Introduction to Biochemistry (CHEM105) Lecture Notes PDF

Introduction to Biochemistry (CHEM105) Lecture 1 Life Cells Introduction What is a cell? Cells are the basic units of life They are the structural and functional units of all living organisms. 3 Introduction All living thing...

Introduction to Biochemistry (CHEM105) Lecture 1 Life Cells Introduction What is a cell? Cells are the basic units of life They are the structural and functional units of all living organisms. 3 Introduction All living things are composed of cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells. ▪ Except viruses, why? - They are not composed of cells. - They can’t survive without a host. 4 Introduction They are the smallest living unit of an organism. Most cannot be seen with the naked eye. They grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt and respond to their environment. Organisms can be composed from one cell (unicellular) or billions of cells (multicellular). 5 Types of Cells There are two basic types of cells: A. Eukaryotes B. Prokaryotes All cells regardless of type share similar features. 6 Types of Cells All cells fall into two categories: Eukaryotes (e.g., plants, animals and fungi) Cells that contain a well-defined organized nucleus. Prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria) Cell lacking a defined nuclear membrane and many organelles. 7 Types of Cells Prokaryotic cells Have no membrane covered nucleus. Have no membrane covered organelles. Have Circular DNA. e.g., bacteria. 8 Types of Cells Eukaryotic cells Have a well-defined nucleus Have membrane covered organelles Have linear DNA e.g., animal and plant cells. 9 Eukaryotic Cells They are divided into two main types: A. Animal Cells B. Plant Cells 10 Eukaryotic Cells Differences between animal and plant cells: Organelles found in Organelles found only both animal and plant in plant cells cells Nucleus Chloroplasts Golgi Complex SERVICES Cell wall Mitochondrion Lysosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Membrane Ribosomes Vacuoles 11  Eukaryotic Cell Structure Divided into two types Animal Cell Plant Cell Parts found in Parts found in both cells both cells Cell Nucleus ER Ribosome Mitochondria Chloroplast Cell wall membrane Allows Contain Produce materials ribosomes protein Carry out Contains That Produce Provide to entry from photo- DNA produce energy support and exit Membrane amino synthesis the cell lipids acids 12 Cell Organelles They are structures that enable the cell to live, grow and reproduce. 13 Cell Organelles Cell Membrane The outer layer of the cells. Allows nutrients into the cell and waste products outside of the cell. the gates of the cell 14 Cell Organelles Cytoplasm Is a jelly-like fluid responsible for holding the organelles of the cell Like a jelly holding the organelles together 15 Cell Organelles The Nucleus Is the control center of the cell. Contains the cell’s DNA. The Control Center of the cell 16 Cell Organelles Mitochondria It is the powerhouse of the cell Provides the energy needed for the cell to function. Energy generator of the cell 17 Cell Organelles Ribosomes Sites where proteins are made. Protien Factory of the cell 18 Cell Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) They are the transportation system of the cell Classified into two types Rough ER Have attached ribosomes Smooth ER No attached ribosomes 19 Cell Organelles Golgi complex They are the packaging house of the cell They package, process and ship out the cell products Packaging house of the cell 20 Cell Organelles Lysosomes Digest dysfunctional cell parts and foreign invaders Police officers of the cell 21 Cell Organelles Vacuoles The largest organ in the plant cell. Stores water, food and waste products. 22 Cell Organelles Chloroplast Found only in plant cells. Where photosynthesis takes places. 23 THANK YOU