Chemistry Study Guide PDF

Chemistry Study Guide Electronic Configuration Electronic configuration describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals. The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy. The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that an orbital can hold a maximum of...

Chemistry Study Guide Electronic Configuration Electronic configuration describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitals. The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy. The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that an orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins. Hund's Rule states that electrons fill degenerate orbitals singly before pairing. Chemical Reaction A chemical reaction occurs when reactants transform into products. Types of reactions include synthesis, decomposition, combustion, and displacement. The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a reaction. Modern Electronic Theory Modern electronic theory builds on quantum mechanics to describe electron behavior in atoms. Electrons exist in discrete energy levels, and quantum numbers define their properties. Periodic Table The periodic table organizes elements based on atomic number and chemical properties. Groups (columns) contain elements with similar properties, while periods (rows) represent energy levels. Chemical Bonds Chemical bonds hold atoms together in compounds. The main types are ionic bonds (transfer of electrons), covalent bonds (sharing of electrons), and metallic bonds (a 'sea' of shared electrons). Periodicity and Periodic Law Periodicity refers to recurring trends in element properties. The Periodic Law states that properties of elements are periodic functions of atomic number. Balancing Redox Reactions Redox reactions involve electron transfer. The oxidized substance loses electrons, while the reduced one gains them. Balancing redox reactions ensures that electron loss equals electron gain. Equilibrium and Reversible Processes Reversible reactions can proceed in both directions. Equilibrium is reached when forward and reverse reaction rates are equal. Le Chatelier's Principle Le Chatelier's Principle states that if a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it will shift to counteract the disturbance. Changes in concentration, pressure, or temperature can affect equilibrium. Rate of Reaction The rate of a reaction is influenced by temperature, concentration, surface area, and catalysts. It measures how quickly reactants convert to products. Stoichiometry Stoichiometry involves calculating the amounts of reactants and products in a chemical reaction, using balanced chemical equations.