earth (isn’t reflected emits back out into space (not including what back to space by the gets trapped in the atmosphere) atmosphere)  gases, a These waves can be solids fluids vacuum absorbed by other objects,A particle near a(liquids/gases) A particle near a heat source heat source gains Emission of energy as and and thestarts particles of that energy and starts moving more particles or waves gains energy vibrating object will morewarm up/get more Since there’s more space between Because the particlesenergy in solids are particles in fluids, these energized These waves can be closely packed, this vibrating particles are able to move away from absorbed by other objects, particle bumps into its neighbour, the heat source and the particles of that transferring the energy to them Colder (higher density) particles object will warm up/get more Eventually all the particles get move down into the new space, and now they’re near the heat source energy bumped into and gain the energy and can gain energy Atmospheric pressure is: Colder air exerts more pressure the pressure exerted by a column than warm air, since it is more of air over any given point dense A “river” of fast flowing are in the The difference in air pressure and Wind is the movement of air from stratosphere temperature create convection regions of high pressure to currents in the atmosphere regions of low pressure These strong winds (480 - 640 km/h) are typically thousands of The bending of moving currents in response to Earth’s rotation kilometers long and hundreds of kilometers wide clockwise counter-clockwise  Q=J Q = mcΔt m=g c= Δt = Q/mΔt °C A 350-g mass of water at 12.0°C is allowed to warm up to A 100-g mass of iron is at 10°C. Determine the final 30.0°C. Determine the amount of thermal energy, Q, absorbed. temperature of the iron after it absorbs 16 J of thermal energy. The theoretical specific heat capacity of water is 4.19 J/g°C. The theoretical specific heat capacity of iron is 0.449 J/g°C. m = 350g m = 100g Q = mcΔt Δt = Q/mc Q = mcΔt ti = 10°C Δt = 18°C Q = (350g)(4.19 J/g°C) Δt = 16J / (18°C) tf = ? (100g)(0.449J/g°C) c = 4.19 Q = 26397 J Q = 26.4 kJ Δt = 0.356°C J/g°C c = 0.449 Q=? J/g°C Q = 16J tf = 10°C + 0.356°C tf = 10.4°C  1 6 2 5 3 4 The amount of energy released or absorbed when solid and liquid and a substances changes between a liquid a gas a…  What is the added What phase is it? Which formula Point energy going (either staying at, or would you use? towards? switching between) 4 5 3 2 No, every 1 substance has unique melting and boiling points When 4.18 kJ of thermal energy is added to 12.5 g of ice at its Calculate how much thermal energy is required to completely melting point, the ice changes phases. Calculate the experimental vaporize 30.0 g of a liquid water, given that water has a molar heat of fusion of ice. mass of 18.02 g/mol and the heat of vaporization of water is 40.65 kJ/mol. n = m/M n = m/M Hfus = Q/n Q = 4.18 kJ n= n= m = 12.5 Hfus = 4.18 kJ/ 30.0g/18.02g/mol 12.5g/18.02g/mol Q=? n = 01.6648 mol Hfus = Q/n Q=nHvap n = 0.689367 mol 0.689367 g mol Hfus = ? Hfus = 6.03 kJ/mol m = 30.0 Q= g (1.6648mol)(40.65kJ/mol) M = H2O → (2x1.01) + 16 = 18.02 Hvap = 40.65 kJ/mol Q = 6.03 kJ/mol g/mol  Geographical areas with a specific climate that the plants and animals that live there are adapted to Open; energy enters (the Sun), and matter is able to go in and out Grasses and Many Bitter Little rainfall Many small mountaintop cold, high (6-10 animals shrubs, s around the winds (- inches); hibernate polar bears, world are 40°C → permafrost during foxes, tundra 18°C) colder salmon months Animals have Coniferous Also called Cold (- Lots of snow thick fur. trees, bears, the boreal 40°C → (12-35 Trees have foxes, forest 20°C) inches) needles squirrels instead of leaves Trees lose Mid- Broadleaf leaves in Has very Lots of rain latitudes = trees, frogs, winter and distinct (30-59 mild (-30°C snails, have a thick seasons inches) → 30°C) snakes bark  Geographical areas with a specific climate that the plants and animals that live there are adapted to Open; energy enters (the Sun), and matter is able to go in and out Plants have Usually have a rich Some rain Grasses, Mild (- deep roots topsoil; good for (20-35 coyotes, 20°C → to get agriculture. inches) bison, 30°C) moisture Seasonal gophers during droughts/fires droughts Very Plants have broad Has a closed Hot Heavy diverse, leaves to trap tree canopy, (20°C rainfall (79- many tall sunlight (lots of very little → 394 inches) trees, vines, competition), sunlight 25°C) birds, animals reaches the monkeys camouflage forest floor Very hot Cacti, short Water storage. Fun fact! during day Very little grasses, Cacti have spikes Antarctica is (38°C) but (10 lizards, to prevent considered cold during inches) scorpions, animals from an ice night (-4°C) camels getting their desert! water  Always plotted as a LINE GRAPH. A graph that shows us the average temperature AND Measured in °C precipitation of a location over a year Always plotted as a BAR GRAPH (imagine raindrops collected in a bucket). Measured in mm Areas near the equator get Vancouver has a warmer Chicago is called climate than Edmonton lots of direct sunlight, so “The Windy City” despite being at similar they have hotter climates latitudes  water vapour carbon methane nitrous oxide dioxide A measure of the relative ability to trap thermal energy in the atmosphere How many Carbon dioxide years a gas Methane will remain in the Nitrous oxide atmosphere? How could climate change affect polar ice caps? How could this, in turn, affect other biomes around the world? If temperatures rise, the polar ice caps will melt. This will cause ocean levels to rise, which could cause biomes to flood. Processes that release Processes that remove carbon into the carbon from atmosphere atmosphere