Chapter 7 Study Guide PDF

1.​ Define osteology. What is the skeletal system is composed of? 2.​ The skeleton has at least six functions. What are those six? 3.​ What type of tissue is bone, or osseous tissue? What is mineralization and what’s another name for it? What other tissue types are present in bone? 4.​ Bones hav...

1.​ Define osteology. What is the skeletal system is composed of? 2.​ The skeleton has at least six functions. What are those six? 3.​ What type of tissue is bone, or osseous tissue? What is mineralization and what’s another name for it? What other tissue types are present in bone? 4.​ Bones have a variety of shapes correlated with their protective and locomotor functions. 5.​ Describe flat bones and give some examples. 6.​ Describe long bones and give some examples. 7.​ Describe short bones and give some examples. 8.​ Describe irregular bones and give some examples. 9.​ The general anatomy of bones can be observed in a _______ bone; flat bones have variations due to their shape. 10.​Describe the composition of a long bone. Be sure to pay attention to the terms compact, cancellous, and medullary cavity. 11.​What is the diaphysis and the epiphysis refer to? What are their purposes? 12.​The joint surface where bones meet is covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage called the __________ cartilage, which enables a joint to move easily. 13.​Blood vessels penetrate into the bone through minute holes called? 14.​What is the periosteum? What are the two layers? 15.​Some collagen fibers of the outer layer are continuous with ________ that bind muscle to bone. 16.​Other collagen fibers of the outer layer penetrate into the bone matrix as ___________ fibers. 17.​Why is the osteogenic layer important for? 18.​A thin layer of reticular connective tissue called the _____________ lines the internal marrow cavity, covers all surfaces of the spongy bone, and lines the canal system. 19.​In children and adolescents, an epiphyseal plate of ________ cartilage separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis. 20.​What is the epiphyseal plate? 21.​In adults, what happens to the epiphyseal plate? 22.​The cranium is a typical flat bone, describe the sandwich-like arrangement seen in it. 23.​Define diploe. How does the diploe handle a moderate blow? 24.​Both surfaces of a flat bone are covered with ____________, and the marrow spaces are lined with _____________. Histology of Osseous Tissue 25.​Bone, a connective tissue, consists of cells, fibers, and ground substance; there are four principle types of bone cells. 26.​What are osteogenic cells and where are they found? 27.​What are osteoblasts and where are they found? 28.​Osteoblasts are ______________ (do not divide), so differentiation of osteogenic cells is the only way new osteoblasts are generated. 29.​Osteoblasts synthesize what? What stimulate osteogenic cells to multiply rapidly and generate increased numbers of osteoblasts? 30.​Osteoblasts secrete what hormone and what does it stimulate? 31.​Osteocytes are former ____________ that have become trapped in the bone matrix they deposited. 32.​Define lacunae and canaliculi. 33.​Osteocytes have slender, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes that reach into the canaliculi, what do these processes do? 34.​Neighboring osteocytes are connected by ______ junctions, allowing the passage of nutrients, wastes, and chemical signals. 35.​Some osteocytes _______ bone matrix and others _______ it, contributing to the homeostasis of both bone density and blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions. 36.​Osteocytes are also strain sensors—what does this mean? 37.​Osteoclasts are ______-____________ cells found on the bone surface. 38.​Osteoclasts develop from bone marrow stem cells that give rise to ________ cells; thus, they have an independent origin from osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. 39.​The side of the cell facing the bone surface has a ruffled border, what does this help with? 40.​Osteoclasts often reside in pits called? 41.​Bone remodeling results from the combined action of _____________ and ______________. 42.​The matrix of osseous tissue is about one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter. 43.​The organic matter includes what? 44.​The inorganic matter is mostly made up of? 45.​Bone is in a class of materials called a ____________, a combination of two structural materials—in this case, a ceramic and a polymer. 46.​The polymer is __________, and the ceramic component is the ______________ and other minerals. 47.​When bones are deficient in calcium salts (the ceramic component), they are what? 48.​The protein component gives bone what? Describe how a bone would be without it. 49.​The ratio of minerals to collagen varies in different parts of the skeleton in response to tension and compression. 50.​Compact bone is studied using slices that have been dried, cut with a saw, and ground to translucent thinness, revealing details of the matrix. 51.​These histological sections show onion-like concentric _________ arranged around a _________ (haversian or osteonic) canal and connected to each other by ____________. 52.​What constitutes an osteon? 53.​Describe perforating (Volkmann) canals. 54.​How are they collagen fibers arranged in the matrix? What does the arrangement enhance? 55.​How does nutrients and waste enter and leave bone? 56.​What is circumferential lamellae? 57.​What is interstitial lamellae? 58.​Spongy bone consists of a lattice of delicate slivers of bone called spicules and thin plates called __________; the term spongy refers to its appearance, not its hardness. 59.​Spongy bone is covered with ___________ and permeated by spaces filled with bone marrow. 60.​Central canals are not needed, what is this? 61.​Spongy bone imparts ________ while adding a minimum of weight; its trabeculae are arranged along the bone’s lines of stress. 62.​Bone marrow is a general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces in spongy bone, and larger central canals; the two kinds are ______ marrow and ___________ marrow. 63.​Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) fills what? 64.​Red marrow is often termed ___________ tissue because it produces blood cells, but it is actually composed of multiple tissues and acts as an organ unto itself. 65.​In adults, most red marrow turns to ______ __________ bone marrow. 66.​Yellow marrow no longer produces _______, although in cases of severe or chronic anemia it can do what? 67.​In adults, red marrow is limited to where? Bone Development 68.​Define osteogenesis. What are the two methods of bone development? 69.​Intramembranous ossification produces what bones? Development includes four stages, what are the four stages and can you briefly describe each one? 70.​What is endochondral ossification? Most bones of the body develop in this way, and the process includes six stages, what are the six stages and can you briefly describe each one? 71.​Ossification occurs throughout life with the growth and remodeling of bones. 72.​The epiphyseal plate is the region in which bone ___________ takes place. 73.​The epiphyseal plate consists of _________ cartilage in the middle, with a _________ zone on each side. 74.​The transitional zone, facing the marrow cavity, is called the __________. 75.​Cartilage converts to bone in a five-stage process. 76.​The growth of cartilage from within the metaphyses is called ____________ growth; _________ can result from a failure of cartilage to grow in the long bones. 77.​Growth stops when all the __________ is depleted; the site of the original epiphyseal plate is marked with a line of spongy bone called the epiphyseal ______. 78.​Bones continually grow throughout life in diameter and thickness through a process called _____________ growth that deposits new tissue at the surface. 79.​Appositional growth is similar to intramembranous ossification; how so? 80.​They lay down matrix in layers parallel to the surface, not in cylindrical osteons; this process produces ________________ lamellae. 81.​As a bone increases in diameter, its marrow cavity does what? 82.​Bones are continually remodeled throughout life by the ___________ of old bone and ___________ of new, replacing about _____% of skeletal tissue per year. 83.​Wolff’s law of bone states what? 84.​This phenomenon is an example of the complementarity of _____ and __________. 85.​Bone remodeling results from the action of osteo_____ and osteo______. 86.​On average, how are the bones of athletes and people engaged in manual labor different from the bones in sedentary people? Physiology of Osseous Tissue 87.​Mineral deposition is a crystallization process in which _______, __________, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue, mainly as crystals of hydroxyapatite. 88.​How does this process happen? 89.​Define ectopic ossification. 90.​What is arteriosclerosis? 91.​What is a calculus? 92.​Mineral resorption is the process of what? 93.​How does this process happen? 94.​What does calcitonin do? 95.​What does parathyroid hormone do? Bone Disorders 96.​What causes a stress fracture? 97.​What is a pathologic fracture and what is it due to? 98.​Fractures are also classified according to the direction of the fracture line, whether the skin is broken, and whether the bone is cracked or broken into pieces. 99.​An uncomplicated fracture heals in ____ to ____ weeks, but complex fractures and fractures in the elderly take longer; the healing process occurs in four stages. What are those four stages? Can you briefly describe them? 100.​ Treatment of fractures involves reducing the _____________ of broken bones and ______________ the bone during healing. 101.​ In closed reduction, the bone fragments are manipulated how? 102.​ What happens to the bone in an open reduction? 103.​ What does a cast do? 104.​ Several other bone disorders exist, the most common of which is ________________.