Class 8 English Grammar PDF

# Page by Page ## A New Generation Grammar Series - Book 8 ### Gowri Ramachandran ## Chapter 1 - Sentences A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense. A sentence always begins with a capital letter and ends with the appropriate punctuation mark, depending on whether it is a stateme...

# Page by Page ## A New Generation Grammar Series - Book 8 ### Gowri Ramachandran ## Chapter 1 - Sentences A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense. A sentence always begins with a capital letter and ends with the appropriate punctuation mark, depending on whether it is a statement, a question, or an exclamation. For example: * This boy is my neighbor. (Statement) * Who is this boy? (Question) * How tired she looks! (Exclamation) ### Kinds of Sentences There are four principle kinds of sentences: * Affirmative Sentences - to make a statement * Interrogative Sentences - to ask a question * Imperative Sentences - to make a command / request * Exclamatory Sentences - to express wonder / surprise We use a sentence for the following purposes: * to greet someone * to ask questions * to make a request * to offer something * to accept / reject an offer * to give advice * to seek information * to give a command * to express wonder / surprise * to express regret or to apologize * to agree / disagree on a certain point Sentences can be positive (affirmative) or negative in nature. For example: * I like pets. (affirmative) * I don't like pets. (negative) The meaning of a sentence becomes clear only because of the correct punctuation marks that we use. 1. Given below are a few sentences. Punctuate each sentence and identify what type it is. a. What a beautiful sweater you are wearing! b. Meenakshi is a good dancer. c. Why are you digging up the place? d. This is not a good time to meet the principal. e. This elephant is wearing pants. f. This is an interesting book indeed! g. Can we go to the science park today? h. Can you please pass me the mustard? i. Children should not watch TV late into the night. j. I am quite sure he is the murderer. 2. Can you write the following sentences as directed? For example: * I like mangoes. (assertive) * I don't like mangoes. (negative) * Do you like mangoes? (interrogative) * You must eat mangoes. (imperative) * How sweet these mangoes taste! (exclamatory) a. This is an interesting story. b. Ravi helped me carry the books. c. I don't like winters. d. I am sure you are comfortable. e. The floor is rather dirty. f. Mr. Anoop is the new Headmaster. A sentence can be either affirmative or negative in nature. While an affirmative sentence is positive a negative sentence denies the statement For example: * Raman is the most generous person. (affirmative) * No one is as generous as Pawan. (negative) 3. Change the following sentences from affirmative to negative. a. I can carry this bag to the market. b. I can help you in your work. c. I might return only by 2 pm. d. The sky is clear tonight. e. The little boy sang better than the rest. f. He listens to very loud music. g. The Indian Women's Cricket team is the World Champion this year. h. My home is really beautiful. i. Everest is the highest mountain peak in the world. j. Akbar was the greatest Mughal king ever. 4. Change the following statements from negative to affirmative. a. There was no one in the hall. b. We have lost every match till last year. c. Nobody was absent at the meeting. d. She couldn't walk to the bazaar. e. No one in the class is shorter than Amita. ### Yes or NO? There are questions to which the answer is simply a yes or a no. For example: * Can you speak English? * Yes, I can. * No, I can't. * These questions generally begin with words like *is, do, are, can*, etc. * The word order in a yes / no question is of importance. For example: * It was raining heavily. (statement) * Was it raining heavily? (question) * Questions that begin with *do* or *did* can be answered with yes or no. But others, which begin with words like *what, which, When, Why* (wh words) and *How*, cannot be answered with yes or no alone. For example: * Did you clean your room? * Yes, I did. * Where do you live? * I live in Amritsar. * How did you arrive? * I arrived by bus. 5. Write answers to the following questions. a. At what time do you leave home? b. When do you wake up? c. Did you visit the Arts Museum? d. Do boys generally speak louder? e. What time is it now? f. Where did you buy that shirt? g. Who is that girl in the red hat? h. Why did you not come yesterday? 6. Write questions for the following statements. a. I am going to the market. b. Mark Twain wrote "Tom Sawyer". c. This is the road to Jaipur. d. Yes, I did apologize. e. No, there were only 15 children in the bus. f. The bus arrived at 10 am. g. Yes, the school closes at 2 pm. h. I would like to have some soup for lunch. i. I am going to Mumbai to meet my aunt. j. No, my sister does not go to school. ### Question Tags A question tag is a question consisting of an auxiliary verb + a subject, which is attached at the end of a statement. The question tag is negative for a positive statement and positive for a negative statement. For example: * Ram has gone to school, hasn't he? * Seeta did not clean the room, did she? Note: The verb in the question remains the same as the verb in the statement. 7. Add the appropriate tag to the follwing sentences. a. We haven't had our lunch yet. b. We were only just in time. c. The car broke down at the most awkward time. d. Everyone is liable to make mistakes. e. She will miss the train if she doesn't hurry. f. The garden looks very attractive. g. The journey was not an easy one. h. The attendant would not let us in. i. I never drink tea. j. The hotel was not too expensive. k. Let's go and see their new house. l. He easily loses his temper. m. Elephants are very strong animals. n. There was not a single seat vacant. o. We mustn't forget to pay for our tickets. p. You needn't leave so early as this. q. The safe is securely locked. r. We hadn't much time to spare. s. No one could tell us the way to the station. t. Your father mightn't like us to use his new typewriter. u. That was not a very polite thing to say. v. Most of us voted against the proposal. w. There's no sense in wasting one's money. x. Our team hasn't been beaten all this season. y. We could go for a trip round the world if we had the money. z. Let's go for a swim. ### Appended Questions Appended questions resemble question tags only; they are used for: * Confirmation of a statement. For example: * Your father is a doctor. Isn't he? * A hope for the denial of a negative statement. For example: You did not steal the money. Did you? * To ask the person addressed for an opinion. For example: I hate Hindi films. Don't you? 8. Add to the following statements an appended question, either asking for confirmation or invinting denail. a. I believe you have two brothers. b. Your father has retired from business. c. You wouldn't care to come to the theatre with us. d. I think I have lent you this book before. e. You are not going out in that shabby old suit. f. "Paradise Lost" was written by John Milton. g. He lived in the seventeenth century. h. Now that your son has got a new bicycle he doesn't want to sell his old one. i. They haven't lived here very long. j. We needn't to pay the money until we receive the goods. 9. Add to the following sentences an appended question asking the other person's opinion. a. I don't think much of that picture. b. I would like to go to America one day. c. I feel ready for a cup of tea. d. I can hear someone singing. e. I wasn't very interested in his story. f. I shan't give anything to the fund. g. I couldn't hear what he was saying. ### Subject and Predicate The subject of a sentence is the main part of the sentence around which the essence of the sentence revolves. The predicate of a sentence is that part of the sentence which tells you about the subject. For example: * The cat ran into a hole. **Subject** | **Predicate** The subject is always a noun or a pronoun or a group of words that perform the function of a noun. For example: * The old palace is being renovated. **Subject** | **Predicate** The predicate may consist of one word or several words with a verb. For example: * The gift was wrapped in blue paper. **Subject** | **Predicate** We can identify the subject in a sentence by asking ourselves the question What? or Who? 10. Underline the subjects in the following sentences. a. Your coat is very fine. b. Lions roar in the forest. c. Peter stood first in the test. d. The train was late by two hours. e. Dogs chase the cats. f. The boys laughed at the poor man. g. The boy with the red turban is very gentle. h. The poor old ox has died. i. Early man was a food-gatherer. 11. Underline the predicates in the following sentences. a. The king died of a broken heart. b. Rama was exiled for 14 years. c. Cats live on mice. d. My father runs a bakery. e. The teacher taught us a new lesson. f. The horse is a faithful animal. g. Boys are after all boys. h. Everyone is to die one day. i. Animals and plants depend on each other. 12. Fill in the blanks with a subject. a. ______ reached school in time. b. ______ was crying for milk. c. ______ am very tired indeed. d. ______ climbed up a tree. e. ______ is an old man. ### An Adverb Phrase An adverb phrase performs the function of an adverb in a sentence. * An adverb phrase of manner tells how the action was done. For example: She wrote the poem *very well*. * An adverb phrase of place tells us where the action was done. For example: She performed *on the school stage*. * An adverb phrase of time tells us when the action was done. For example: Scorpions are active *during the night*. 13. Underline the adverbial phrases indicating time. a. While travelling in Africa, we took some splendid pictures. b. She let me down badly *after promising to help me*. c. He showed no fear *when threatened by the robber.* d. Before accepting the offer, you should consider it carefully. e. When bargaining at a bazaar, some people are very successful. f. We had a brief problem *before landing safely in Kolkata*. g. *After graduating from college*, he set up a business. h. I was daydreaming *while watching the documentary*. i. When given a free hand, you did a good job. j. Aditi looks great *after having her hair styled*. 14. Underline the correct words in the brackets. a. The matador never regained his strength after (being gored / gored) by a bull. b. While (loitered / loitering ) in the street, he was scrutinising every passer-by. c. When (complimented / complimenting) for being elegant, she just laughed. d. I sat by the river for hours before (catch / catching) one tiny fish. e. *After (mastering / was mastering) the technique of roller-blading,* she bought a pair of skates. f. You need patience and perception when (handle / handling) people. g. Lalita added two points while (keyed / keying) in her report. h. *Before (commit / committing) ourselves to any investment,* we must evaluate the risks. i. She gets flustered when (hurried / hurry) into giving an answer. j. *After (sending/sent) my family an email,* I gave way to jet lag. ### Clauses A clause is a group of words, which makes sense and is part of a larger sentence. A clause contains a finite verb and a subject. Like the phrase, the clause also performs the function of a noun, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Clause can be of two types: the principal clause and the subordinate clause. For example: * He saw a cat jump out *when he entered the room*. **Principal clause** | **Subordinate clauses** The subordinate clauses are always dependent on the principal clauses. ### A Noun Clause A noun clause is a subordinate clause which does the work of a noun in relation to some word (noun) in the principal clause. For example: * My uncle, *knowing that I was hungry*, sent some food. * Subject to a transitive verb. For example : *What she says* is quite true. * Object to a transitive verb. For example : I cannot say *when I shall start*. * Object to the infinitive. For example : I want *to know how you manage*. * Object to a participle For example : He went away *saying that he would return*. * Object to a preposition. For example: Your *success depends on how hard you work*. * Complement to a noun / pronoun For example: The *news that he is alive* spread fast. 15. Pick out the noun clause in the following sentences. a. What *he said about me* is quite wrong. b. This *is what you have made of yourself*. c. He *lives on what little he earns*. d. *How the accident took place* is a mystery. e. He asked *me to consider what he had said*. f. Can you tell *me when the next train will start* ? g. *My only wish* *is that I may serve my country*. h. *It is almost certain* *that Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose is dead*. i. *The report* *that the hijackers have shot the hostages* is untrue. j. *Thinking that all was well*, *the military was withdrawn*. k. *The thought* *that he would come* cheered us. l. I am sure *that he is guilty*. m. *What is certain* *is that we have progressed a good deal*. n. *It is rumoured* *that Pakistan is again preparing for war against India*. o. *He begged* *that his life might be spared*. p. *That we shall arrive in time* seems doubtful. q. *What he wants* I do not know. ### An Adjective Clause An adjective clause does the work of an adjective in a sentence. It qualifies a noun or a pronoun in the principal clause. * Adjective clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun or relative adverbs like *which, whom, who, why, when*. * The relative pronoun or relative adverb *that* introduces an adjective clause, is omitted. For example : Show me the purse *you found*. (*that you found*) * At times *but* is used as a relative pronoun when it is followed by *not*. For example: There was *none but did not weep*. * *Such* and *same*, followed by *as* also introduce adjective clause. For example: *Such men as love their parents,* should be respected. 16. Pick out the adjective clause in the following sentences and say which noun or pronoun in the principal clause, it qualifies. a. The man *who broke into the room* has been caught. b. All the blessings *we enjoy* come from God. c. Uneasy *lies the head that wears a crown*. d. Childhood *is the time when good habits may be formed*. e. *The reason why he failed* was not known. f. The plan *I proposed* was not accepted. g. There was no one *but shed a tear over his misfortunes*. h. *Such men as are false to their friends* should be avoided. i. They never fail *who die in a great cause*. j. I do not know *the time when he will come*. k. *Those who work hard* succeed. l. There *is no rose but has a thorn*. m. *All that glitters* is not gold. n. The boy *whom you met yesterday* was my old friend. o. This *is the same dog as bit my sister yesterday*. p. We found *the purse lying at the place where it was left*. q. This *is the spot where the battle of Kurukshetra was fought*. r. The *reason why he left* is unknown. s. Blessed *is he who does his work honestly*. t. The *service he did to his country* cannot be underestimated. ### Adverb Clause An adverb clause does the work of an adverb. It modifies some verb, adjective, or adverb in the principal clause. * Adverb clause of time: For example: Don't count your chickens *before they hatch*. * Adverb clause of place: For example: He did not know *where he kept the book*. * Adverb clause of purpose : For example: We need to exercise *so as to be healthy*. * Adverb clause of cause / reason : For example : I did not go to school *because I was ill*. * Adverb clause of condition : For example: *If you help me*, I will be grateful. * Adverb clause of result / effect : For example: He worked so hard *that he is successful now*. * Adverb clause of comparison : For example: He *is as strong as I am*. * Adverb clause of contrast : For example: *Though he is poor, he is honest*. * Adverb clause of manner: For example : You may do *as you like*. 17. Pick out the adverbial clause in the following sentences and state the function of each clause. a. As he came into the room, *all stood up to greet him*. b. I shall go *where you go*. c. Run hard *lest you should lose the race*. d. *As you sow,* so shall you reap. e. Poor as he is, *he is honest*. f. I am glad *that you have come to receive me*. g. He walked *so quickly that no one could keep pace with him*. h. He worked hard *that he might win a scholarship*. i. *Unless you work harder,* you will fail. j. I shall help him *provided he seeks my help*. k. However cleverly you may work, *no one will praise you*. l. He passed by me, *as of he did not know me*. m. No other excercise *is so healthy as riding*. n. Prevention *is better than cure*. o. The sooner we start, *the earlier we shall reach home*. p. The more, *the merrier*. q. We waited for our friends *till they returned*. r. The children danced *while the piper played*. s. You must go there *whether you like it or not*. t. No sooner *did it begin to rain* than all the guests ran indoors. u. *Although he was put into prison,* yet he refused to get information about his companions. v. Even *if it blows hard,* I shall come. w. *Before we take our food*, we should always wash hands. x. More things are wrought by prayer *than this world dreams of*. z. *Our new teacher speaks in such a low voice,* that no one can follow him. # Chapter 2 - Nouns Nouns are naming words. They name animals, persons, things, actions, qualities, and feelings. * Names of persons: a. My grandmother is a tall lady. b. My father's name is Anil Kumar. c. The postman is a useful person. * Names of places: a. My house is by the riverside. b. The bus stop is far away from the school. c. Delhi is *the capital of India*. * Names of animials: a. Cows eat grass. b. The mongoose and the snake are enemies. c. Spiders spin webs. * Names of things: a. The glass is on the table. b. The books are in the shelf. c. There are two doors and two windows. * Names of qualities: a. Honesty is the best policy. b. Patience is a great quality. c. Hard work is the key to success. * Names of actions: a. They enjoyed the dance. b. She is fond of Hindi songs. c. They ran a race. * Names of feelings: a. The boys are *happy*. b. She tries to control her *anger*. c. They exclaimed in *wonder*. 1. Underline all nouns in the following sentences. a. Asha has won a *trophy*. b. Dogs have *curved tails*. c. Rama was an *obedient son*. d. Gopal was born in *Chandigargh*. e. *Bread* is made of *flour*. f. There is little *medicine* in the *bottle*. g. The *boat* capsized in the *river*. h. Your *brother* has fared well in the *test*. i. The *oxen* draw our *carts* and work our *wells*. j. There is a *partridge* in the *cage*. k. This *building* is made of *red stone*. l. Our *school* is a long way off. m. My *cousin* has written an *interesting story*. n. All *quadrupeds* can run *fast*. o. *Birds* fly but *turtles* swim. p. The *cuckoo* sings with a shrill *voice*. q. My *office* has four *chairs* and a *table*. r. Your *answer* to my *question* is *correct.* s. *Daddy* has a new *suit* on. t. *Butchers* sell us *meat* and *fish*. 2. Fill up each blank with a suitable noun. a. Write with a ______ . b. My ______ is seriously ill. c. Gopi and Hari are ______. d. The dogs chase the ______ in the jungle. e. The name of our motherland is ______. f. ______ grow *wheat*for us in ______. g. There is no ______ in the *playground*. h. ______ is the largest *city* in *India*. i. This is a very interesting ______. j. I am unwell; send for the ______ at once. k. The *boys* and ______ are playing in the ______. l. *Indian* ______ are the bravest in the world. m. *Television* is the latest means of ______. n. My *father* reads a ______ daily in the morning. o. *Horses* are kept in a ______ and ______ in a sty. p. There are many ______ in *the garden*. q. A *nation's* strength is in its ______. ### Kinds of Nouns and Their Use #### Common Nouns They are names of common things, places, or persons. All common nouns have plural forms. For example: * The *train* arrived late. * I go to *school*. * She visited a *hill station*. #### Proper Nouns They are the names of particular persons, places, or things. Proper nouns do not have any plural forms. For example: * The *Chennai Express* arrived late. * I go to *St. Mark's School*. * She visited *Mussoorie*. #### Material Nouns They are the names of materials used for making different things. For example: * *Roti* is made of *wheat*. * This *chain* is made of *gold*. * Bring that *iron rod* here. #### Collective Nouns They are words that name a group or collection of persons, animals, or things as a complete whole. For example: * He was tending his *flock* of *sheep*. * The *dog* had a *litter* of six *pups*. #### Abstract Nouns They are the names of abstract qualities - actions, qualities, feelings, state of mind, or art. For example: * Their *friendship* dates back to ten years. * *Childhood* is a very beautiful time. ### Formations of Abstract Nouns Abstract nouns are generally formed from - a. Common Nouns b. Adjectives c. Verbs | Common Noun | Abstract Noun | |:---:|:---:| | friend | friendship | | king | kingship | | master | mastery | | slave | slavery | | minister | ministry | | burglar | burglary | | hero | heroism | | thief | theft | | captain | captaincy | | bond | bondage | | Common Noun | Abstract Noun | |:---:|:---:| | boy | boyhood | | owner | ownership | | child | childhood | | robber | robbery | | dacoit | dacoity | | coward | cowardice | | infant | infancy | | school | schooling | | agent | agency | | relation | relationship | | Adjective | Abstract Noun | |:---:|:---:| | able | ability | | active | activity | | brave | bravery | | bold | boldness | | big | bigness | | broad | breadth | | free | freedom | | high | height | | intelligent | intelligence | | ignorant | ignorance | | patient | patience | | just | justice | | poor | poverty | | quick | quickness | | grateful | gratitude | | true | truth | | slow | sloth | | rapid | rapidity | | polite | politeness | | Adjective | Abstract Noun | |:---:|:---:| | courteous | courtesy | | cruel | cruelty | | dark | darkness | | deep | depth | | different | difference | | eager | eagerness | | false | falsehood | | foolish | folly | | hot | heat | | humble | humility | | diligent | diligence | | efficient | efficiency | | long | length | | dear | dearth | | proud | pride | | quiet | quietude | | short | shortage | | wide | width | | rude | rudeness | | Verb | Abstract Noun | |:---:|:---:| | advise | advice | | arrive | arrival | | act | action | | do | deed | | carry | carriage | | defend | defence | | describe | description | | Verb | Abstract Noun | |:---:|:---:| | bear | birth | | believe | belief | | be | being | | choose | choice | | define | definition | | eat | eatable | | fly | flight | | Verb | Abstract Verb | |:---:|:---:| | expect | expectation | | give | gift | | go | gait | | hate | hatred | | heal | health | | injure | injury | | punish | punishment | | protect | protection | | see | sight | | solve | solution | | serve | service | | seize | seizure | | please | pleasure | | think | thought | | try | trial | | acquit | acquittal | | utter | utterance | | judge | judgement | | Verb | Abstract Verb | |:---:|:---:| | laugh | laughter | | live | life | | move | motion | | meet | meeting | | pay | payment | | pray | prayer | | prevent | prevention | | practise | practice | | save | saving | | sit | sitting | | speak | speech | | enclose | enclosure | | relieve | relief | | treat | treatment | | offend | offence | | remove | removal | | write | writ | | oppose | opposition | ### Verbs having the same form, as Abstract Nouns | Verb | Abstract Verb | |:---:|:---:| | cry | cry | | desire | desire | | fall | fall | | fear | fear | | help | help | | hope | hope | | joke | joke | | love | love | | mark | mark | | regret | regret | | respect | respect | | Verb | Abstract Verb | |:---:|:---:| | sleep | sleep | | ride | ride | | stay | stay | | step | step | | talk | talk | | taste | taste | | touch | touch | | walk | walk | | want | want | | work | work | | talk | talk | 3. Underline abstract nouns in the following sentences. Mention the kind of each. a. *Honesty* pays in the long run. b. *Love* is blind. c. *Childhood* is innocent but *youth* is rash. d. *Beauty* needs no ornaments. e. Her *walk* and *talk* are full of *grace*. f. *Honour* comes to the *brave* only. g. Every *living* *thing* grows in *height* and *girth*. h. *Slavery* is a grave *curse*. i. *Childhood* knows no *worry* at all. j. The *king* burst into a *loud laughter*. k. *Painting* and *music* are fine *arts*. l. *Cheating* earns *hatred* of *people* and *displeasure* of *God*. m. The *earth's rotation* causes *days* and *nights*. n. *Joys* and *sorrows* go hand in hand with each other. o. A *day-light robbery* occurred in *Bombay* yesterday. 4. Supply a suitable abstract noun for each blank. a. _______ to *parents* is the greatest *worship*. b. We must show ______ to *our teachers*. c. _______ to *animals* is a great *virtue*. d. ________ is the best *policy*. It brings *honour*. e. ________ always begins at *home*. f. A *hare* and a *tortoise* had a ______. g. *Good food* gives ______ to the *body*. h. ______ is the gravest *curse* on this *earth*. i. She has a good ______ of *English language*. j. _______ is the *mother* of ______. k. We get ______ and ______ from the *sun*. 5. Make abstract nouns from the following common nouns. a. thief - ______ b. fool - ______ c. child - ______ d. infant - ______ e. slave - ______ f. owner - ______ g. hero - ______ h. dacoit - ______ i. coward - ______ j. mother - ______ k. bond - ______ l. school - ______ 6. Make abstract nouns from the following adjectives. a. active - ______ b. just - ______ c. merry - ______ d. deep - ______ e. cruel - ______ f. proud - ______ g. quiet - ______ h. rapid - ______ i. dear - ______ j. diligent - ______ k. false - ______ l. short - ______ m. slow - ______ n. grateful - ______ o. poor - ______ p. patient - ______ 7. Make abstract nouns from the following verbs. a. advise - ______ b. refuse - ______ c. carry - ______ d. describe - ______ e. fly - ______ f. define - ______ g. be - ______ h. bear - ______ i. give - ______ j. do - ______ k. go - ______ l. see - ______ m. move - ______ n. write - ______ o. live - ______ p. laugh - ______ 8. Underline each noun in the following sentences. Mention its kind too. a. *Nicholas* is *tall* and *slim*. b. How are *houses* useful to *us*? c. A *pack* of *wolves* is *roaming* in the *forest*. d. *Chairs* are made of *wood* and *cane*. e. The *Ganga* is the largest *river* in *India*. f. The *roof* of this *house* is made of *slate*. g. The *bitch* bore a *litter* of six *pups*. h. The *firemen* put out the *fire* in no *time*. i. My *motherland* is the best *land* of all. j. This *plane* is *bound* for *Guwahati*. k. *Jesus Christ* preached many good *things*. l. The *labourers* work very hard by *day*. m. This *grand building* has two *bedrooms*. n. Loosen the *shoe-laces* and lie down on the *couch*. o. The *dark clouds* are full of *rain*. 9. Fill up each blank with a suitable noun. Mention its kind also. a. The ______ was built by *Shah Jahan*. b. The *Gita* is a sacred ______ of the ______. c. *Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru* was the first ______ of ______. d. We often loosen our ______. e. The ______ is a very useful *public servant*. f. *Our* ______ shelter us from bad *weather*. g. *Trees* bring forth new ______ during *spring*. h. *Our* ______ played a match against *them*. i. A ______ of *robbers* overtook the *travellers*. j. Fix a ______ of *flowers* in the *vase*. k. The *angler* caught a big ______ of *fish*. l. *Doors* and *windows* are made of ______ and ______. m. *People* made *houses* of ______ in the *past*. n. A *strong force* is *stationed* at ______. o. The *king* consulted his ______ of *ministers*. 10. Supply a suitable collective noun for each blank. a. ______ of *cattle* b. ______ of *shoes* c. an ______ of *soldiers* d. a ______ of *stars* e. an ______ of *ships* f. a ______ of *birds* g. a ______ of *keys*