Circulatory System PDF

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Parts and Functions What is Circulatory System?  also known as the TRANSPORT SYSTEM or CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.  is the organ system of the body responsible for the circulation of blood and other nutrients. What is Circulation?  is the continuous one-way movement of the...

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Parts and Functions What is Circulatory System?  also known as the TRANSPORT SYSTEM or CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.  is the organ system of the body responsible for the circulation of blood and other nutrients. What is Circulation?  is the continuous one-way movement of the blood through the different body parts. What are involve in the process?  Blood  Heart  Blood vessels Functions of the Circulatory System  it plays two important role in maintaining homeostasis. A. By exchanging molecules through controlling the makeup of the environment in which the cells live. B. It controls the chemical makeup of the blood by continuously transporting it through organs like liver and kidneys. Two types of Circulatory System  OPEN TYPE – in this type, blood is pumped through open-ended vessels and diffuses out of the body. Invertebrates such as crustaceans, spiders and grasshoppers have this type of circulatory system. Two types of Circulatory System  CLOSED TYPE – also known as cardiovascular system.  This system consist of a heart and a network of vessels.  Suitable for organisms with fast metabolism. Parts of the Circulatory System  HEART Is a muscular organ about the size of your clenched fist. Drives the blood through the blood vessels.  located between the lungs and its tip is slightly pointed to the left of the midline of the body.  It contracts about 72 times per minute or more than 100 000 times a day.  HEART Structure of the Heart  ENDOCARDIUM – the membrane that lines the interior of the heart.  MYOCARDIUM – the thickest layer of the cardiac muscle. It is responsible for pumping blood through blood vessels.  EPICARDIUM – the thin, outermost layer of the heart wall. ***PERICARDIUM – covering and protecting the heart and it connects the heart to the diaphragm and the breastbone. Structure of the Heart  The two sides are separated by a thick wall of muscle called SEPTUM Structure of the Heart On each side of the heart are two chambers which contract in pairs.  The upper chambers are called ATRIA which receive blood into the heart and pump it into the VENTRICLES, the heart’s two lower chamber. Structure of the Heart  ATRIA – small chambers with thin muscular walls which pump blood into the lower chambers.  VENTRICLES – larger than the atria and have thicker muscular walls which pump blood out of the heart and into the other parts of the body. Structure of the Heart  The heart has one-way valves that regulate and direct the flow of blood.  VALVES – are located between the atria and ventricles to prevent the backflow of blood from the atria or the ventricles. Structure of the Heart  Atrioventricular valves or tricuspid valve – entrance valves which is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.  Bicuspid valve or mitral valve – is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle.  Semilunar valve – is the exit valves. HEARTBEAT  The pumping motion of the heart causes heartbeat, a sound that is usually described as “lub-dub”.  LUB – is created when the valves between the atrium and the ventricle close. DUB – is produced after the closing of the valves between the ventricles and the arteries that lead to the lungs and the rest of the body BLOOD VESSEL S What is Blood Vessels?  Blood flows in a closed circuit through tubes called blood vessels. Types of blood vessels: ARTERIES VEINS CAPILLARIES ARTERIES  carry blood away from the heart and into the capillaries that connect to the tissues.  they contain oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary arteries.  the largest artery is called AORTA.  the smallest subdivisions of the arteries are called ARTERIOLES. VEINS  are blood vessels responsible for carrying blood back to the heart.  they contain deoxygenated blood except for the pulmonary veins.  most of veins are equipped with one-way valves.  the smallest veins are called VENULES. CAPILLARIES  the finest and smallest of the three types of blood vessels.  the capillaries facilitates the exchange of materials between the blood and body cells or between the blood and the lung tissues. How does the blood circulate in the body? The human heart is a double pump in one organ.  The right side pumps oxygen- poor blood to the lungs through PULMONARY CIRCUIT.  PULMONARY CIRCUIT – the pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.  The left side receives oxygen- rich blood from the lungs then circulated to the rest of the body through SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT.  SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT – pathway of the blood from the heart to all parts of the body. BLOOD PRESSURE  This is almost a buzz word as may are becoming, conscious of their health nowadays. When blood is forced into the arteries due to ventricular contraction, it exerts pressure on the walls of the blood vessels. BLOOD PRESSURE  Systolic Pressure – tells you how much pressure is exerted when your heart contracts and blood flows in the arteries.  Diastolic Pressure – tells you how much pressure is exerted when the heart relaxes. BLOOD PRESSURE  the normal blood pressure in a healthy adult is below 120 systolic BP and below 80 diastolic BP which means that the blood is pushing on the artery walls with a pressure of below 120 mm Hg, as the heart contracts and below 80 mm Hg as the heart relaxes. BLOOD What is BLOOD?  is the internal circulating medium of the body that gives life to the cells.  transports raw materials to cells, removes waste from cells and bring metabolic waste to the specific excretory organs of the body to avoid the build up of toxic materials.  it accounts for about 7% to 8% of the total body weight. Components of the Blood  Blood is a specialized connective tissue with more than 4000 different components.  BLOOD PLASMA  FORMED ELEMENTS BLOOD PLASMA  55% of blood volume is PLASMA which is the liquid part of the blood.  90% of plasma is water.  10% of plasma is protein.  found in plasma also some nutrients and substances such as GLUCOSE, FATS, AMINO ACIDS, ELECTROLYTES, VITAMINS, METABOLIC WASTE, HORMONES. BLOOD PLASMA Plasma Proteins:  ALBUMIN – most abundant plasma protein in the blood.  Manufactured in the liver  Maintain osmotic pressure of the blood to regulate blood flow. Plasma Proteins:  CLOTTING FACTORS – are switched on in a certain sequence clotting cascade when a blood vessel is damaged.  ANTIBODIES – help fight infections. FORMED ELEMENTS  make up the 45% of the blood volume.  consist of three cellular components.  RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC)  WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC)  PLATELETS RED BLOOD CELLS  also known as ERYTHROCYTES.  are tiny, concave and disc-shaped cells  the ability of RBCs to carry oxygen is due to hemoglobin, an iron containing protein, which give blood its color. ***the more oxygen it contains, the brighter the red color. ***Blood that return to the lungs is dark red because it has low oxygen content. RED BLOOD CELLS They contain no nucleus. Due to this, red blood cells are unable to repair themselves, and thus have a short life. They live for about 20 to 120 days. They are destroyed in the spleen of the liver. Are made in the red marrow of the flat bones (such as ribs) and of long bones (such as thigh bone) WHITE BLOOD CELLS  also known as LEUKOCYTES.  are round cells with prominent nuclei of varying size and shapes  tend to be colorless  700 RBC : 1 WBC Responsible primarily for depending the body against infections.  circulate for only 6 to 8 hours. WHITE BLOOD CELLS  categorized into: - GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES - AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES  NEUTROPHILS – active in fighting infections due to bacteria, fungi and other foreign debris.  EOSINOPHILS – kill parasites, destroy cancer cells, involved in allergic response.  BASOPHILS – participate in allergic responses. AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES  LYMPHOCYTES – active in providing immunity. 1. T- Help protect LYMPHOCYTES against viral 2. NATURAL infections and detects and destroy KILLER CELLS some cancer cells. 3. B-  which produce LYMPHOCYTES antibodies AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES  MONOCYTES – function as phagocytes by ingesting dead or damaged cells.  help defend the body against many infectious organisms. PLATELETS  also known as THROMBOCYTES.  are not cells in themselves but are fragments of cells.  1 RBC : 20 platelets Responsible for clotting process by clumping together to form a plug that helps seal a blood vessel at a bleeding site.  manufacture in the red bone marrow PLATELETS  if platelets are too low, a condition thrombocytopenia will occur wherein their will be abnormal bleeding.  if platelets are too high, a condition thrombocythemia will occur wherein the blood may clot excessively, causing stroke or heart attack.. Disorders of the BloOD VESSELS ATHEROSCLEROSIS Is the disease associated of the arteries that is associated with cholesterol buildup called plaque inside the walls of the arteries. The blockage narrow the diameter of the arteries and impedes the blood flow. STROKE Is a disorder that results from the blockage brought by the hardening of the arteries in the brain or in neck vessels leading to the brain. The blockage narrow the diameter of the arteries and impedes the blood flow. Disorders of the HEART CORONARY HEART DISEASE The inability of the blood to reach the coronary arteries of the heart. HYPERTENSIVE HEART DISEASE Results from the tightening of the arterioles, the smallest arteries of the body. Disorders of the BLOOD HEMOPHILIA The blood does not clot properly. Bleeding thus persists. ANEMIA Is a condition wherein the red blood cell count stays persistently low. This situation will affect a red blood cells to carry its full share of oxygen to the body’s tissues. LEUKEMIA Is a disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells. For questions and clarification: Please send me a message using our FB group. Thank you!