Climate Factors in Bulgaria PDF

CLIMATE CLIMACTIC FACTORS The most important climatic factors are geographical location, air masses, relief, water bodies and the influence of human activity. The geographical position is a major factor in the formation of the climate, as it determines the sunshine, the atmospheric transfer...

CLIMATE CLIMACTIC FACTORS The most important climatic factors are geographical location, air masses, relief, water bodies and the influence of human activity. The geographical position is a major factor in the formation of the climate, as it determines the sunshine, the atmospheric transfer with its seasonal changes and determines the type of climate in the respective climate zone. Knowing the astronomical and natural geographical situation of our country, draw conclusions about the prevailing climate in our country. Theoretically, in our geographical latitudes, sunshine reaches up to 4500 hours a year, but in fact it is almost half - 2000 2500 hours. Sunshine is unevenly distributed over the territory of the country and by month. The maximum is in July, the minimum - in December. The main centers forming the cyclones that influence the weather and climate in our country, and their paths, are shown in 1. Although it is more than 2000 km away from the Atlantic Ocean, Bulgaria experiences its influence through the invaders from the west and northwest moist air masses. It can be seen that the predominant transfer is in the direction from west to east. In the spring and summer, Icelandic cyclones that originate in the area of the island. Iceland, move in a southeasterly direction and through their cold fronts influence the climate in our country. They are the reason for the maximum rainfall in significant parts of the country in May and June. In autumn and winter, their path shifts to the southeast. Cold air masses reach the Alps and in the area of the Gulf of Genoa are "reborn" into new Mediterranean cyclones that move eastward over the Balkan Peninsula, the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea. They are the cause of the autumn-winter maximum of precipitation in the southern and the southeastern parts. The clear and dry weather is determined by the Azores and the Eastern European anticyclones. Depending on the season, their air masses are either warm or cold 2. Relief is an important climate-forming factor. It changes or stops the air masses by its altitude, its location and its fragmentation. Terrain can change the character of air masses, for example from moist to dry by precipitation when they encounter a mountain barrier. On the opposite slope of the mountain, the amount of precipitation is small, i.e. they are in rain shadow. As the altitude changes, so do the climatic elements. Considering the nature of the main atmospheric transport and knowing the location of our mountains, where do you think such a phenomenon would be observed? Man, through his activity, is also a factor in changing the climate. Due to the construction of various facilities, afforestation and atmospheric pollution, the climate in a number of areas is changing. Global climate changes caused by anthropogenic activity on the continent and in the world are already appearing. CLIMATE ELEMENTS Climatic factors determine an extremely diverse climate with a transitional nature between the temperate and the Mediterranean type of climate. Discover those features of the climatic elements that prove the transience of the climate in Bulgaria. Air temperature. The region of Sandanski Kresna has the highest average annual temperature (13.9- 14.0°C). The average annual temperature decreases with increasing altitude. At Musala peak it is 3.0°C, and at sea level in Sozopol it is 13.3°C. The maximum of the monthly temperatures is in July, and the minimum - in January. With the help of 3 and 4, draw conclusions about the distribution of average January and July temperatures in Bulgaria. Determine the average temperature amplitudes for the flat parts, for the Black Sea coast and in the mountains. Why are there differences? A frequent phenomenon in the valleys of the country are temperature inversions, when record low temperatures are also measured in winter. This happens after an invasion of arctic air masses. As a result of the temperature exchange between the earth's surface and the ground air, the cooling is even greater on clear nights. Then it is colder in the hollows than on the fenced slopes. Precipitation. The average annual amount of precipitation in our country is 670 mm. The average annual rainfall for the flat and hilly regions of the country is about 550-650 mm, and for the mountainous regions about 800 - 1000 mm. The differences between months and seasons are also significant. For Northern Bulgaria and the high valley fields of Western Bulgaria, the maximum rainfall is in May-June, the minimum in February. For the southernmost regions of the country and the southern Black Sea coast, the maximum is in November-December, and the summer minimum is in August. Precipitation decreases from west to east. winter Identify the areas with the highest and lowest rainfall 5. In winter, the snow cover in different parts of the country is varying thickness and duration. In Northern Bulgaria, she started I keep about 50-70 days, and in the southern parts of Bulgaria several times the snow melts. In the high parts of the mountains, the snow cap- It lasts for 7-8 months. Winds Winds in our country are of different direction and speed. The most frequent are the west and north-west winds. Their average annual speed is about 1 - 2 m/s. In the mountains, the speed is higher, with its maximum at Murgash Peak and Botev Peak being around 10 m/s. In the summer, northeasterly winds prevail along the Northern Black Sea and Dobruja. In the winter they are accompanied by intense snowfall and low temperatures. Local winds occur mainly during the warm half-year. Characteristic is the gusty southerly blow dryer wind that appears in early spring on the northern slopes of Vitosha, Stara Planina, and the Rhodopes. On the southern slopes of the Stara Planina in the Sliven - Tvarditsa region, the strong gusty north wind, similar to the pine, manifests itself. The mountain-valley wind is also a local wind. Breezes are characteristic of the Black Sea. Adverse climatic phenomena are directly related to the economic activity of people. These include droughts during the vegetation period of plants, late spring and early autumn frosts and frosts, hailstorms, temperature inversions, avalanches, snowstorms, fogs, whirlwinds, etc. THE CLIMACTIC REGIONS The climate observation systems in our country give climatologists the basis to define 5 climatic regions on the territory of the country: temperate, continental, transitional, continental-Mediterranean, Black Sea and mountainous. The temperate continental climate area covers the Danube Plain, the Pre-Balkans, the Western and Central Stara Planina (up to about 1000 m above sea level), the mountain-basin areas of Kraishte, Ikhtimanska and Sochtinska Sredna Gora. What factors do you think have the greatest influence on the climatic features of the area? In this area, the continental character of the Shia climate. Average January temperatures are the lowest in comparison with the rest of the regions (-1, -3°C), and mid-July temperatures are comparable extremely high (+22, +24°C). Temperature amplitudes reach from 24 up to 26°C. The average annual rainfall for the district in the extra- the lowland areas are about 500-650 mm 6. On the windward slopes on Stara planina and Vitosha, these amounts reach 1000 mm, and in the east, in Dobruja, decrease to about 450 mm. The maximum of precipitation is in summer, and the minimum in winter. The snow cover lingers until 3 months in the lower parts and up to 5-6 in the higher ones. The prevailing ones winds are west and northwest. North winds blow in the eastern parts and northeasterly winds. On the northern foothills of Vitosha and Stara Mountain the wind blows. The climatic features of the area allow the cultivation of a number of valuable cereals and technical crops, vegetables, vines, fruits. Of the unfavorable climatic phenomena, the most dangerous are late spring and early autumn frosts, frosts, temperature inversions, as well as strong hail, especially in Northwestern Bulgaria. THE CLIMATE AS A NATURAL RESOURCE From what you studied in the previous years, you know what climatic resources are and what types they are. It is known that the climate has a great influence on the development and territorial location of the branches of our national economy. Agroclimatic resources are essential for the development of agriculture. The provision of heat, light and moisture, necessary for the development of agricultural crops, depends on them. A very important fact is the presence of a relatively long period with average daytime temperatures above 10°C. Humidification is also an important component of agroclimatic resources. The recreational and climatic resources in the country enable the development of tourism in a number of regions. They are essential for organizing recreation and strengthening people's health. Climate energy resources (solar energy and wind power) are increasingly being used in our country. Apart from Northeastern Bulgaria, wind generators have been built in Yambolsko, Slivensko and Burgassko, etc., and solar energy is widely used. Protecting atmospheric air from pollution is an important ecological problem for our country. As a result of the development of industry in recent decades, the air over a number of areas is highly polluted: Sofia, Devnya, Varna, Pernik, Ruse, Dimitrovgrad, Burgas, Maritsa East, Plovdiv, Zlatitsa Pirdop, etc. 13. The main polluters are energy, metallurgy, chemical industry, cement production, road transport, etc. 12. Among the pollutants, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, heavy metal compounds, etc. prevail. Since the substances are connected in a single cycle, the pollution of the atmosphere leads to the pollution of the other components of the natural environment. This leads to the emergence of a number of unfavorable consequences for people and the economy.