Chapter 2: Philosophy in Life PDF

CHAPTER 2: PHILOSOPHY IN LIFE CONTENT Philosophy Concepts The Role of Philosophy 1.Branch of Philosophy Purpose of Philosophy Vision Looking for the fact of something with all the capabilities that the human mind has to achieve it. Mision Provide direction of purpose or guidan...

CHAPTER 2: PHILOSOPHY IN LIFE CONTENT Philosophy Concepts The Role of Philosophy 1.Branch of Philosophy Purpose of Philosophy Vision Looking for the fact of something with all the capabilities that the human mind has to achieve it. Mision Provide direction of purpose or guidance for things that are important in everyday life. “What is real?” , “What is truth”? , “What is good?” Learning Outcomes Elaborate the basics of the main elements in theoretical philosophy Elaborate the basics of the main elements in practical philosophy Analyse the emergence and development of new philosophical branches  Philosophy Concepts Philosophy aims to explain our responses to what we think, and that thought, in turn, cannot be equated to knowing because we only know after we think and think it is a process to know. ▪ Philosophy is divided into: a. Theoretical Philosophy - Aim to seek the right of truth. Refers to all knowledge related to the existence of man, god and nature - A policy question that requires a rather deep intellectual effort to answer the question. The discussion does not have any real use but it fulfills the desire to know something fundamental (Maritain, 2005) --divided into metaphysics, epistemology and logic b. Practical Philosophy – Aim to find the happiness of life. Refers to the activity of appreciating the knowledge of God, man and nature in all areas of human life. - areas in which the results of the discussion in it can be applied in a particular discipline (Martain, 2005) - Divided into political, economic, technological and environmental philosophies. The focus and goal of philosophy is to discover knowledge and practices that are beneficial to mankind and to guide them to achieve happiness in life. Theoretical Philosophy Concept Theoretical Philosophy refers to all kinds of knowledge and gives an answer to the fundamental question of life about existence –God, nature, man and others Purpose of Theoretical Philosophy Search for truth based on empirical methods (observation, experience and experimentation) Scope Covers theoretical philosophies such as metaphysics, epistemology, logic and aesthetics Metaphysics 1 Meta means passing or free. Metaphysics means something that is not physical in nature. Examples : arguments regarding the role of God in science, the study of the concepts of space and time, human differences and behavior 2 Explaining the scope of the most advanced metaphysical and supernatural nature 3 The philosophy of physics touches on the question of the reality of materiality or things that can be known through empirical experience and understood by rational reason. The philosophy of metaphysics touches on questions beyond the reality of materialism and the unknown through the physical (senses) experience of man.  Theoretical Philosophy Main branches: Metaphysics/ontology (fact and existence) Epistemology (science and truth) Axiology/value(feelings and beauty) Psychological Aesthetics Logic (thinking Requires method) deep intellectual endeavour to answer questions that may help us to understand the why, how, and direction of human thought, among many things Example: What is our purpose in life?  Metaphysics Metaphysics is the oldest field in the section of philosophy. ▪ It is one of the branches of philosophy related to the study of nature and origin of absolute reality ▪ The Greek term from the title name Metaphysica in Aristotle's work 'First Philosophy’. Meta means passing (free)/back/behind and Physics means the realm of the physical. Metaphysics means something that is not physical/related to what is/believed to be behind something/ knowledge/ talk about things that are invisible to the naked eye. ▪ The purpose of metaphysics is to obtain clarity of thought on a concept such as space and time, differences between man and behavior, the supernatural and assumptions towards the concept of reason- whether it has a definite must-have relationship or even a relationship that cannot be structured that it is likely to be inextricably and uncertainly related. This metaphysics examines reality by questioning things like: What is meant by the universe? What life means? What does thinking mean? What is meant by democracy? Metaphysics PHILOSOPHY OF PHYSICS METAPHYSICS PHILOSOPHY Reviewing the question of material reality Studying questions beyond material reality or things that can be known through and the unknown through physical experience empirical experience and understood by (senses) of man. rational sense. Explains the scope that includes the metaphysical and supernatural realms. Epistemology Derived from the Greek word : Episteme = knowledge/understanding/knowledge and Logos = science/study/theory. Epistemology is a field of philosophy that studies knowledge and concepts related to it. Epistemology discusses in depth all the processes involved in gaining knowledge. Epistemology questions things like: How do we know? What is the source of science that we have? Is he a science? How do we acquire knowledge? How do we prove its authenticity?  Epistemology 1 Epistemology is a debate about the theories of knowledge. Through epistemology, man is able to try to answer the question of how we can know the sources of knowledge, the characteristics of knowledge, things that are simply impossible to know (if any), the difference between knowledge and belief and probability with truth. 2 Epistemology is defined as a true theory of knowledge. It debates the fact, source and validity of a knowledge. This theory of knowledge involves a rational effort to weigh and determine the cognitive value of human experience in its interaction with oneself and its surroundings. Thus, epistemology is evaluative, normative and critical. 3 Epistemology also affects world civilization and human civilization. This is because each civilization is formed by its theory of knowledge that encourages human thinking on how to develop a vision and mission in their own way to find the truth through knowledge.  Axiology Axiology is the study of values. This branch of axiological philosophy is classified into two parts, namely ethics and aesthetics. ETHICS AESTHETICS The term etiquette is derived from the Greek The term aesthetics is derived from the Greek word ethos which means customs and word which means sensory perception. behavior. Aesthetics studies values regarding beauty and Study such things as moral values, moral art. Aesthetics question things like : principles, manners, customs, behavior and What is beauty? pure qualities of a person. What are the values of beauty? The branch of ethics is known as moral What is the aesthetic value? philosophy. Why is it necessary to aesthetic value? Ethics as a discipline, in turn, is divided How to obtain aesthetic value? into normative and metaethical ethics. Axiology Logic Ethics Aesthetics Philosophy that Debate about Debate on the debates opinion behavior value of beauty True Good and artistry: Wrong Wrong Beautiful Ugly, Bad Psychology 1 The philosophy of psychology plays an important role in human life. It guides us to understand the human mind and behavior better. 2 According to Prof Hamka (2009)- the mind is not a stand-alone trait, but the result of 3 traits which are thoughts, willpower and feelings 3 Through psychological understanding, the human being can also determine how one's mind and body system work properly as well as assist the individual in making decisions. 4 In addition to studying mental functions in social behavior, this philosophy also explores the physiological and biological processes that underlie cognitive function and behavior (thinking) 5 The appreciation of the philosophy of psychology is able to give an appreciation of the fact, nature and potential of the essence so that ultimately the capacity of each human being can be developed in a balanced manner in all faculties and its dimensions  Aesthetics 1 The philosophy of aesthetics is closely related to sensitivity to artistry and beauty. Beauty in the aesthetic sense covers the question of artistic, natural, moral and intellectual beauty. The question of aesthetics is the question of which describes, interprets and evaluates the artistic experience. Questions related to the philosophy of aesthetics. Is that art? What are the theories of art? Is that beauty? 2 For example, a person who walks in a deserted place watching nature look beautiful, so a feeling of a heart arises at the sight of beauty and awe. Seeing the beauty, there was a will to know the cause and cause of all the beauty, so began to move in the way of his mind using reason. There was also a man who was so delicate in his artistic feelings, that he became a distinguished art expert. Logic Logic is a true method of thinking. It studies the reasoning and structure of arguments, and becomes the basis of every philosophical research. The branches of logical philosophy are divided into inductive and deductive to ensure the truth of a motion. Inductive logic is used to draw conclusions/formulations based on several examples/ specific things. Deductive logic is a conclusion used in a matter/ a general principle to draw conclusions on specific matters.  Logic is closely related to all three branches of philosophy, namely metaphysics, epistemology and axiology. Areas of Study of Philosophy Philosophy describes the following things about the universe/existence: Logic : How the knowledge is expressed, argued and conveyed on a regular and circumstantial basis? Metaphysics : What is the essence, the fact and the substance and how the state exists for everything, Something? Epistemology : How is knowledge of the universe/existence acquired and studied? Axiology (Theory of value ): What are the benefits, uses and functions of what is there and Maybe there's that?  BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY METAPHYSICS Speculative, cause-effect relevance. Example: What is truth? Who's human? EPISTEMOLOGY Science and trust. Example: What is science? What are the sources of knowledge? AXIOLOGY Ethics and Aesthetics. Example: What is goodness? What is beauty? LOGIC Distinguish between legitimate ideas and misleading ones. Example: What is "good" and "bad" reasoning?  Practical Philosophy Practical philosophy can be defined as the basic study of philosophy (metaphysics, theory of knowledge, logic) for "practical thinking", with an emphasis on values, attitudes to life and norms of behavior. The purpose of this philosophy is that the search for the happiness of life refers to the activity of appreciating knowledge (about God, man and nature) in all aspects of human life. Value theory and analysis of normative positions are the core of practical philosophy. Examples of subjects of practical philosophy: Ethics Aesthetics Decision theory Political philosophy Economic development The areas of "practical thinking" studied are: Moral (applied moral and ethical philosophy) Law (legal philosophy) Politics (political philosophy), Practical rationality (decision theory), Religion (religious philosophy) and  Practical Philosophy Main branches: Political Philosophy Economic Philosophy Ethical Philosophy Philosophy of Civilization Involves philosophical discussion in specific fields which has specific and clear applications  Political Philosophy The term politics comes from some Greek words ialtu "politikos" which means about the country, 'polities' means citizen, 'police' means country and 'politeiea' means the right of citizens The political term is as an activity governed by the rules and standards of moral values or the way a person understands that the rules affect his actions and the way he evaluates or responds to the actions of others. Plato in the work "Republic" – The most ideal and just country is a country ruled by a philosophical king. The philosophical king was able to recognize the fact of kindness, justice, happiness and so on. Examples of thinking stemming from the philosophy of politk – System of Democratic Government, liberal democracy, Marxism and Communism Question What is the relationship between an individual and a country? How far can a country force individual freedom? Does the people have full power or is it determined by the state? Is that justice?  What does equality mean when it is associated with Education, ownership and so on?  Economic Philosophy The term economy comes from some Greek words ialtu "oikonomia" which is 'oikos' means household and 'nomos' means customs or rules. The word "oiconomia" means customs, household or household rules The economic term isas one of the areas that discusses the production, distribution and use of goods or services. The main focus is on studying the behavior and interaction of economic agents as well as assessing how the economic system works. Basically, Economic knowledge examines the use of existing resources that are assumed to be limited to meet the assumed human needs of the limited faith (Abdul Razak, 2013) Economic philosophy discusses policy matters and questions on the economy such as fairness and economic equality so that policies, resources and economic distribution become fairer and can assist governments in shaping economic policies that are fairer and more acceptable to the general public Example: New Economic Policy (1971-1990) – to eradicate poverty and structure society. Question How to decide on what to spend when resources are limited? Consideration will refer to values and ethics such as priorities in terms of social needs  What are the goals of economic development and their relevance to humanity?  Ethical Philosophy Discipline that studies and questions the issues of good and bad about customs, habits, manners, way of thinking, attitudes, religion and all factors that can affect human life. Focus on aspects of human behavior especially in the context of the relationship between each other whether it is a personal or social life that will be evaluated either in good or bad form. The philosophy of ethics needs to be understood through an absolute and universal principle to broaden the meaning and understanding of ethics without neglecting the current situation and the challenges ahead. Ethics has a direct connection with human life and is a set of guides to people who want a meaningful and prosperous life.  Ethical Philosophy Parties that determine ethics: God –determine absolutely the human being who obeys God and ethically gets the reward Society-putting ethical people are held in high esteem by society. Individuals- set out to be ethical or not in life. Measurement used: Universal law- binding all walks of life with laws enacted must be observed The needs of society- involve only a society that is bound by an ethics. Individuals-determining good and bad do things.  Ethical Philosophy Ethical objectives Fulfilling the demands of God, man, being and environment The people who are in his neighborhood. The importance of the individual in meeting the basic needs Philosophy of Civilization Thoughts about the life of a society that has reached a high level of decency and culture and has significant achievements in the field of thinking, material and spiritual The material achievements achieved in a civilization such as architectural elements, effective administration, the achievement of knowledge move in tandem with the elements of morality. Members of society practice the sharing of social norms and traditions that give birth to political and cultural integration as well as democratic government. The goal of this philosophy is to perfect man with his humanity, giving rise to the true meaning of slavery to God and a total balance in the life of an individual or society. Examples: the birth and expansion of Islamic Civilization, Chinese Civilization, Indian Civilization and Japanese Civilization. BRANCHES OF PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY POLITIC Philosophy of government and governance of the country ETHICS The philosophy of morality and good or bad ECONOMY Philosophy of wealth distribution and justice CIVILISATION Philosophy of cultural development and civilization of humanity The Emergence of New Philosophy- Philosophy Main branches: Technology Defined as systemic knowledge and action. Philosophy Environmental Studying the human understanding of nature that Philosophy includes the concept of values and rights of nature. Organizational Lay the principles and foundations for each activity Philosophy so that each member of the organization can function efficiently and effectively in carrying out their respective roles.  1. Technology Philosophy The term technology comes from Greek – a combination of 'techne' and 'logos'. "Techne" means art or handiwork and 'logos' means discourse or a systematic word. So technology is defined as systematic knowledge and action. The philosophy of technology appeared due to the rapid emergence of new technologies after the second industrial revolution in the 19th arrondissement. The industrial revolution has produced a variety of new technologies such as car manufacturing technology, airplanes, telephones, televisions, computers, the internet and has a huge impact on human life. Therefore, human beings need a certain basis of thinking, namely the philosophical rooting of the fact of technology, the relationship of technology with humans and the nature of the technology is considered as a connection to the human being or something that could threaten humanity itself such as an 'artificial intelligence'-based technology that can produce robots that take over the role of humans. Technology should be developed and developed in order to preserve and enhance the quality of human life  1. Technology Philosophy 1 The emergence of new technologies with the second Industrial Revolution in the 19th century had an impact on human life. Car manufacturing technology, airplanes, television, telephone, internet 2 The question arises: What does technology mean? What does it have to do with humans? What is the nature of the technology? 3 Can technology benefit humans? 4 Technology based on information and communication technology Technology based on engineering, machinery, automative, manufacturing 5 Is the technology considered a connection to human beings (is technology an extension to human self?) or is it considered to threaten human life? For example: weapons creation technology, atomic and nuclear bomb creation or artificial intelligence-based technology that produces robots that might one day take over the functions of human life.. 2. Environmental Philosophy Study of human understanding of nature that includes the concept of values and rights of nature. Exploring how man lives in nature and what is the role of nature in human life? Based on the belief that humans must radically change their relationship with nature. Nature must be respected by man who is the largest consumer of natural resources. Environmental ethics is a study that emphasizes the relationship, values and moral status of people to their environment including animate and inanimate objects Environmental problems – "ecological crisis", pollution of air, water, soil & sound -> ecosystems of disproportionately >the negative impact of today's generation and will date. The importance of preserving and conserving the environment- environmentalism' , 'eco-friendly' towards the environment & not doing something that destroys the environment.  3. Organizational Philosophy Putting the principles and foundations for each activity so that each member of the organization can function efficiently and effectively in carrying out their respective roles. Organizations are seen as a platform where a group of individuals gather, interact and work together to work on a mutually agreed purpose or objective of the organization. Goals, direction and vision of the organization Social relationships in the organization (partnership/feeling of belonging)/ Trust  A process in which the individual experiences certain phases that make the individual understand himself, the purpose of his life and the end of his life.-> organizational change towards creating a situation that is appropriate according to his individual goals.  Conclusion Philosophy has a very close relationship with human life and even exerts a very effective influence on their lives. The field of philosophical knowledge is not only limited to specific questions related to metaphysics, epistemology and logic but also it is across various fields and is able to provide a solid foundation to facilitate the journey of human life and the harmony of nature. Philosophy is a process of thinking that lives rather than a dead knowledge and it is a process that seeks the truth continuously in relation to every aspect of human life. Good skills will help students reassess various current issues related to each other's lives.  Philosophy helps man to test his life, helps man to think carefully about the future, gives satisfaction in life, to be able to make judgments on things that have passed that are associated with knowledge, concepts or ways to be exemplary and experience in the future.  REFERENCE Dzulkifli Abdul Razak. (2019). Essay on Sejahtera: Concept, principle and practice. Gombak: IIUM Publisher. Wollf, Robert Paul. 1992. About Philosophy. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,Inc. Dzulkifli Abdul Razak (2015). Nurturing a Balanced Person. Kuala Lumpur: ITBM. Maritain.J.(2005). An Introduction to philosophy (E.I.Watkin,Trans.) New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Van Cleave, Matthew J. (2016). Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking. Lansing Community College. Hales, Steven D. (2013). This is Philosophy. UK: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Noor Hisham Md Nawi (Ed)(2021). Modul Falsafah Dan Isu Semasa. Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Kelantan: Kota Bahru.  REFERENCE  Graham Priest. (2000). Logic: a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.  Abdul Rahman Md. Aroff (1999). Pendidikan Moral: Teori Etika Dan Amalan Moral. Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia: Serdang.  Nor Hanani Ismail, Rukhaiyah Abd. Wahab, Syahrina Abbdullah, Mohd Hazim Shah Abdul Murad (Ed)(2021). Falsafah Dan Isu Semasa. Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia: Sintok.  Mahadi Abu Hassan, Norliah Kudus, Ahmad Ridzwan, Shahrulanuar Mohamed (2021). 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