Chapter II & III Research Reviewer PDF

Chapter II- **Related literature** -Literature is an oral or written record of man's significant experiences that are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner--- Ridley -an analysis of man's written or spoken knowledge of the world. Traditional Review - to summarize present forms of knowledge on...

Chapter II- **Related literature** -Literature is an oral or written record of man's significant experiences that are artistically conveyed in a prosaic manner--- Ridley -an analysis of man's written or spoken knowledge of the world. Traditional Review - to summarize present forms of knowledge on a specific subject. Aim: give an expanded or new understanding of an existing work. Systematic Review - a style of RRL that involves sequential acts of a review of related literature. Structure of the RRL 1\. An [introduction] to explain the organizational method of literature review 2\. [Headings and subheadings] to indicate the right placement of supporting statements 3\. A [summary] to concisely restate your main point. **The Process of Review of Related Literature** Stage 1: Search for the Literature- looking for knowledge, data or information to answer your research questions. \***Basic Types Literary Sources:** 1. 2. 3. Stage 2: Reading the Source Material- reading, understanding, or making the materials meaningful to you is what will preoccupy you on the second stage of reading RRL. -Use HOTS in confronting the reading materials. (Analyze, Evaluate and Create) Stage 3: Writing the Review- Idea connection and organization is done in this stage. -quality of ideas is improved through summarizing and paraphrasing. **The Process of Review of Related Literature** Transitional devices Active verbs **Plagiarism and Its Types** [Direct Plagiarism] - copy word-forward section of others' works without quotation marks. [Self-Plagiarism] -- using your previous submitted works basis to your new one without asking permission to the teacher previously submitted the work. [Mosaic Plagiarism]- is committed when taking phrases from a source without using quotation marks or citations; thus,you just find synonyms to the authors' words while keeping the same thought as it is in the original. **Proper paraphrasing** [Paraphrasing] is the answer for us not to fall to any type of plagiarism APA Citation: In-text and reference citation American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is the most commonly used referencing style in the field of education. It is also known as "author-date referencing". There are *Chicago manual of style* (CMOS), *Modern Language Association Style* (MLA),*Modern Humanities Research Association* (MHRA), American Sociological Association (ASA), and the like. [\*Focus on the **APA 6th Edition Manual of Style**.\*] There are Two (2) things that you need to remember in using APA. First, it is [used as an intext citation] and second, it is [used in reference citation.] **Reference Citation** [ ] Books: (Author, Title, Date of Publication, Place of Publication and Publisher) Journal Articles: (Author, Title, Journal Publication, Issue, Volume, Page Number and Digital Object Identifier or or DO) 3\. Online Sources: Fernandez, D.V. (2020). Reading comprehension and graphic novel. Retrieved from [https://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/apa/website] Note: -do not put period at the end of the entry of online sources -arrange list in alphabetical order using the first letter of the surname **SOURCES OF RRL** [Primary Sources]- artifacts, autobiographies, court records, diaries, Emails, speeches, letters, interviews, letters, official reports, drawings, maps, photographs, speeches. [Secondary Sources] - biographies, critical studies of an author\'s work, dictionaries, journal articles, hand books, magazines, newspapers, reports, textbooks. **ORGANIZING RELATED LITERATURE** [Chronological Order (date/year)-] write the research paper review according to when they were published. [Broad to Specific]- According to Cronin, Ryan & Coughlan (2008), you can also organize your related review of literature and studies by starting it from a general issue of topic, then lower it down to specific issues in the literature until it reaches and links to your research title question, research keywords, thesis, statement and hypothesis. **CONTENT OF RRL** [Introduction]- Explains the focus and [establishes the importance of the subject]. It discusses what kind of work has been done on the topic and identifies any controversies within the field or any recent research which has raised questions about earlier assumptions. [Body]- The body of related review of literature is oftentimes [divided into major headings and subheadings.] -summarize, evaluate and assess the field of knowledge under study in the current stage. [Conclusion]- summary of all the evidences that is being presented from introduction to the body of related literature and studies. -give the [precise key findings of other studies of the review in general concepts.] **CHAPTER III- Research Design** Research Design- serves as a plan that provides the appropriate methods and procedures on data collection and analysis to efficiently and substantially answerth research problem. -Anchored on the purpose and intent of the study. -A blueprint for conducting a study that maximize control over factors that could interfere with the validity of the findings. **Qualitative Research Methods** - - - - - Phenomenology Focus: Understand people\'s lived experiences and perceptions. Approach: Gather in-depth descriptions from participants. Goal: Explore how individuals make sense of a specific phenomenon. *\*Experiences\** Grounded Theory Focus: Develop a theory based on data collected from participants. Approach: Gather qualitative data and analyze it to identify patterns and concepts. Goal: Generate a theory that explains a process or phenomenon. *\*Theory Development / data patterns\** Ethnography Ethnographic research has its roots in the discipline of anthropology, which is primarily concerned with understanding the cultural, social, and biological aspects of human societies. *\*Cultural practices\** Case Study Focus: In-depth analysis of a specific instance or case (like a person, group, or event). Approach: Use various data sources (interviews, documents, observations) to gain a comprehensive view. Goal: Provide detailed insights and learn from unique situations. *\*Specific Cases/ tend to go into specifics\** Historical Research Used to determine changes or permanence of things after a period of time It covers a huge number of years to establish new discoveries and information *\*Historical Context/ may cover broader timelines\** **Locale of the Study** -This discusses the place or setting of the study. -It describes in brief the place where the study is conducted. **Population Sampling and Sampling Techniques** -Population can be defined as including all people or items with the characteristic one wishes to understand. -Sampling is the process of learning about population on the basis of sample drawn from it **Process of Sampling** - - - **Types of Sampling Techniques** - - - - **Purposive Sampling** Definition: Researchers intentionally select participants based on specific characteristics or criteria relevant to the study. Use: When the goal is to gain insights from particular groups or individuals who have specific knowledge or experiences. Example: Studying the experiences of teachers in a special education program by selecting only those who work in that field. **Convenience Sampling** Definition: Participants are selected based on their easy availability and accessibility. Use: Often used in exploratory research or when time and resources are limited. Example: Surveying students in a particular classroom because they are readily available. **Snowball Sampling** Definition: Existing participants recruit future participants from their networks, creating a "snowball" effect. Use: Useful for studying hard-to-reach populations or specific social groups. Example: Researching the experiences of individuals in a niche community, like people with rare diseases, where initial participants help find others. **Theoretical Sampling** Definition: Participants are selected based on emerging theories or concepts during the research process. Use: Commonly used in grounded theory research to refine and develop theoretical ideas. Example: A researcher studying social interactions may choose participants who represent different theoretical categories identified during initial interviews. **Data Gathering Procedure** -the procedure of collecting, measuring, and analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques. **Research Instrument** It is a tool [used to obtain, measure, and analyze data] from subjects aroundthe research topic. It [must be aligned to the nature of your study]: quatitative, qualitative, mized method Kinds of Research Instruments Questionnaire Interview Observation **Types of Qualitative Research Questions** Descriptive Questions Interpretive Questions Comparative Questions Process-oriented Questions Evaluative Questions Questions Exploratory Questions Predictive Questions Focus Groups In-Home Videos Online Focus Groups **Descriptive Questions** It aims to uncover the [detailed information behind a phenomenon]. It aims to provide a [comprehensive overview] about the subject. **Interpretive Questions** Seek to understand the ["how" and "why"] behind a phenomenon, focuses on the [meanings people attach to their experiences.] **Comparative Questions** Designed to [explore differences and similarities] between groups, settings, or time periods. **Process-oriented Questions** Aims to [uncover the "how" of a phenomenon, tracing the development, changes, or evolution of specific situations or behaviors.] **Evaluative Questions** aim to [assess] the effectiveness, value, or impact of a program, policy, or phenomenon. **One-on-One Questions** This is [asked to a single person] and can be thought of as individual interviews that you can conduct online via phone and video chat as well. **Exploratory Questions** These questions are designed to [enhance your understanding of a particular topic.] **Predictive Questions** This is used if the research is [focused on the future outcomes] of an action or a series of actions. **Focus Groups** These questions are mostly [asked in person to the customer or respondent groups.] The in-person nature of these surveys or studies ensures that the [group members get a safe and comfortable environment] to express their thoughts and feelings about your brand or services. **In-Home Videos** Collecting video feedback from customers in their [comfortable, natural settings offers a unique perspectiv]e. At home, customers are [more relaxed and less concerned] about their mannerisms, posture, and choice of words when responding. **Online Focus Groups** Online focus groups mirror the traditional, in-person format but are [conducted virtually], offering a more cost-effective and efficient approach to gathering data. This digital format extends your reach and allows a rapid collection of responses from a broader audience through online platforms.