Introduction to Philosophy PDF

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY CONTENT 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY 1.2 NATIONAL EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY 1.3 RUKUN NEGARA 1.4 PHILOSOPHY OF PROSPERITY AS AN ASSESSMENT OF RUKUN NEGARA LEARNING OUTCOME Define the definitions, meanings, concepts, and purpose of philosophical knowledge. Expl...

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY CONTENT 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY 1.2 NATIONAL EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY 1.3 RUKUN NEGARA 1.4 PHILOSOPHY OF PROSPERITY AS AN ASSESSMENT OF RUKUN NEGARA LEARNING OUTCOME Define the definitions, meanings, concepts, and purpose of philosophical knowledge. Explain the roles of the Malaysian National Education Philosophy (NEP) to prepare Malaysians to face 21st century global challenges Elaborate the roles of the Rukun Negara as the foundations of the nation, built with support from the NEP. Analyse the relationship between the NEP and Rukun Negara through the lens of philosophy.  DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY "Knowledge of the meaning that is considered to be the highest science that is the basis of other sciences (Dictionary of the Fourth Edition) "A systematic and logical assessment of life" "It is abstract because philosophy is a method of studying matters related to the concept of determining truth" "Research on science and how to obtain knowledge and wisdom to understand the universe and man" "Able to solve all questions and is said to have evolved over the past 2500 years  Working definition of philosophy “Philosophy can be defined as a research /study and knowledge based on reflective and reasoning to formulate zero, the fact and content of the realm/universe is seen as a whole as a union, based on the research and study of data and facts taken from all aspects of the universe/universe." (B.A.G. Fuller, A History of Philosophy, 1955:1) Philosophical knowledge, as well as other sciences, is considered as a field of research and study that has methods, goals, fundamentals and materials of study from all aspects Definition of philosophy by famous Islamic figures: Philosophy is the knowledge of the universe that exists and aims to delve into its true essence (Al-Farabi, 870-950) Philosophy is to think deeply, systematically, radically and universally in the framework of the search for truth (Sidi Gazalba, 1978) Philosophy as a research on nature exists and  Scope of Philosophy Philosophy is a knowledge that researches everything in detail and in depth about the cause of an event to the last cause and the focus of philosophy is divinity, the universe and man The nature of the universe (general and elements of beings) God's nature (man's relationship with God) The position of man in the Universe Man and country Man and education (natural science, epistemology) The concepts of evil and good (moral, moral, manners and etiquette) Fate and ikhtiar (qada' and qadar) Spirit/life and death Mind and matter Ideas and thoughts  Areas of Study of Philosophy Philosophy describes three things about the universe/existence: How knowledge of the universe/existence is obtained and studied (source of knowledge & theory of truth / epistemology) How the science is revealed, argued and conveyed regularly and in accordance (logical) What is the essence, the fact and the substance and how the situation exists for what is and may be there (Fact of Existence/ metaphysics) What are the benefits, uses and functions of what is there and may be there it (axiology / value theory) Features of thinking philosophically 1 Think radically That is, in depth to its grassroots or its origins and the fact. 2 Think universally That is, according to human experience in general (common experience of mankind) ,not specifically and limited as in certain disciplines. 3 Thinking integrally That is, fully integrate the parts of each of them available.  The Importance of Philosophy Philosophy is one of the most important disciplines learned and mastered by individuals in order to build clear objectives and goals in the life of every human being. Studying philosophy can guide the mind to think in the right, clear way and know which direction to take in life. Philosophy is the activity of thinking and researching everything in nature. Humans are commanded by religion to think, research and conduct studies in this realm because they can help humans explore new areas of knowledge that are still unknown.  Philosophical Understanding in Greek Era Socrates (469-399SM) – Philosophy is the study of nature in theory to know oneself. According to Socrates, to be a true human being, every man and woman must control their lives and confidence in testing our own capabilities or abilities. From the process, we can achieve our own happiness. The truth is in each individual and each of us all, there is its own principle of how to think and act. Plato (427-347 BC) -Philosophy is the study of something true, good, beautiful and knowledge of everything that is available. Plato considered philosophy as a study of eternal matters in order to harmonize mystical or religious beliefs by using his common sense.  PHILOSOPHY AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE COUNTRY The main goal of a country that exists in today's world is to build a nation-state with its own identity. The process of nation-building should be based on various channels such as political, economic, social and educational. This field is the main vehicle for achieving national unity and shaping the formation of a nation-state. The philosophy of nation-building is associated with the conditions, situations and culture of society that are geared towards a particular geographical location and district. In general, philosophy is focused on a context that is specific in the thinking of a culture of society and country that coincides with the realities of life today Philosophical Understanding in Greek Era Aristotle (384-322 BC) – Philosophy is to delve into the causes and foundations of all things. He believes every thing has a purpose. Experience is a real world and true knowledge consists of our knowledge that knows the causes of an object or event. Antisthenes (around 406SM) –ethics is an important part of philosophy Xeno-krates (396-314SM)- considers dialectics, physics and ethics as philosophy. Stoik (3rd century) & Epicuros (341-217SM)- states philosophy is a humanitarian science based on Hedonism (a good one is a fun thing). Philosophical Understanding in the 20th Century Peirce (1839-1914) – The basis of philosophy is mantic. Wundt (1832-1920) – The basis of philosophy is insinuation. Windelbard (1848-1895) – Philosophy is a knowledge that speaks of values, ethics and estate. Lipps (1851-1914)- considered philosophy as the science of internal experience and it became the basis of psychology, mantics , ethics, aesthetics and metaphysics. Creighton (1861-1924)- Philosophy is the history of thought, humanities and spirituality. Jasper (1883-1969)- Philosophy is the 'orientation of nature', a field that shows the limitations of science, explaining existence through the human senses and its Philosophical Understanding in the Postmodernism Era There is a trend that rejects all claims to the truth of metaphysical thinking, attacks rationality. Eliminate the difference between truth and falsehood The emergence of new things by replacing them with newer ones is so fast and relentless that it discourages the production force that is considered the shaper of modern life -> criticism of the truth and the existence of God Famous philosopher : Friedrich Nietzche (1844-1900) ,Martin Heideger (1889-1976)  NATIONAL EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY Education in Malaysia is an on-going effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated matter so as to produce individuals who are intellectually spiritually emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent, who possess high moral standards, and who are responsible and capable of achieving high level of personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the harmony and betterment of the family, the society and the nation at large  BASIC FOCUS IN THE NATIONAL EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY (FPK) FPK aims to foster a balanced and harmonious human being through the integration of knowledge and education on an ongoing basis. The cohesion and harmonious balance refers to the 4 main aspects - physical, emotional, spiritual and intellectual (JERI). The main basis of JERI's cohesion to produce a balanced and harmonious human being is based on trust and obedience to God. The results of this will show the existence of 'personal well-being' for each individual through the Malaysian education system. As a result, the individual is able to contribute to the harmony and prosperity of the family, society and the country. Components of the National Education Philosophy JASMANI /Physical (Actions – Practices and Behaviour) EMOSI /Emotion (Value, Souls and Feelings) ROHANI/Spiritual (Trust, Confidence and Morality) INTELEK/Intellectual (Science, Thought and Knowledge)  National Education Philosophy (5 wisdom) continue towards Education further expanding in Malaysia is an the individual's potential as a whole undertaking and integrated to create a balanced and harmonious human being intellectually, spiritually, obedience to God. emotionally andThis effort isbased physically for produce knowledgeable on beliefs and Malaysians knowledge, skill, noble character, responsibility and ability achieve personal well-being, as well as contribution give to harmony and the prosperity of family, society and country. The goal of FPK in terms of individual human development in the context of the nation-state of Malaysia FPK goals Believe and obey God Noble morals Knowledgeable Cultivate unity in the multi-racial community Responsible for self, society, religion and country Possess a balanced and unified personality HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF RUKUN NEGARA Rukun Negara was formed by the Malaysian leadership to overcome all the differences found in the multi-racial society in the country. The elements contained in Rukun Negara are general in nature and do not reveal the property of a race. Rukun Negara is able to implement the practice of respecting the laws and society of various religions as well as cultures It tries to build a wide circle, so that at the end point it can regulate behavior, control, and instruct the behavior and acts that are actually characterized by Malaysia.  Rukun Negara is divided into two parts: First Part Second Part Outline the objectives of the Pledge outlining the Malaysian society to be following Five Principles formed:- of Rukun Negara:- Achieving closer unity in among Belief in God the whole society, Loyalty to the King and Preserving a democratic way of Country life, Constitutional prominence Creating a just society in which Sovereignty of Law the prosperity of the country Courtesy and Decency can be enjoyed together in a fair and equitable manner, The five principles of Rukun Negara were formed based on the multi-racial and religious Malaysian society to strengthen racial unity. "The secret to the perfection of Rukun Negara, is in practice. Without the practice of Rukun Negara would be a piece of document that has no meaning." “... it is imperative that Rukun Negara is not only understood by every citizen, but also practiced to the fullest and all the favors contained behind every word and sentence of Rukun Negara is truly the blood of the flesh.“ (Tun Abdul Razak)  Objectives of Rukun Negara appreciation campaign 1 To produce a Malaysian society that is patriotic and united in building the nation and nation through the appreciation and practice of Rukun Negara. 2 To provide continuous exposure on the importance of Rukun Negara as a pillar or foundation of multi-racial Malaysian unity. 3 To enhance the understanding, awareness and appreciation of the people on the principles of Rukun Negara as the core and foundation of life in shaping the identity of the people as well as producing a prosperous Malaysian society in the physical, emotional, spiritual and intellectual aspects.  Belief in God Religion is the main holding of Malaysians as the absence of religion can undermine one's personality, race and nation. A strong hold on religion can prevent a person from committing crimes as well as crimes. The Federal Constitution provides that Islam is the official religion of the Federation, but religion and other beliefs can be practiced peacefully. Recognizing the importance of the strong holding of members of the community towards the teachings of their respective religions, this principle was chosen as the first principle in Rukun Negara.  Loyalty to the King and Country Malaysia practices a System of Parliamentary Democracy and Constitutional Monarchy with His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the Head of State and the monarchy system is also practiced in each state, and the Yang di-Pertua Negeri for the non-royal states. His Majesty, the Rulers and the Yang di-Pertua Negeri are a symbol of the unity of the people. Therefore, every citizen should devote allegiance, honesty and sincerity to His Majesty the Yang diPertuan Agong. At the state level, the people are required to devote allegiance to the king who rules the state where they reside without reducing their allegiance to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.  Supremacy of the Constitution This principle suppresses the need for the people to accept, obey and defend the nobility or glory of the National Constitution. The mempertahankan Constitution of the State is the highest keluhuran source of jurisprudence atau kemuliaan Perlembagaan Negara.is to provide protection to every citizen of the country of Its function Perlembagaan their rights and privileges as citizens. Negara adalah sumber perundangan yang Every Malaysian citizen is required to respect, appreciate, and understand tertinggi. the meaning Fungsinya and content untuk and historicalperlindungan memberi background of kepada the formation of setiap the National Constitution. rakyat negara ini akan hak dan keistimewaan mereka It issebagai a socialwarganegara. contract of citizens that cannot be questioned and harassed by an individual Setiap wargaor negara any party.Malaysia dikehendaki menghormati, menghargai, serta memahami maksud dan kandungan serta  The Rule of Law Justice is founded on the rule of law where every citizen is equal in the laws of the country. The laws of the country are based on the Constitution. Therefore his sovereignty needs to be accepted and defended. Without the law, community and statehood are not safe and stable. Thus, the laws of the country are guaranteed by an independent and competent judicial institution and supported by an effi cient legal and judicial body, clear laws, a good court structure and a reliable and transparent legal practitioner. The claim to this fourth principle is that we both respect the law and strive to support its enforcement and preserve its sovereignty.  Mutual Respect and Good Social Behaviour This principle of mutual respect and good social behaviour is aimed at forming polite and courteous citizens. The nature of polite and well-mannered individuals is very important in the context of the relationship with each other in the multi-racial society of the country. This principle is a guide so that the behavior of society is always preserved and developed in accordance with the personality of the nation and its noble values. As a control to curb efforts to manipulate issues of unity and racism committed by unscrupulous individuals. THE SPIRIT OF RUKUN NEGARA The spirit of Rukun Negara should be continued as it is relevant in facing present and future challenges, both domestically and internationally. By sticking to that principle, we are able to be united, strong and competent Malaysians to face any challenge. In fact, for the younger generation today, the principles of Rukun Negara are expected to inculcate the spirit of statehood among them, as well as creating a people who are patriotic and love the country.  FALSAFAH SEJAHTERA Falsafah Sejahtera is a combination of the National Education Philosophy and Rukun Negara. Education in Malaysia is a continuous effort towards further expanding the individual's potential as a whole and integrated to create a balanced and harmonious person intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically based on belief and adherence to God. Physical, Emotional, Spiritual and Intellectual (JERI) are four important aspects of shaping or producing a balanced human being. These four aspects are important because in the effort to produce a balanced human being, one must have physical, emotional, spiritual and intellectual endurance. For example, if a person already has all of the above aspects, our country will become a developed and harmonious country with a balanced and good social behaviour society. If a person lacks one of those four aspects as an example of emotion, it will cause our country to move backward. It is because, if a person does not have stable emotions, it will lead to dangerous activities or crimes such as killing, injuring oneself or others and also negative thinking.  1.4 FALSAFAH SEJAHTERA as interpretation for RUKUN NEGARA FPK – the essence of FPK linking manners /morals/budi and well-being Manners, manners of speaking, communicating with manners, and discipline that are combined with the sanctity of the heart and radiate through a noble conversation. Sejahtera refers to a sustainable lifestyle, implementing continuous programmes, adapting pure values and improving human behavior and attitudes  Sejahtera The network of aspects of courtesy, courtesy and discretion further strengthens the understanding and practice of well-being, civilized and moral as a whole overflow. It provides an important foundation for quality fostering and prosperous education (civilized and strong morals) in curbing all forms of the challenges of today’s globalization. Sejahtera is a desirable community well-being journey with the cooperation of all parties to achieve a society based on a sustainable lifestyle. Peace and personal well-being will lead to universal well-being. In Malaysia, Falsafah Sejahtera is applied through Rukun Negara. However, to provide knowledge, understanding and practical practices of Falsafah Sejahtera to the people, it needs to be formed from scratch through Education. Thus, National Education is a channel to set the will of Rukun Negara in shaping a prosperous society and nation  CONCLUSION Philosophy is an important knowledge that needs to be learned and mastered by all walks of life to build the direction and vision of life. The progress of the country in the current era has involved the community today and is beginning to be based on knowledge and depends a lot on the source of knowledge from the media. Learning the knowledge of Philosophy is expected to change the foundation of the individual's thinking from receiving all information in the form of information to finding and verifying all information so that what is believed to be a critically reliable knowledge. Individuals are expected to be trained to understand current issues in a broader and analytical context and scope as this process is essential to prepare individuals for colonialization that takes place in various ways and dimensions including spiritual, emotional and intellectual colonization.  REFERENCE Dzulkifli Abdul Razak. (2019). Essay on Sejahtera: Concept, principle and practice. Gombak: IIUM Publisher. Wollf, Robert Paul. 1992. About Philosophy. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,Inc. Dzulkifli Abdul Razak (2015). Nurturing a Balanced Person. Kuala Lumpur: ITBM. Maritain.J.(2005). An Introduction to philosophy (E.I.Watkin,Trans.) New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Van Cleave, Matthew J. (2016). Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking. Lansing Community College. Hales, Steven D. (2013). This is Philosophy. UK: John Wiley and Sons Inc. Noor Hisham Md Nawi (Ed)(2021). Modul Falsafah Dan Isu Semasa. Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Kelantan: Kota Bahru.  REFERENCE Graham Priest. (2000). Logic: a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. Abdul Rahman Md. Aroff (1999). Pendidikan Moral: Teori Etika Dan Amalan Moral. Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia: Serdang. Nor Hanani Ismail, Rukhaiyah Abd. Wahab, Syahrina Abbdullah, Mohd Hazim Shah Abdul Murad (Ed)(2021). Falsafah Dan Isu Semasa. Penerbit Universiti Utara Malaysia: Sintok. Mahadi Abu Hassan, Norliah Kudus, Ahmad Ridzwan, Shahrulanuar Mohamed (2021). Modul Falsafah Dan Isu Semasa. Penerbit UTeM: Melaka. Eow Boon Hin (2000). Pendidikan Moral. Pearson Education Malaysia: Petaling Jaya. Nazaruddin Haji Mohd Jail, Ma’rof Redzuan, Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah & Ismail Hj Mohd Rashid. (2010). Malaysian Studies: Nationhood and Citizenship (Translated & Adapted by Wong Fook Khoon). Petaling Jaya: Prentice Hall.