Circulatory System PDF

Transport of Materials: Circulatory System PREPARED BY: ANTOINETTE P. DELA CRUZ This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND The Cardiovascular System A closed system of the heart and blood vessels. ◦The heart pumps blood ◦Blood vessels allow b...

Transport of Materials: Circulatory System PREPARED BY: ANTOINETTE P. DELA CRUZ This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND The Cardiovascular System A closed system of the heart and blood vessels. ◦The heart pumps blood ◦Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body Function of the Circulatory System 1. Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide 2. Distributed nutrients to body cells 3. Conveys waste products of metabolism to disposal sites 4. Helps the immune system Parts of the Circulatory System A. The Heart Location ◦Thorax between the lungs ◦Pointed apex directed towards the left hip About the size of your fist ◦ Less than 1 lb The Vertebrate Heart Vertebrate hearts are separated into two types of chambers: ◦Atria (singular: atrium): Receives blood from the body or the lungs. Contractions of the atria send blood through a valve to the ventricles ◦Ventricles: receive blood from atria, and contract to send blood to the body or lungs. Two-Chambered Heart The simplest vertebrate heart (seen in fishes) A single atrium receives blood from the body cells. A ventricles send blood to This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC the gills to collect oxygen. Three-Chambered Heart Separate atria allow some separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which was an advantage for land organisms (reptiles, amphibians) Though blood can mix in the ventricle, mixing is minimal. Some reptiles have partial separation of the ventricle. Four-Chambered Heart Seen in birds and mammals, allows complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Complete separation is necessary to support a fast metabolism found in homeotherms Parts of a Heart 1. PERICARDIUM 2. HEART WALL A double serous membrane Three layers Visceral Pericardium – next to the ◦ Epicardium - outside layer; heart parietal pericardium; connective Parietal Pericardium – outside tissue layer layer ◦ Myocardium – middle layer; mostly cardiac muscle Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium. ◦ Endocardium – inner layer; endothelium Parts of a Heart 3. ATRIA Receiving chambers Right atrium – receives oxygen- Upper chambers of the heart poor blood from the body; pumps blood to the right ventricle. Thin walled Left atrium – receives oxygen-rich Receive blood from the veins which blood from the lungs; pumps it to then pumped to the ventricles the left ventricle Parts of a Heart 4. VENTRICLE Discharging chamber Right ventricle – receives oxygen-poor blood from the body right atrium; pumps Lower chambers of the heart blood to the lungs Thick walled Left ventricle – receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium; pumps blood Pump blood out of the heart to the body. Parts of a Heart 5. VALVES Allow blood to flow in only one direction Atrioventricular valves – between atria Opens as blood is pumped through and ventricles Bicuspid Valve/Mitral Valve (left) Held in place by chordae tendineae (heart Tricuspid Valve (right) strings) Semilunar valves – between ventricle Closes to prevent backflow and artery Pulmonary Semilunar Valve (right) Aortic Semilunar Valve (left) Blood Circulation Pulmonary Circulation – a short loop from the heart to the lungs and back again Systemic Circulation – carries blood from the heart to the other parts of the body and back again This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC Blood Flow Through Heart This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA B. Blood Vessels Function in taking blood to the tissues and back Have three layers (tunics): Tunica intima/interna – innermost layer; endothelium Tunica media – middle layer; smooth muscle Tunica externa – outermost layer; mostly fibrous connective tissue Types of Blood Vessels 1. Arteries – carry the blood away from the heart; have thicker walls 2. Veins – carry blood from the capillaries towards the heart; have wider/larger lumens 3. Capillaries – enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and tissues; where oxygen is pick up and carbon dioxide is released; walls are only one cell layer thick C. Blood Consist of several types of cells suspended in a liquid called plasma There are about 4-6 L of blood in a normal adult The blood performs several functions like transport of materials, defense against infection and blood clotting Different Type of Cells Found in Blood 1. ERYTHROCYTES (RBC) 2. THROMBOCYTES Most common blood cell (25 Also known as platelets trillion) Responsible for blood clotting Contains hemoglobin which Serves as self-sealing material carries oxygen to the various of the cell by plugging leaks in parts of the body blood vessels Different Type of Cells Found in Blood 3. LEUKOCYTES (WBC) Granulocytes Neutrophil Fight infections and prevent Basophil cancer cells from forming Eosinophil Has the ability to move Agranulocytes through the interstitial fluid Monocyte called diapedesis Lymphocyte  Azurophilic Specific WBC Nucleus Function Granules Granules Eats bacteria and destroyed Neutrophil Multi-lobed cells / / Fights infection caused by Eosinophil Bi-lobed parasites and worms / / Bi-lobed or Releases histamine which Basophil s-shaped results in allergic reactions / / Kidney- Eats bacteria and destroyed Monocyte shaped cells / X Defense against specific Lymphocyte eccentric invaders, produced antibodies / X END I do not own the images, videos, and information in this presentation. Credits are to the owners