CHM2 11_12 L3.1 Types of Solutions PDF

Lesson 3.1 Types of Solutions General Chemistry 2 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics  Learning Competency At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe the different types of solutions (STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-110)....

Lesson 3.1 Types of Solutions General Chemistry 2 Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics  Learning Competency At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe the different types of solutions (STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-110). 2  Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following: Describe solutions in terms of their components. Classify solutions based on the phases of its components, saturation, and concentration. 3 Solutions are homogeneous mixtures that appear as one phase. 4 Solutions are composed of solute particles dissolved in an appropriate solvent. 5 There are different types of solutions. They can be classified based on the phases of its components, saturation, and concentration. 6  Solute, Solvent, and Solution Solution a homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances consists of a solute and a solvent 7 How are solutions classified? 8  Classification of Solutions Solutions may be classified based on the: phase of the solvent saturation concentration 9  Types of Solutions Based on the Solvent Phase Liquid Solutions solutions where the solvent is a liquid most common type solid-liquid solution, liquid- liquid solution, or a gas- liquid solution seawater 10  Types of Solutions Based on Solvent Phase Phase of the Solute Solvent resulting Examples solution solid brine (salt in water) rubbing alcohol liquid liquid liquid (ethanol in water) gas carbonated drinks 11  Types of Solutions Based on the Solvent Phase Solid Solutions solutions where the solvent is solid solid-solid solution, liquid-solid solution, or a gas- solid solution e.g., H2 gas trapped in palladium metal 12  Types of Solutions Based on Solvent Phase Different types of solid solutions and their examples Phase of the Solute Solvent resulting Examples solution solid brass (zinc in copper) amalgam (mercury in liquid solid solid gold) hydrogen gas in gas palladium metal 13  Types of Solutions Based on the Solvent Phase Gaseous Solutions solutions where the solvent is gas solid-gas solution, liquid-gas solution, or a gas-gas solution e.g., air 14  Types of Solutions Based on Solvent Phase Phase of the Solute Solvent resulting Examples solution camphor in nitrogen solid gas gas gas liquid water vapor in the air gas air 15  Types of Solutions Based on Saturation classifying solutions based on the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature solubility at a specific temperature must be considered 16  Types of Solutions Based on the Solvent Phase Unsaturated Solution The amount of solute is less than the solute’s solubility at a given volume and temperature. 17  Types of Solutions Based on the Solvent Phase Saturated Solution A saturated solution is a homogeneous mixture where the maximum amount of solute has dissolved in a solvent. The solute is in a state of dynamic equilibrium with its undissolved form. 18 19  Kinds of Saturation Definition A solution with solute that dissolves until it is Saturated Solution unable to dissolve anymore, leaving the undissolved substances at the bottom. A solution (with less solute than the saturated Unsaturated Solution solution) that completely dissolves, leaving no remaining substances. A solution (with more solute than the saturated solution) that contains more Supersaturated Solution undissolved solute than the saturated solution because of its tendency to crystallize and precipitate. 20  Types of Solutions Based on the Solvent Phase Supersaturated Solution the amount of solute is greater than the solute’s solubility at a given volume and temperature done by dissolving a solute at a higher temperature, and subsequently cooling it down unstable → agitation causes crystallization 21 Remember In unsaturated solutions, the amount of solute is less than the solubility capacity of the solvent. In saturated solutions, the amount of solute is equal to the solubility capacity of the solvent. In supersaturated solutions, the amount of solute is greater than the solubility capacity of the solvent. 22  Types of Solutions Based on Concentration Concentrated Solution when a solution contains an excessively large amount of solute most common unit of concentration: molarity (M) molarities > 1 M used as stock solutions in preparing diluted solution 23  Types of Solutions Based on Concentration Concentrated Solution concentrated sulfuric acid = 18 M glacial (concentrated) acetic acid = 17 M Highly concentrated solutions emit fumes. 24  Types of Solutions Based on Concentration Diluted Solution solution of low concentration prepared through the process of dilution 1. taking an aliquot (portion of the stock solution) 2. adding more solvent to lower the concentration 25  Check Your Understanding Write true if the following statement is true. Otherwise, write false. 1. A carbonated drink is an example of liquid-liquid solutions. 2. Amalgam is a solution of liquid mercury in gold. 3. An aliquot has the same concentration as the stock solution. 26  Check Your Understanding Classify the following solutions based on the classification scheme provided. 1. based on the phase of the solvent: air 2. based on concentration: 0.5 M potassium permanganate, KMnO4 3. based on the phase of the solvent: rubbing alcohol 27  Let’s Sum It Up! A solution is simply a homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances. It consists of a solute and a solvent. ○ The pure substance present in lesser amounts is the solute. ○ The more abundant substance is the solvent. 28  Let’s Sum It Up! Solutions may be classified based on the phase of the solvent, based on saturation, or based on concentration. Liquid solutions are solutions where the solvent is a liquid. Solid solutions are solutions where the solvent is solid. Gaseous solutions are solutions where the solvent is a gas. 29  Let’s Sum It Up! A solution in which the amount of solute is less than the solute’s solubility at a given volume and temperature is called an unsaturated solution. A solution in which the amount of solute is equal to the solute’s solubility at a given volume and temperature is called a saturated solution. 30  Let’s Sum It Up! A solution in which the amount of solute greater than the solute’s solubility at a given volume and temperature is called a supersaturated solution. Solutions can be classified as diluted and concentrated. Solutions are concentrated when it contains an excessively large amount of solute. A dilute solution has a lower concentration than the concentrated, stock solution. 31 Photo Credit Slide 24: Nitric acid fuming by W. Oelen is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. 32 Bibliography Chang, Raymond, and Kenneth A. Goldsby. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014. Handwerker, Mark J. Science Essentials. San Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass, 2005. Hawe, Alan, Dan Davies, Kendra McMahon, Lee Towler, Chris Collier, and Tonie Scott. Science 5–11: A Guide for Teachers. 2nd ed. New York, NY: David Fulton Publishers, 2009. Petrucci, Ralph H. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. Toronto, Ont.: Pearson Canada, 2011. Silberberg, Martin S. Principles of General Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. 33