Chemistry For Pharmacy Students PDF

CHEMISTRY FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS Reference books 1. Chemistry for pharmacy students 2. General Chemistry.The Essential Concepts – by, Raymond Chang, and Jason Overby Chapter 1: Introduction Lecture 1 :include the following topics 1-Introduction to chemistry 2-Role of Chemist...

CHEMISTRY FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS Reference books 1. Chemistry for pharmacy students 2. General Chemistry.The Essential Concepts – by, Raymond Chang, and Jason Overby Chapter 1: Introduction Lecture 1 :include the following topics 1-Introduction to chemistry 2-Role of Chemistry in Modern Life 3-Branches of Chemistry 4- Properties of Matter  Introduction 1/Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter. During chemical reactions atoms and molecules react with each other to produce new molecules with specific properties that are different from those of their parent atoms or molecules. While the atoms may be rearranged and redistributed to form new molecules, the chemical nature of the atoms remains the same.  For example, one molecule of acetic acid can be mixed with one molecule of salicylic acid to form acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). The nature of the oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen atoms remains the same, but the new molecule (aspirin) has different physical and chemical properties than either acetic acid or salicylic acid. 2/Role of Chemistry in Modern Life Chemistry is the science of the composition, structure, properties and reactions of matters, especially of atomic and molecular systems.  All the synthetic medicines that we receive are made from various chemicals and their chemical reactions.  Understanding chemistry also helps us to understand how vitamins, supplements and drugs can help or harm us.  Chemical reactions occur when you breathe, eat or even sleep.  laboratory tests which doctors run on sick patients?  What about radiation therapies?  Chemotherapy is used to treat patients that have cancer.  Chemistry aids in the development of disease-fighting drugs, improved nutrition, and the creation of disease-free environments.  most medical compounds are small molecules like aspirin or ethanol, to larger biological molecules, mostly proteins like insulin or prolactin. Life is full of chemistry; life is a continuous series of biochemical processes. From the composition of a cell to the whole organism. All living organisms are made up of various organic substances. The origin of life can be traced back to a single organic compound known as a nucleotide. Nucleotides combine to form the basic building blocks of life. sources of drug molecules are Natural Products Natural products (NPs) from plants, fungi, and microorganisms are rich in chemical diversity, providing a massive container of potential drug applicants. natural, such as a narcotic analgesic, morphine synthetic, such as a popular analgesic and antipyretic, paracetamol semisynthetic, such as penicillin V. Whatever the source is, chemistry is involved in all processes in the discovery phase. For example, if a drug molecule has to be purified from a natural source, for example, plant, the processes like extraction, isolation and identification are used, and all these processes involve chemistry, similarly, in the drug development steps, especially in pre-formulation and formulation studies, and the structures determination of the drug. 3/Branches of Chemistry Chemistry is divided into several branches: Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that is responsible for determining the composition of substances, both qualitatively (what is present) and quantitatively (how much is present). Analytical chemistry Example The detection of iron in a mixture of metals, or in a compound such as magnetite, is a branch of analytical chemistry called qualitative analysis. Measurement of the actual amount of a certain substance(iron) in a compound or mixture is termed quantitative analysis. Analytical chemistry relation with pharmacy analytical chemists are involved in the whole process, from drug discovery to market. Analytical chemistry’s role in drug development is to provide assurance of the quality, safety, and efficacy of new medicines. The overall drug development process requires robust, accurate analytical methods able to support all stages of the process: from preclinical studies to drug formulation, purity assessment, and clinical studies. Biochemistry is the study of chemicals and processes that found in living things (such as DNA and proteins). The study of biochemistry helps one understand the actual concepts of functioning of various body processes and physiology of living systems. Biochemistry is important in pharmacy because it explains: The effectiveness of a drug's metabolism. The adverse drug reactions and dangers of the drug, as well as the areas of the body that are at risk, are discussed in the drug-human body interaction. Improve future medical performance Inorganic Chemistry Inorganic chemistry is the study of all the elements and their compounds except carbon and its compounds (which is studied under organic chemistry). Inorganic chemistry describes the characteristics of substances such as nonliving matter and minerals which are found in the earth except the class of organic compounds. Inorganic chemistry can be described very generally as the chemistry of noncarbon compounds or as the chemistry of everything else.This includes all the remaining elements in the periodic table and some compounds of carbon (such as carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2)), which plays a major role in many inorganic compounds. Thus, inorganic chemistry is the subcategory of chemistry concerned with the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds, which includes all chemical compounds without the chains or rings of carbon atoms that fall into the subcategory of organic compounds.  A common differentiation to help distinguish between inorganic compounds and organic compounds is that inorganic compounds are either the result of natural processes unrelated to any life form or the result of human experimentation in the laboratory, whereas organic compounds result from the activity of living beings.  Branches of inorganic chemistry Coordination chemistry Bioinorganic chemistry Organometallic compounds Synthetic inorganic chemistry Relation of inorganic with pharmacy The distinction between the organic and inorganic are not absolute, and there is much overlap, especially in the organometallic chemistry, which has applications in every aspect of the pharmacy, chemical industry–including catalysis in drug Synthesis.  Pharmaceutical industries, which have been dominated by organic drugs, are now focusing much attention on inorganic drugs because (i) many activities of metal ions in biology have stimulated the development of metal-based therapeutics; (ii) inorganic drugs are likely to be transferred in the body by oxidation and ligand substitution reactions.  Neurological Agents: Lithium drugs such as lithium carbonate Li2C03 are used for the treatment of manic-depressive disorders. Anticancer Agents: Metal compounds can bind tightly to biomolecules such as DNA to kill cancer cells. Cisplatin [cis- diamminedichloro platinum (II)] ,one of the leading metal-based drugs, is widely used in the treatment of cancer.  Antimicrobial Agents Antiviral Agents Anti-inflammatory Agents Cardiovascular Agents - Metal-Based NO Donors and Scavengers Insulin Derivative Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon- containing compounds. Most organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, but they may also include any number of other elements (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, halogens,  Example : Nucleotide: a class of organic compounds in which the molecular structure includes a nitrogen- containing unit (base) linked to a sugar and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are of great importance to living organisms, as they are the building blocks of nucleic acids, the substances that control all genetic characteristics. Organic chemistry relation with pharmacy Medicines or drugs that we take for the treatment of various diseases are chemicals, either organic or inorganic molecules. However, most drugs are organic molecules. These molecules are either obtained from natural sources or synthesized in chemistry laboratories. Some important drug molecules are discussed here. Aspirin, an organic molecule, is chemically known as acetyl salicylic acid and is an analgesic (relieves pain), antipyretic (reduces fever) and anti-inflammatory (reduces swelling) drug. Paracetamol (acetaminophen), an N- acylated aromatic amine having an acyl group (R─CO─) substituted on nitrogen, is an important over-the- counter headache medication. It is a mild analgesic and antipyretic medicine. Penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin), an analogue of the naturally occurring penicillin G, is a semisynthetic narrow- spectrum antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. Physical chemistry is the study of the physical properties of chemicals, which are characteristics that can be measured without changing the composition of the substance. Physical Chemistry This branch is attached to the study of the following topics: Reaction rates and chemical kinetics. Thermodynamics and thermochemisty. Electrochemistry. Photochemistry. Solutions and their properties. Surface science (e.g. adsorption). These physical chemistry topics have unlimited number of applications in the pharmaceutical field. pharmaceutical applications of physical chemistry Examples of the studying the drugs  stability  calculation of their expiratory date  in large-scale production in pharmaceutical industry such as evaporation, distillation, drying, freeze-drying, mixing …etc.  physicochemical properties , which are key parameters in the drug absorption in the human body.  adsorption, crystallization, encapsulation,partitioning, as well as drug- receptor interaction.  to determine storage conditions. Drugs having an ester functionality, for example, aspirin, could be quite unstable in the presence of moisture and should be kept in a dry and cool place.