UNESCO and WHO Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing prenatal risks?

Maternal age (correct)

Timing of exposure

Number of teratogens

Genetics

What is the primary role of sperm in fertilization?

To create teratogens

To reach and fertilize the ovum (correct)

To nurture the ovum

To release hormones

Which condition is characterized by the body having too much glucose in the bloodstream during pregnancy?

High Blood Pressure

Teenage Pregnancy

Gestational Diabetes (correct)

Rh Disease

What signifies the Germinal stage of prenatal development?

Fertilization to two weeks Signup and view all the answers

How many millions of sperm are typically released during ejaculation?

250-300 million Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about males concerning teratogen exposure?

They get more damage than females. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the antibody that attacks a zygote in Rh Disease?

It obliterates all future zygotes. Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is typically associated with teenage pregnancy?

Engagement in negative behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the placenta during pregnancy?

To deliver nutrition through the mother's bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What are teratogens primarily associated with during pregnancy?

Introducing harmful environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is assessed during the APGAR test?

Grimace reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of fine motor skills development in infants?

Coordination of hand and finger movements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can significantly impact fetal development?

The father's age and environmental exposure Signup and view all the answers

What marks the transition from embryonic to fetal stage in development?

The ninth week of gestation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about gross motor skills development is true?

They are necessary for tasks such as sitting and crawling. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the peripheral nervous system?

To facilitate communication between the brain and body Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of UNICEF?

To provide emergency food and healthcare to children and mothers Signup and view all the answers

How many members does WHO have?

195 members Signup and view all the answers

What are developmental tasks according to Havighurst?

Tasks that ensure the achievement of earlier tasks Signup and view all the answers

Which age group corresponds to early childhood according to Havighurst's theory?

0-6 years old Signup and view all the answers

What type of influences can affect developmental tasks?

Social, psychological, and biological influences Signup and view all the answers

What does 'growth' refer to in the context of development?

Irreversible constant increase in size Signup and view all the answers

Which stage follows infancy in Havighurst's developmental stages?

Later childhood Signup and view all the answers

What does development represent in the context of human growth?

Improvement in internal factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the cephalocaudal principle?

Development proceeds from the head to the tail Signup and view all the answers

Which system carries sensory and motor information from the central nervous system?

Somatic Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Regulate emotions Signup and view all the answers

What role does the sympathetic system play in the autonomic nervous system?

It triggers the 'flight or fight' response Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the brain tends to change significantly during early years of life?

The sensitivity and responsiveness to experiences Signup and view all the answers

What is neuroplasticity primarily associated with?

Learning, experience, and memory formation Signup and view all the answers

How many neurons approximately compose the human brain?

100 billion Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system helps maintain normal body functions?

Parasympathetic system Signup and view all the answers

What is neuroplasticity primarily defined as?

The brain’s ability to change and adapt due to experience Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuroplasticity allows the brain to move functions from damaged areas to undamaged areas?

Functional plasticity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended way to improve neuroplasticity?

Decreasing social interactions Signup and view all the answers

What does synaptic pruning refer to?

The removal of excess neurons during adulthood Signup and view all the answers

According to Gesell's Maturation Theory, children develop in:

The same stages of development but at different rates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that affects neuroplasticity?

Biological or physical development Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of neuroplasticity applies to individuals' varying brain responses to experiences?

Age and environmental influences Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major benefits of neuroplasticity?

Ability to learn new things Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Organizations in Health and Education

WHO: World Health Organization, founded on April 7, 1948, with 195 member states. Focuses on global public health.
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, established on November 16, 1945, emphasizes international cooperation in education and culture.
UNICEF: United Nations Children's Fund, initially called United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, created on December 11, 1946, to provide healthcare and emergency food to children and mothers.

Developmental Tasks

Defined as tasks learned at specific life points, essential for achieving subsequent developmental tasks.
Based on Havighurst’s theory encompassing six stages with associated tasks that must be fulfilled for successful development.
Influenced by social, psychological, and biological factors.

Influences on Developmental Tasks

Social Influences: Pressures from society and cultural expectations shape task accomplishment.
Psychological Influences: Personal values and individual interests impact development.
Biological Influences: Physical maturation constrains which tasks can be undertaken.

Growth vs Development

Growth: Irreversible increase in physical size (quantity).
Development: Improvement in internal qualities and capabilities (quality).

Stages in Havighurst’s Theory

Infancy and early childhood (0-6 years)
Later childhood (6-13 years)
Adolescence (13-18 years)

Prenatal Development Factors

Key risks include timing, amount of exposure to teratogens, and genetic factors.
Teratogens include alcohol, tobacco, pollutants, and diseases.

Female and Male Biological Aspects

Females are born with all ova and undergo menarche and menopause, releasing one ovum each month.
Males start producing sperm at puberty, with approximately 250-300 million sperm released per ejaculation.
Perinatal health factors impacting the embryo include maternal age and health conditions (e.g., gestational diabetes, high blood pressure).

Teratogens and Effects

Teratogens can ingrain adverse effects on fetal development based on exposure types.
Maternal factors strongly influence prenatal outcomes including age and lifestyle choices.

Neonatal Assessments

APGAR test evaluates newborn's health at 1 and 5 minutes post-birth focusing on physical appearance, pulse, reflexes, activity, and respiration.

Motor Development

Involves growth and strengthening of muscles enabling mobility and interaction with surroundings.
Two categories: fine motor skills (small movements) and gross motor skills (larger movements).

Nervous System Overview

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) facilitates communication between the brain, spinal cord, and the body, regulating voluntary and involuntary actions.
PNS divisions: Somatic (voluntary control) and Autonomic (involuntary functions).

Neuroplasticity

The brain's capacity to adapt and change in response to experiences throughout life.
Enhancements can include recovery from injuries, learning new skills, and adapting to changes through enriched environments and practices.

Developmental Milestones

Gesell's Maturation Theory suggests a standardized sequence of stages in child development while allowing for individual variation in timing.
Characteristics of neuroplasticity emphasize the role of age and environmental factors in cognitive development.

Female Puberty

Female puberty initiates ovum maturation, starting menstruation, significantly impacting reproductive health and conception chances.

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Description

This quiz covers essential information about WHO and UNESCO, including their founding dates and key developmental tasks as outlined by Havighurst. Understand the significance of these organizations in global health and education.