Chapter1_Chapter2_merged.pdf

Introduction to Computer ‫ نال‬1301 Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Science What is a Computer ? A computer is an electronic device, accepts data (input) from the user, Process the data into information, Produce the result (output). Stores the results for future use.  Data:...

Introduction to Computer ‫ نال‬1301 Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer Science What is a Computer ? A computer is an electronic device, accepts data (input) from the user, Process the data into information, Produce the result (output). Stores the results for future use.  Data: Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video.  Information: That is conveying meaning and useful to people. 3 What is the information processingcycle? information processing cycle consists of five processing elements, they are:-  Input  Process  Output  Storage  Communication 4 Advantages of Using Computers Speed: When data, instructions, and information flow along electronic circuits in a computer, they travel at incredibly fast speeds. Many computers process billions or trillions of operations in a single second. Reliability: The electronic components in modern computers are dependable and reliable because they rarely break or fail. Consistency: Given the same input and processes, a computer will produce the same results consistently. Computers generate error-free results, provided the input is correct and the instructions work. Storage: Computers store enormous amounts of data and make this data available for processing anytime it is needed. Communications: Most computers today can communicate with other computers, often wirelessly. Computers allow users to communicate with one another. 5  Disadvantages of Using Computers Violation of Privacy: In many instances, where personal and confidential records stored on computers were not protected properly, individuals have found their privacy violated and identitiesstolen. Public Safety: Adults, teens, and children around the world are using computers to share publicly their photos, videos, journals, music, and other personal information. Some of these unsuspecting, innocent computer users have fallen victim to crimes committed by dangerous strangers. Impact on Labor Force: Although computers have improved productivity and created an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of employees have been replaced by computers. Thus, it is crucial that workers keep their education up-to-date. A sepa- rate impact on the labor force is that some companies are outsourcing jobs to foreign countries instead of keeping their homeland labor force employed. 6  Disadvantages of Using Computers Health Risks: Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to health injuries or disorders. Computer users can protect themselves from health risks through proper workplace design, good posture while at the computer, and appropriately spaced work breaks. Impact on Environment: Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are depleting natural resources and polluting the environment. Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and environmental waste generated when using a computer. Strategies that support green computing include recycling, regulating manufacturing processes, extending the life of computers, and immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers. 7 Exercise A. Write short answers for the following. 1) What is computer? 2) What are the five processing elements in information processing cycle of computer? 3) What are the advantages of using Computers 4) What are the disadvantages of using Computers 8  Chapter 2 Computer Parts and Classification  Parts of computers:- A computer system consists of three main parts, they are: 1) Hardware 2) Software 3) Communication System 1) Hardware is the electronic and mechanical parts of a computer system. It is everything you can touch and see Examples: Monitor, hard drive, computer cables, keyboard, mouse, modem, printer, etc 2) Software are programs & applications. It Consists of a series of instructions that tells the computer what to do with data. 3) Communication system (Network ) is a collection of computers and devices connected via communications media 10 10 Parts of computers:- Hardware  Motherboard connects all parts and components of a computer to each other and it is heart of the computer. Motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in some complex electronic systems. Processors  Central Processing Unit (CPU): CPU Performs all types of data processing operations.  Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): GPU designed to handle a variety of specialized tasks such as displaying 3D images and encrypting data. Powerful GPUs are a standard feature in gaming computers to support fast processing of virtual environments.  Accelerated Processing Unit (APU): APU houses and offers the combination of CPU and GPU into one component called APU. Classification of Computers We can classify the computeís into the following 3 categoíies: Classifications of Computeís System:- 1. On the Basis of Size and Capacity, [Supeícomputeí, Mainfíame, Mini, and Micío Computeí]. 2. On the Basis of Puíposes, [Geneíal and Special Puípose]. 3. On the Basis of Haídwaíe Design and ľype [Analog, Digital, and Hybíid Computeí]. Computers on the Basisof SizeandCapacity 1. Supercomputers The fastest, most powerful and most expensive computer Used for applications requiring complex mathematical calculations Fastest supercomputer can perform more than one trillion calculations per second Applications:  The uses of supercomputers are dedicated to – In research and study of energy and nuclear weapons and designing the aircraft, airplanes, and flight simulators. Computers on the Basisof SizeandCapacity 2. Mainframe Computers Very powerful and expensive computer that supports thousands of computers Used in large organizations Users access the mainframe’s resources through dump or intelligent terminal Applications: Mainframe computers are mainly used by departmental and commercial organizations like Banks, Companies, Scientific research center  Computers on the Basisof SizeandCapacity 3. Minicomputers First released in 1960s Can handle much more input and output than personal computers Can handle hundreds of users at the same time Applications: Minicomputers were used for scientific and engineering computations, business transaction processing, file handling, and database management.  Computers on the Basisof SizeandCapacity 4. Micro Computer A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 1980s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors. Applications:  The uses of Microcomputer – PC is being widely used in many fields like home, office, data collection, business, education, entertainment, publishing, etc. Examples: Desktops, tablets, smartphones, and Laptops. The fast development of microcomputers with technology. As a result, today, microcomputers coming in the form of a book, a phone, and even a clock in the name of a digital clock. Computers on the BasisPurpose 1. General Purpose General computers can do various everyday tasks. The size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers are mainly less. The ability of these computers is limited in performing specialized tasks. it has versatility and useful for serving people’s basic needs at home or in the workplace in the environment. Examples: Desktops, laptops, smartphones, and tablets are used on daily basis for general purposes. Computers on the BasisPurpose 2. Special Purpose These computers are designed to perform a particular or specialized task. The size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers mainly depend on the nature and size of the work. The function of these computers is consistent with any particular task. The special computer needs specific processors and input and devices to conduct work efficiently. Examples: Automatic teller machines (ATM), Washing machines, Surveillance equipment, Traffic-control computers, Computers on the Basisof Hardware Design and Data Handling 1. Analog Computer An analog computer performs tasks using continuous data (the physical amount that changes continuously). Analog computers are used primarily to measure physical units like the voltage, pressure, electric current, temperature, and convert them into digits. Examples: A simple clock, the vehicle’s speedometer, Voltmeter, etc. are examples of analog computing. Computers on the Basisof Hardware Design and Data Handling 2. Digital Computer This computer is the computer that calculates the number for processing the data. It can perform arithmetic operations such as addition, occurrence, subtraction, multiplication, or division and all types of logical(mathematical) operations. Examples The desktop or Laptop at our home is one the common and best example of a digital computer. Exercise (A) Define the following. 1) Hardware 2) Software 3) Communications Devices 4) Motherboard 5) Central Processing Unit 6) Graphics Processing Unit 7) Accelerated Processing Unit (B) Give the full forms for the following. 1) CPU 2) GPU 3) APU Exercise Choose the best option from the following. 1. Monitor is a. a) Hardware b) Software c) Both 2. is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in some complex electronic systems. a) Motherboard b) ROM c) Keyboard Q1. What are the differences between computers on the Basis of Size and Capacity? Q2. Define the following along with examples: 1. Supercomputer 2. Mainframe 3. Minicomputer 4. Microcomputer