Chapter 1 PPT - Part A PDF

1/6/2013 Elaine N. Marieb PowerPoint® Lecture Slides Overview of Anatomy and Physiology prepared by Vince Austin, Katja Hoehn...

1/6/2013 Elaine N. Marieb PowerPoint® Lecture Slides Overview of Anatomy and Physiology prepared by Vince Austin, Katja Hoehn Bluegrass Technical and Community College
Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another CHAPTER Human Anatomy 1 The Human PART A



Gross or macroscopic Microscopic Developmental Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery Body: An & Physiology Orientation SEVENTH EDITION Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy
Regional – all structures in one part of the body
Cytology – study of the cell (such as the abdomen or leg)
Histology – study of tissues
Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system
Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1  1/6/2013 Developmental Anatomy Specialized Branches of Anatomy
Traces structural changes throughout life
Pathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease
Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth
Radiographic anatomy – study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans
Molecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Physiology Physiology
Considers the operation of specific organ systems
Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains
Renal – kidney function
electrical currents
Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system
blood pressure
Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood
the way muscle uses bone for movement vessels
Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2  1/6/2013 Principle of Complementarity Levels of Structural Organization
Function always reflects structure
Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules
What a structure can do depends on its specific
Cellular – cells are made of molecules form
Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
Organ – made up of different types of tissues
Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together
Organismal – made up of the organ systems Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Molecules Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of Atoms Atoms molecules. 1 Chemical level 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to Atoms combine to form molecules. form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of Heart similar types of cells. Cardiovascular system Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle Blood tissue vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level Connective The human organism tissue is made up of many organ systems. 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types 5 Organ system level of tissues. Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1 3  1/6/2013 Levels of Structural Organization Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle cell Molecules Molecules 2 Cellular level 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of Atoms Cells are made up of Atoms molecules. molecules. 1 Chemical level 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to Atoms combine to form molecules. form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization Levels of Structural Organization Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle cell Molecules Molecules 2 Cellular level 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of Atoms Cells are made up of Atoms molecules. molecules. 1 Chemical level 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to Atoms combine to form molecules. form molecules. Smooth Smooth muscle muscle tissue tissue 3 Tissue level 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of Tissues consist of Heart similar types of cells. similar types of cells. Cardiovascular system Blood vessels Epithelial Epithelial tissue tissue Smooth Smooth muscle Blood muscle Blood tissue vessel tissue vessel (organ) (organ) Connective Connective tissue tissue 4 Organ level 4 Organ level Organs are made up Organs are made up of different types of different types 5 Organ system level of tissues. of tissues. Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1 4  1/6/2013 Levels of Structural Organization Integumentary System Smooth muscle cell Molecules
Forms the external body 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Atoms covering 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules.
Composed of the skin, sweat Smooth muscle glands, oil glands, hair, and 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of tissue Heart nails similar types of cells. Cardiovascular system Blood Epithelial vessels
Protects deep tissues from tissue Smooth injury and synthesizes vitamin muscle Blood tissue vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level D Connective The human organism tissue is made up of many organ systems. 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types 5 Organ system level of tissues. Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3a Skeletal System Muscular System
Composed of bone, cartilage,
Composed of muscles and and ligaments tendons
Protects and supports body
Allows manipulation of the organs environment, locomotion, and facial expression
Provides the framework for muscles
Maintains posture
Site of blood cell formation
Produces heat
Stores minerals Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3c 5  1/6/2013 Nervous System Cardiovascular System
Composed of the brain, spinal
Composed of the heart and column, and nerves blood vessels
Is the fast-acting control
The heart pumps blood system of the body
The blood vessels transport
Responds to stimuli by blood throughout the body activating muscles and glands Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3d Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3f Lymphatic System Respiratory System
Composed of red bone
Composed of the nasal cavity, marrow, thymus, spleen, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lymph nodes, and lymphatic lungs vessels
Keeps blood supplied with
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to oxygen and removes carbon blood dioxide
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Houses white blood cells involved with immunity Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3g Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3h 6  1/6/2013 Digestive System Urinary System
Composed of the oral cavity,
Composed of kidneys, ureters, esophagus, stomach, small urinary bladder, and urethra intestine, large intestine,
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes rectum, anus, and liver from the body
Breaks down food into
Regulates water, electrolyte, absorbable units that enter the and pH balance of the blood blood
Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3i Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3j Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System
Composed of prostate gland,
Composed of mammary glands, penis, testes, scrotum, and ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and ductus deferens vagina
Main function is the production of
Main function is the offspring production of offspring
Ovaries produce eggs and female
Testes produce sperm and sex hormones male sex hormones
Remaining structures serve as sites
Ducts and glands deliver for fertilization and development of the fetus sperm to the female reproductive tract
Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3k Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.3l 7  1/6/2013 Organ Systems Interrelationships Organ Systems Interrelationships
The integumentary system protects the body from
Nutrients and oxygen are the external environment distributed by the blood
Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with
Metabolic wastes are the external environment, take in nutrients and eliminated by the urinary oxygen and respiratory systems Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2 Necessary Life Functions
Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment
Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes
Organismal level – accomplished by the skin
Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 8  1/6/2013 Necessary Life Functions Necessary Life Functions
Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the
Reproduction – cellular and organismal levels environment and respond to them
Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two
Digestion – breakdown of ingested foodstuffs identical daughter cells
Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur
Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a whole in the body new person
Excretion – removal of wastes from the body
Growth – increase in size of a body part or of the organism Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs Homeostasis
Nutrients – needed for energy and cell building
Homeostasis – ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing
Oxygen – necessary for metabolic reactions outside world
Water – provides the necessary environment for
The internal environment of the body is in a chemical reactions dynamic state of equilibrium
Normal body temperature – necessary for chemical
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates maintain homeostasis
Atmospheric pressure – required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 9  1/6/2013 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Variables produce a change in the body 3 Input: Information Control center 4 Output: sent along Information sent afferent along efferent
The three interdependent components of control pathway to pathway to mechanisms: Receptor (sensor) Effector
Receptor – monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli) 2 Change detected by receptor
Control center – determines the set point at which the variable is maintained 5 Response of effector feeds 1 Stimulus: back to Produces
Effector – provides the means to respond to stimuli change in variable influence magnitude of stimulus and Variable (in homeostasis) returns variable to homeostasis Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms 1 Stimulus: Produces change in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Variable (in homeostasis) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4 10  1/6/2013 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms 3 Input: Control Information center sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Receptor (sensor) 2 Change 2 Change detected detected by receptor by receptor 1 Stimulus: 1 Stimulus: Produces Produces change change in variable in variable Variable (in homeostasis) Variable (in homeostasis) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms 3 Input: Control 3 Input: Control Information center 4 Output: Information center 4 Output: sent along Information sent sent along Information sent afferent along efferent afferent along efferent pathway to pathway to pathway to pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Receptor (sensor) Effector 2 Change 2 Change detected detected by receptor by receptor 5 Response of effector feeds 1 Stimulus: 1 Stimulus: back to Produces Produces change change influence in variable in variable magnitude of stimulus and Variable (in homeostasis) Variable (in homeostasis) returns variable to homeostasis Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4 11  1/6/2013 Negative Feedback Signal wire turns heater off Set Control center point (thermostat)
In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off Receptor-sensor the original stimulus (thermometer in Heater Thermostat) off Effector
Example: Regulation of room temperature (heater) Response; Stimulus: rising room temperature temperature drops Balance Response; Stimulus: temperature dropping room rises temperature Heater on Effector Set (heater) point Receptor-sensor Signal (thermometer in wire turns Thermostat) heater on Control center Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (thermostat) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Stimulus: rising room temperature Balance Balance Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 12  1/6/2013 Set Set Control center point point (thermostat) Receptor-sensor Receptor-sensor (thermometer (thermometer In thermostat) In thermostat) Stimulus: Stimulus: rising room rising room temperature temperature Balance Balance Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Signal Signal wire turns wire turns heater off heater off Set Control center Set Control center Stimulus: Stimulus: point (thermostat) point (thermostat) dropping room dropping room temperature temperature Receptor-sensor Receptor-sensor (thermometer Heater (thermometer Heater In thermostat) off In thermostat) off Effector Effector (heater) (heater) Stimulus: Stimulus: Response; rising room rising room temperature temperature temperature drops Balance Balance Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 13  1/6/2013 Balance Balance Stimulus: Stimulus: dropping room dropping room temperature temperature Set point Receptor-sensor (thermometer in Thermostat) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Balance Balance Stimulus: Stimulus: dropping room dropping room temperature temperature Heater on Set Set point Effector point (heater) Receptor-sensor Receptor-sensor (thermometer in Signal (thermometer in Thermostat) wire turns Thermostat) heater on Control center Control center (thermostat) (thermostat) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 14  1/6/2013 Signal wire turns heater off Set Control center point (thermostat) Balance Receptor-sensor Response; Stimulus: (thermometer in Heater temperature dropping room Thermostat) off rises temperature Effector (heater) Stimulus: Response; rising room temperature temperature drops Heater on Balance Response; Stimulus: Set temperature dropping room Effector rises temperature point (heater) Heater on Receptor-sensor Effector Set Signal (thermometer in (heater) point wire turns Thermostat) heater on Receptor-sensor Signal (thermometer in wire turns Thermostat) heater on Control center (thermostat) Control center Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 (thermostat) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Positive Feedback 1 Break or tear in
In positive feedback blood vessel wall systems, the output enhances or Feedback cycle initiated exaggerates the Feedback cycle ends 2 Clotting occurs after clot as platelets original stimulus seals break adhere to site and release chemicals
Example: Regulation of blood clotting 3 Released 4 Clotting chemicals proceeds; attract more newly forming platelets clot grows Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6 15  1/6/2013 1 Break or tear in 1 Break or tear in blood vessel wall blood vessel wall Feedback cycle Feedback cycle initiated initiated 2 Clotting occurs as platelets adhere to site and release chemicals Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6 1 Break or tear in 1 Break or tear in blood vessel wall blood vessel wall Feedback cycle Feedback cycle initiated initiated 2 Clotting occurs 2 Clotting occurs as platelets as platelets adhere to site adhere to site and release and release chemicals chemicals 3 Released 3 Released chemicals 4 Clotting chemicals attract more proceeds; attract more platelets newly forming platelets clot grows Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6 16  1/6/2013 Homeostatic Imbalance 1 Break or tear in blood vessel wall
Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium Feedback cycle initiated Feedback
Overwhelming the usual negative feedback cycle ends 2 Clotting occurs after clot as platelets mechanisms allows destructive positive feedback seals break adhere to site and release chemicals mechanisms to take over 3 Released 4 Clotting chemicals proceeds; attract more newly forming platelets clot grows Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 17