Fundamentals Of Operating System PDF

Fundamentals of Operating System INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Operating System History 1.3 Mainframe System 1.4 Desktop System 1.5 Multiprocessing System 1.6 Distributed System 1.7 Cluster System 1.8 Real Time System 1.9 Handheld System 1.10 Virtual Machines 1.11 Live CD 1...

Fundamentals of Operating System INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM 1.1 Definitions 1.2 Operating System History 1.3 Mainframe System 1.4 Desktop System 1.5 Multiprocessing System 1.6 Distributed System 1.7 Cluster System 1.8 Real Time System 1.9 Handheld System 1.10 Virtual Machines 1.11 Live CD 1.12 USB Bootable 1.13 BIOS vs UEFI  An OS is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an interface between applications and the computer hardware. In simplest terms, an operating system is a collection of programs that manage a computer system's internal workings— its memory, processors, devices, and file system.  Operating Systems have evolved in past years. These changes in the operating system are known as the evolution of operating systems. OS improve itself with the invention of new technology. Basically , OS added the feature of new technology and making itself more powerful.  EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS From 0 to 1970 0 1940 1950 1960 1970 Batch Time Sharing Intro to No OS Multiprogramming Processing System first operating system System GUI manually type Systems instructions for load the multiple extended version OS became more write their program into the of user-friendly and each tasks in programs on memory and provide a multiprogramming changed the way machine punch cards and specific portion of language system. of people to load it to the memory to each (0-1 based program. OS switches from interact with computer one program to computer. language) When one program is operator. another program User can just click very hard for waiting for any I/O CPU first after a certain on visual users to operations (which take executes jobs of much time) at that time interval of time so elements rather implement even one batch and the OS give permission that every program than typing a simple task. then jump to the to CPU to switch from can get access of commands. Time consuming jobs of other previous program to CPU and complete Not user friendly batch in a other program for continuous execution their work. sequence manner. of program with interrupt.  1980 Network Systems Late 1990 Made file sharing Mobile OS and mobile access Invention of 2010 - very easy smartphones. iOS, AI Integration Android become Operating system integrates more powerful features of AI technology like Siri, Google Assistant, and Alexa and became more powerful and efficient in many way. These AI features with operating system create a entire Evolution of Operating Systems new feature like voice commands, predictive text, and personalized recommendations. 1980 to Current time  A mainframe computer is large but not as large as a supercomputer and has more processing power than some other classes of computers, such as minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers. Mainframe computers are often used as servers.  The term mainframe was derived from the large cabinet, called a main frame, that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later, the term mainframe was used to distinguish high-end commercial computers from less powerful machines.  A desktop computer is a personal computing device designed to fit on top of a typical office desk. It houses the physical hardware that makes a computer run and connects to input devices such as the monitor, keyboard and mouse users interact with.  Macintosh®, Microsoft Windows®, and Linux® are some popular desktop computer systems. Designed by Apple®, the Mac OS® is a relatively expensive system known for its user friendliness.  MONITOR CD/DVD DRIVE SYSTEM UNIT PRINTER SPEAKERS An output device Read CD/DVD The case that contains the CPU, Produces printed copies Used to that lets you see discs. memory, the power supply, disk drives, of computer output. produce audio your work as you go. and all other hardware – such as output. modem – that are in an internal format MICROPHONE Used to get HARD DRIVE spoken input. Located inside the system unit and used to FLOPPY DISKS store programs and Used for most data. storing small amounts of FLASH MEMORY data for CARD READER backup or to Used to read flash transport data memory cards. to another PC. KEYBOARD The principal CD/DVD DISCS MOUSE A pointing device PORTABLE DRIVE input device; Commonly used to used to make on- Reads from and writes to used to type deliver programs and screen selections. portable drives. instructions into store large multimedia the computer. files.  Multiprocessing is the utilization of two or more central processing units (CPUs) in a single computer system. It is the ability for computers to complete multiple tasks at the same time without having to wait for one task to complete before the next task can be started. ITEM EXPLANATION Increased reliability Processing tasks can be spread among numerous processors in the multiprocessing system. This promotes reliability because if one processor fails, the task can be passed on to another. Increased throughput More work could be done in less time as the number of processors increases. The economy of scale Multiprocessor systems are less expensive than single- processor computers because they share peripherals, additional storage devices, and power sources.  Multiprocessing operating systems are more complex and advanced since they manage many CPUs at the same time.  A distributed system is a system whose components are located on different networked computers, which communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages to one another. It manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear as a single system.  Any Social Media can have its Centralized Computer Network as its Headquarters and computer systems that can be accessed by any user ITEM EXPLANATION High designed to keep applications running even if a single computer fails. if one computer availability goes down, the other computers in the system can take over, ensuring that your applications continue to function. Scalability can be easily scaled up or down depending on your needs. need more computing power, you can add more computers to the system. If you need less, you can remove them. This makes it easier to manage your resources and keep costs down. Resource resources such as memory, processing power, and storage can be shared among different sharing computers in the system. Improved By distributing tasks across multiple computers, a distributed operating system can performance improve the performance of your applications. This is because each computer in the network can focus on a specific task, rather than having to share resources with other tasks on the same machine. Fault Distributed operating systems are designed to be fault tolerant, which means they can tolerance continue to function even if some of the computers in the system fail. This is because the system is designed to distribute tasks across multiple computers, so if one computer fails, the other computers can take over. ITEM EXPLANATION Increased Distributed Operating System involves managing multiple computers that communicate Complexity and coordinate with each other. This makes it a very complex system, which is difficult to manage and troubleshoot. Security With the number of computers and users that are part of a Distributed Operating System, Concerns there are many security risks involved. If one computer is compromised, it can affect the entire system, making it vulnerable to cyber-attacks and data breaches. Network The proper functioning of a Distributed Operating System depends on the network. If the Dependency network goes down or experiences latency issues, it can affect the performance of the entire system. High Cost Distributed Operating System requires a lot of resources, including hardware, software, and skilled personnel. This can make it expensive to implement and maintain. Compatibility Not all applications are designed to work with Distributed Operating Systems. This can Issues create compatibility issues and make it difficult to use certain applications in a distributed environment.  In a computer system, a cluster is a group of servers and other resources that act like a single system and enable high availability, load balancing and parallel processing. A cluster system is made, if you merge the two or more computer systems.  Clustered system provides much better performance for entire system because in which multiple computers are merged with each other, and they perform their tasks as parallel unit.  Clustered system is better fault tolerance system, if anyone node gets fail then entire system does not halt.  Clustered system has great scalability because we can easily add new node with this system.  It is more reliable and easier to configure.  It can recover automatic from failure without user intervention.  Better resource availability  It is more costly because it contains expensive hardware and its design.  Required multiple servers and other hardware components for making one  It is very hard to monitor and maintenance this system.  A real-time system means that the system is subjected to real-time, i.e., the response should be guaranteed within a specified timing constraint, or the system should meet the specified deadline. Real-time examples of embedded systems such as washing machines, printers, automobiles, cameras, industrial machines and so on.  Handheld operating systems are present in all handheld devices like Smartphones and tablets. It is also called a Personal Digital Assistant. The popular handheld device in today's market is android and iOS. These operating systems need a high processing processor and also embedded with different types of sensor.  A virtual machine (VM) is a virtual environment that functions as a virtual computer system with its own CPU, memory, network interface, and storage, created on a physical hardware system. VMs allow multiple different operating systems to run simultaneously on a single computer—like a Linux® distro on a MacOS laptop. Each operating system runs in the same way an operating system or application normally would on the host hardware, so the end user experience emulated within the VM is nearly identical to a real-time operating system experience running on a physical machine.  A live CD (also live DVD, live disc, or live operating system) is a complete bootable computer installation including operating system which runs directly from a CD-ROM or similar storage device into a computer's memory, rather than loading from a hard disk drive. A live CD allows users to run an operating system for any purpose without installing it or making any changes to the computer's configuration.  Bootable USB is a disk that is used to boot up a system for the installation of an Operating System. A USB can be made bootable using a command-line only for systems that have Windows(7/8/8.1/10) operating system. Early versions of Windows i.e. before Windows 7, can't be used for making a USB bootable.  UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) is a newer standard that replaces the legacy BIOS. UEFI offers more features and benefits, such as faster boot times, better security, larger disk support, and graphical user interface. Legacy BIOS is the old mode that uses a 16-bit code and a limited number of options. All modern computers come equipped with UEFI by default BIOS UEFI Basic Input/Output System Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Windows blue screen User friendly graphical user interface Could not recognize Ethernet, Wifi Support Ethernet, Wifi and Bluetooth and Bluetooth connectivity No mouse support, keyboard only Keyboard and mouse support No secure booting option Secure boot facility to stops loading malicious software Firmware program in 16-bit Firmware program in 64-bit C language assembly language Support 2.2 terrabytes Support drive sizes up to 9 zettabytes