Circulatory System Grade 10 PDF

Lesson 1 Circulatory System  Focus Question How does exercise, such as lifting weights, positively affect the circulatory system?  New Vocabulary artery plasma capillary red blood cell vein platelet valve white blood...

Lesson 1 Circulatory System  Focus Question How does exercise, such as lifting weights, positively affect the circulatory system?  New Vocabulary artery plasma capillary red blood cell vein platelet valve white blood cell heart atherosclerosi pacemaker s  Review Vocabulary muscle contraction: muscle cells or fibers shorten in response to stimuli  Functions of the Circulatory System The circulatory system is the body’s transport system. Blood carries important substances, such as oxygen and nutrients, to all parts of the body. It carries waste products, such as carbon dioxide, away from body cells. It also carries disease-fighting materials produced by immune system. Blood contains cell fragments and proteins for clotting. It also distributes heat throughout the  The Heart The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. It pumps oxygenated blood to the body. It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.  The Heart Structure of the Heart It is divided into four sections called chambers. The right and left atrium receive blood returning to the heart. The right and left ventricles pump blood away from the heart. A strong muscular wall separates the left side of the heart from the right side of the heart. Valves separate the atria from the ventricles and keep blood flowing in one  The Heart How the Heart Beats In the first phase, the atria fill with blood. Then the atria contract, filling the ventricles with blood. In the second phase, the ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart. A group of cells in the right atrium, called the pacemaker, or sinoatrial (SA) node, sends out signals that cause both atria to contract. The signal travels to another area in the heart called the atrioventricular node,  The Heart Pulse The pulse is the alternating expansion and relaxation of the artery wall caused by contraction of the left ventricle. The heart pulses about 70 times each minute. Blood Pressure Blood pressure is a measure of how much pressure is exerted against the vessel walls by the blood.  The Heart Blood flow through the body consists of two different circulatory loops.  The Heart Blood Flow in the Body Deoxygenated blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle and is pumped into the pulmonary arteries that lead to the lungs. Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. Blood moves from the left atrium into the left ventricle, which pumps the blood into the aorta. Oxygen is released from the blood into the body cells by diffusion. Carbon  Blood Vessels Blood vessels circulate blood throughout the body and help keep the blood flowing. The three major blood vessels are: Arteries Capillaries Veins  Blood Vessels Arteries Oxygen-rich blood is carried away from the heart in large blood vessels called arteries. They have three layers: Outer layer of connective tissue Middle layer of smooth muscle Inner layer of endothelial tissue Capillaries Capillaries are microscopic vessels in which exchange of substances and wastes occurs. The walls are only one cell thick.  Blood Vessels Veins The largest vessels are veins. They carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. Skeletal muscle contraction keeps blood moving. Valves are tissue flaps that prevent backward flow.  Blood Components Plasma Plasma is the clear, yellowish portion of the blood. It carries glucose, fats, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and waste products from the cells. Red Blood Cells Red blood cells carry oxygen to all body cells. They consist of an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin.  Blood Components Platelets Platelets are cell fragments that are important in forming blood clots. They collect and stick to the vessel at the site of a wound. Platelets release chemicals that produce a protein called fibrin. Fibrin is a protein that weaves a network of fibers across the cut that traps blood platelets and red blood cells.  Blood Components White Blood Cells The body’s disease fighters are white blood cells, which are produced in bone marrow. Some white blood cells recognize disease-causing organisms. Others produce chemicals to fight invaders or to surround and kill the invaders. Many white blood cells move from bone marrow to other sites in the body to mature.  Blood Groups ABO Blood Group There are four types of blood—A, B, AB, and O. Importance of Blood Type If you ever need a blood transfusion, you will be able to receive only certain blood types. Plasma contains proteins called antibodies that recognize red blood cells with foreign markers and cause those cells to clump together. The table on the  Blood Groups Blood A B AB O Type Marker Marker Marker Marker Marker molecule molecule: A molecules: molecules: molecules: and Antibody: B B AB none antibody Antibody: Antibody: Antibodies: anti-A none anti-A, anti- B Example Can donate A or AB B or AB AB A, B, AB, or blood to: O Can receive A or O B or O A, B, AB, or O blood from: O  Blood Groups Rh Blood Group The Rh factor is another marker on red blood cells. It can cause complications during pregnancy. If a fetus’s Rh-positive blood mixes with the mother’s Rh-negative blood, the mother will make anti-Rh antibodies. During another pregnancy, these antibodies can cross the placenta and destroy red blood cells if the  Circulatory System Disorders Blood clots and other matter can reduce the flow of blood travelling through the arteries. Atherosclerosis is the condition of blocked arteries. When blood flow is reduced or blocked, the heart must work even harder to pump blood, and vessels may burst. Atherosclerosis can lead to a heart attack or stroke.  Quiz 1 When blood leaves the heart, where does it. exit? A the aorta CORREC T B the capillaries C the lungs D the pulmonary vein  Quiz 2 Where is the pacemaker located in the. heart? A right ventricle C right atrium CORREC T B left ventricle D left atrium  Quiz 3 Which chamber pumps blood into the. aorta? A right ventricle B left ventricle CORREC T C right atrium D left atrium  Quiz 4 Which component of the blood fights disease. in the body? A platelets B red blood cells C plasma D white blood cells CORREC T  Quiz 5 If your blood type is B, which blood types. can you donate to? A B or AB C A and B B B or O D B only CORREC T