Chapter 1: Cells PDF

Chapter 1: Cells  Content 1. Cells 2. Animal cell & Plant cell 3. Animal cell vs. Plant cell 4. Adaption of cells 5. Major organs system in human 6. Microscope Learning 1. Understand that all organisms are made of cells and microorganisms are...

Chapter 1: Cells  Content 1. Cells 2. Animal cell & Plant cell 3. Animal cell vs. Plant cell 4. Adaption of cells 5. Major organs system in human 6. Microscope Learning 1. Understand that all organisms are made of cells and microorganisms are typically single celled. Objectives 2. Identify and describe the functions of cell structures (limited to cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria and sap vacuole). 3. Describe the similarities and differences between the structures of plant and animal cells. 4. Explain how the structures of some specialised cells are related to their functions (including red blood cells, neurones, ciliated cells, root hair cells and palisade cells). 5. Understand that cells can be grouped together to form tissues, organs and organ systems.  Learning Objectives 1. Understand that all organisms are made of cells and microorganisms are typically single celled. 2. Identify and describe the functions of cell structures (limited to cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria and sap vacuole). 3. Describe the similarities and differences between the structures of plant and animal cells.  01 Cells What is cell ?? Cell Organism Cell is the basic unit of living things. All living things are made up of cells.  Humans on earth Cells in a human body 7.8 billion people 15 trillion cells 7,800,000,000 people 15,000,000,000,000 cells Cellular organisation C. T. O. S. O. Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism  organism Unicellular Multicellular organism organism Amoeba Paramecium Made of one cell only. Made of more than one cell. Unicellular organism Made of one cell only. Algae They can do life process as one cell.  Learning Objectives 1. Understand that all organisms are made of cells and microorganisms are typically single celled. 2. Identify and describe the functions of cell structures (limited to cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria and sap vacuole). 3. Describe the similarities and differences between the structures of plant and animal cells. Animal cell  Nucleus Animal Cell Control all the activities of the cell (the brain) Contains the genetic material (DNA). Cell membrane Control the movement of chemicals in and out of the cell. Dissolved substances (food, oxygen, carbon dioxide) can pass through the cell membrane. Harmful substances are stopped by the (cell organelles) cell membrane. Cytoplasm Watery jelly that fills the cell. Mitochondrion (plural: Mitochondria) Contains stored food. Generate energy for the cell. Chemical reactions take place here. Plant cell  Plant Cell Cell wall Made of cellulose Give support and protection to the cell. Chloroplast Contains green pigment (chlorophyll). Chlorophyll capture sunlight for photosynthesis process (make food). Vacuole Filled with cell sap, which contains (cell organelles) dissolved sugar and salt. Some animal cells have small vacuole. Compare between animal cell and plant cell Jing si Aphorism 176: Do not underestimate yourself, for human beings have unlimited potential. Learning Objectives 1. Understand that all organisms are made of cells and microorganisms are typically single celled. 2. Identify and describe the functions of cell structures (limited to cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria and sap vacuole). 3. Describe the similarities and differences between the structures of plant and animal cells. " Animal cell vs. Plant cell Compare between animal cell and plant cell Animal cell Similarities Plant cell Both animal cell and plant cell have nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondrion. Animal cell Differences Plant cell No Cell wall Yes Varied Shape Fixed No Chloroplast Yes No. Some animal cells Vacuole Yes contain small vacuole.  Not all cells are alike Cells differ in size, shape, and function Examples of animal cells: —Examples of plant cells: Microscope I am a fly. I am cute hehe…  What can be seen ?? Let’s watch … https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEKtekOEBuM Cells are too small to be seen with the unaided eye → microscope Animal cell Plant cell Can you identify them?  cell membrane cytoplasm nucleus Animal cells and plant cells both contain: ~ Cell membrane similarities ~ Cytoplasm ~ Nucleus Plant cell under the microscope Tapeworm - magnified 200x mould on a tomato magnified 3.9x Human hair Toothbrush bristle Needle and thread Mite, magnified 850x Microscope - label https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/labelling_interactives/6-label-the-microsc ope Lets Recap !  Prepare slides for microscope 1) Plant cell (Onion) Make sure no bubble in the slides.  Prepare slides for microscope 2) Animal cell (cheek cell) Jing si Aphorism 044: Count your blessings, cherish them and sow more blessings. Learning Objectives 4. Explain how the structures of some specialised cells are related to their functions (including red blood cells, neurones, ciliated cells, root hair cells and palisade cells). 5. Understand that cells can be grouped together to form tissues, organs and organ systems. Adaptation of cells Red blood cell // Red cell  Red blood cell // Red cell Type of Function(s) Special features animal cell Red blood To carry oxygen Contains haemoglobin which combines with oxygen to cells form oxyhaemoglobin. Biconcave shape provides a large surface area for diffusion to happen easily White blood cells // White cells White blood cell swallowing bacteria. White blood cells / White cells Type of Function(s) Special features animal cell White blood Helps protect our body Produces antibodies or eats the harmful cells from diseases microorganisms. Nerve cell (neurone) Nerve cell (neurone) Type of Function(s) Special features animal cell Nerve cells To carry nerve impulses Long (neurones) (electrical signals) to different Connections at each end parts of the body Carry electrical signals Muscle cells  Smooth muscle cells Type of Function(s) Special features animal cell Smooth Help food to move Form muscular tissues around wall of oesophagus, muscle cells through the alimentary stomach and intestines. canal Arranged in layers at right angles to each other - contract and relax -> moves food Types of Function(s) Special features animal cell Red blood To carry oxygen Contains haemoglobin which combines with oxygen to form cells oxyhaemoglobin. Biconcave shape provides a large surface area for diffusion to happen easily White blood Helps protect our body Produces antibodies or eats the harmful microorganisms. cells from diseases Nerve cells To carry nerve Long (neurones) impulses to different Connections at each end parts of the body Carry electrical signals Smooth Help food to move Form muscular tissues around wall of oesophagus, stomach and muscle cells through the alimentary intestines. canal Arranged in layers at right angles to each other - contract and relax -> moves food Workbook  Root hair cells Type of Function(s) Special features plant cell Root hair To absorb water and minerals Large surface area cells from the soil. Workbook Palisade cells  Palisade cells Type of plant cell Function(s) Special features Palisade cell To absorb sunlight for Large surface area photosynthesis Lots of chloroplasts Types of Function(s) Special features plant cell Root hair To absorb water and minerals Large surface area cell from the soil. Palisade To absorb sunlight for Large surface area cell photosynthesis Lots of chloroplasts Workbook pp 9-10 Learning Objectives 4. Explain how the structures of some specialised cells are related to their functions (including red blood cells, neurones, ciliated cells, root hair cells and palisade cells). 5. Understand that cells can be grouped together to form tissues, organs and organ systems. Major organs system in human Cell organisation in human C.T.O.S.O Workbook pp 11  Skeletal Muscular Circulatory Respiratory system system system system Organ Systems Digestive Nervous Sensory Endocrine Excretory system system system system system Summary of Chapter 2. 1) The five main organs of flowering plants are root, stem, leaves, flowers and bud. 2) The cell organisation: Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism 3) The major organ systems in human: Skeletal system Nervous system Muscular system Sensory system Circulatory system Endocrine system Respiratory system Excretory system Digestive system Workbook pp 12 End of Chapter 1 Workbook pp