Chapter 10: The Major Motives - Psychology | PDF

CH.10 THE MAJOR MOTIVES  DEFINING MOTIVATION ___________ refers to a process within a person or animal that causes that organism to move: toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation. ________________ refers to the desire to do something for its own sake and...

CH.10 THE MAJOR MOTIVES  DEFINING MOTIVATION ___________ refers to a process within a person or animal that causes that organism to move: toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation. ________________ refers to the desire to do something for its own sake and the pleasure it brings.  DEFINING MOTIVATION _______________________refers to the desire to do something for external rewards, such as money and good grades. Whether your motives are intrinsic or extrinsic affects: how readily you meet your goals, and how satisfied meeting them can make you feel. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS  THE BIOLOGY OF WEIGHT At one time, most psychologists thought having a weight problem was a sign of emotional disturbance. If you were above-average weight, flawed evidence included that you: hated your mother, feared intimacy, or were loading up on dessert to fill an emotional hole in your psyche. Having a weight problem is not simply a result of failed willpower, emotional disturbance, or overeating. SET POINT THEORY __________ is a hypothesized mechanism that serves to maintain body weight around a physiologically programmed level. 10% increase or decrease moves an individual’s “Set Point” Everyone has a genetically programmed _________________.  THE BIOLOGY OF WEIGHT Hormones and other compounds that increase appetite are referred to as ____________. Those that decrease appetite are referred to as _________________. Genes influence body shape, distribution of fat, number of fat cells: amount of brown fat, and whether the body will convert excess calories into fat. THE BIOLOGY OF WEIGHT One gene, named _________, or o b, for short, causes fat cells to secrete an anorexigenic protein, which researchers have named ________. Leptin enables the hypothalamus to regulate appetite and metabolism.  THE BIOLOGY OF WEIGHT The hormone __________ spurs appetite and leptin reduces it. The complex set-point system seems to explain why dieters who lose weight so rarely keep it off. Some individuals may have underactive reward circuitry, leading them to overeat to boost their dopamine levels, get ”high” on sugary foods, or are “addicted” to rich foods.  The leading culprits responsible for the worldwide rise in weight reflect big changes in the environment: ENVIRONMENTAL The increased abundance of fast food and INFLUENCES ON processed foods. WEIGHT The increased portion sizes of food and drinks. The widespread consumption of high-sugar, high-calorie soft drinks. The sharp decline in exercise and other expenditures of energy. The abundance of highly varied foods.  EATING DISORDERS ____________ and ___________ are the most well-known eating disorders. People with __________________ binge without purging. Some eating disorders may originate and persist due to: Genes, particularly anorexia nervosa, which has been found across cultures and throughout history. Psychological factors, including depression and anxiety, low self-esteem, perfectionism, and a distorted body image.  THE BIOLOGY OF LOVE Psychologists distinguish between: ______________ love a whirlwind of intense emotions and sexual passion ______________ love characterized by affection and trust Various brain chemicals and hormones are associated with bonding and trust: vasopressin oxytocin  THE BIOLOGY OF LOVE The Role of Endorphins The rushes of pleasure and reward associated with romantic passion are created by: Endorphins Dopamine Is a child’s initial motive for seeking affection an addiction? THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LOVE Two strong predictors of whom people will love are proximity and similarity. Proximity: We tend to choose our friends and lovers from the set of people who live, study, or work near us. Similarity: We are drawn to others with similar attitudes, values, personalities, interests, and looks to our own.  THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LOVE The Internet makes matching people possible in many dimensions. Matchmaking companies administer lengthy questionnaires, claiming to use scientific principles to pair up potential soulmates. Research: Sites do not necessarily generate long-term relationships more than traditional methods because: Matching attitudes important at first, other things more important for the long haul, e.g., coping with decisions and stresses, handling conflict. People’s self-reports often distorted, lying to themselves, and on questionnaire. Many people don’t know why they are attracted to one person and not another. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LOVE The Attachment Theory of Love When in love, people form different kinds of attachments. ____________________ views adult love relationships, like those of infants, as being: secure anxious, or avoidant  THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LOVE The key ingredients of love are: passion intimacy commitment Intimacy is gradual, passion strongest at the beginning of a relationship. Romantic love can persist for many years and is strongly associated with a couple’s happiness. What diminishes among these happy couples is that part of romantic love we might call obsessiveness.  THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LOVE One important psychological predictor of satisfaction in long-term relationships is perception, by both partners, that the relationship is fair, rewarding, balanced. Couples motivated by a positive primary goal to maintain the relationship tend to report more satisfaction. Difference in motivation—positive or negative—affects happiness and satisfaction in many different domains of life.  THE BIOLOGY OF DESIRE Human sexuality is not simply a matter of “doing what comes naturally.” What is “natural” for one person or culture may not be so natural for others. Human sexuality is influenced by a blend of factors: biological psychological cultural THE BIOLOGY OF DESIRE Surveys (Kinsey) and research (Masters and Johnson) showed that physiologically, both sexes are capable of sexual arousal and response. Masters and Johnson’s “four stages of the sexual response cycle” include: ____________________________ ____________________________  THE BIOLOGY OF DESIRE One biological factor that promotes sexual desire across sexes is the hormone testosterone, an androgen (masculinizing hormone). Assumption: Increase testosterone for low sex drive; lower testosterone in people who commit sex crimes. In primates, unlike other mammals, sexual motivation requires hormones, and is affected by social experience and context. Artificially administered testosterone does not do much more than placebo to increase sexual satisfaction in healthy people; testosterone drop does not cause a loss of sexual motivation or enjoyment. SEX DIFFERENCES IN SEX Women on average as capable as men of sexual pleasure. Men do have higher rates of almost every kind of sexual behavior, including masturbation, erotic fantasies, casual sex, and orgasm. Men more likely than women to agree to have sex with a stranger, regret missed sexual opportunities, and admit to having sex because “the opportunity presented itself.” Cisgender women have reproduction considerations.  SEX DIFFERENCE IN SEX Potential differences in sexual behavior reflect women’s and men’s different life roles and experiences Women may be more reluctant than men to have casual sex not because they have a lesser “drive,” but because the experience is not as likely to be gratifying to them. With risks reduced, straight and bisexual women report greater enthusiasm about casual sex.  THE PSYCHOLOGY OF DESIRE Men and women have sex to satisfy many different psychological motives, including: pleasure expressing love and intimacy making babies seeking to obtain perks or status feeling obligation, rebellion, or power over the partner submitting to the partner to avoid anger or rejection  _____________: The satisfaction and pleasure of sex and the stress reduction benefit. _____________: To make a living, to get MOTIVES FOR status, or to exact revenge SEX _____________: To express intimacy and commitment with your partner. _____________: Reassurance that one is attractive, the desire to impress other or to “keep” a partner.  EVEN MORE MOTIVES FOR SEX Motives for consenting to unwanted sex vary. In one study, anxiously attached individuals were the most willing to consent to unwanted sex. Especially if they feared their partners were less committed than they were. Securely attached individuals also had unwanted sex: to gain sexual experience to satisfy their curiosity, or to actively please their partners and further the intimacy between them.  GENDER, CULTURE, AND SEX Cultures transmit ideas about sexuality through: ______________: A collection of rules that determine “proper” attitudes and behaviours. ___________: A set of implicit rules that specific’s proper sexual behaviour for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, sexual orientation, religion, social status, and peer group. These specify appropriate behavior during courtship and sex. They vary from culture to culture, as members act in accordance with the sexual scripts for their: gender, age, sexual orientation, religion, social status, and peer group  GENDER, CULTURE, AND SEX As in the case of love, gender differences (and similarities) in sexuality are strongly affected by: cultural factors economic factors Sexual scripts are changing, however, at least in part as a result of women’s improving economic status. Scripts are also changing due to a wider acceptance of the LBGTQ+ community.  What you accomplish depends on goals you THE EFFECTS OF set for yourself and the reasons you pursue MOTIVATION ON WORK them. A goal is most likely to improve your motivation and performance when certain conditions are met: The goal is specific. The goal is challenging but achievable. The goal is set publicly. The goal is framed in terms of getting what you want rather than avoiding what you do not want. ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION _____________: An enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as praise, financial reward, or a feeling of satisfaction _____________: An attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome such as shame, embarrassment, losing money, or feeling emotional pain. THE EFFECTS OF MOTIVATION ON WORK _______________________: Goals framed in terms of performing well in front of others, being judged favorably, and avoiding criticism. _______________________: Framed in terms of increasing one’s competence and skills. Another contributor to success is self-control. The ability to regulate attention, emotion, and behavior in the presence of temptation. Self-confidence and grit both contribute to the attainment of goals. Grit is a sustained dedication to a passionate interest with determination and effort over a period of years. THE EFFECTS OF MOTIVATION ON WORK ____________: The belief that one is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals. Stronger the self efficacy the better one is at coping. Meta-analyses of decades of research find that self-efficacy and the setting of ambitious but achievable goals are indeed the strongest predictors of learning and accomplishment.  Work motivation also depends on conditions of the job itself.. THE EFFECTS OF When jobs are highly gender segregated, WORK ON people often form gender stereotypes MOTIVATION about the requirements of such careers. Role models also play a big role in what careers people choose. HOW DO CONDITIONS AT WORK NURTURE OR CRUSH MOTIVATION TO SUCCEED? Working Conditions a sense of meaningfulness control variation in tasks supportive relationships useful feedback opportunities for learning and advancement  THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS People are not good at predicting: what will make them happy what will make them miserable, and at estimating how long those feelings will last. The good is rarely as good as we imagine; the bad, rarely as terrible. Well-being increases when people enjoy intrinsic satisfaction of an activity, more so than extrinsic rewards.