Chapter 7 Minerals PDF

## Chapter 7 Minerals There are inorganic compounds - some minerals are needed in large amounts, others needed in very small amounts, and they help your body to perform many different functions. - Unlike vitamins and macro nutrients they always retain their chemical identity - they cannot be destro...

## Chapter 7 Minerals There are inorganic compounds - some minerals are needed in large amounts, others needed in very small amounts, and they help your body to perform many different functions. - Unlike vitamins and macro nutrients they always retain their chemical identity - they cannot be destroyed by acid heat air - they cannot change into anything else in the body - Some minerals are absorbed/ excreted more easily than others and body levels can change quickly - An excessive amount of minerals may be toxic The essential amount of minerals 16 | | MAJOR | MINOR | |---|---|---| | AMOUNTS IN THE BODY VARY FROM 30G TO NEARLY 1200 G | AMOUNTS: AS LOW AS 20 MG UP TO ABOUT 3.5 G | | Calcium (Ca) | Iron (Fe) | | Potassium (K) | Iodine (I) | | Sodium (Na) | Zinc (Z) | | Magnesium (Mg) | Selenium (Se) | | Phosphorus (P) | Manganese (Mn) | | Chloride (CI) | Cobalt (Co) | | Sulphur (S) | Fluoride (F) | | | Molybdenium (Mo) | | | Copper (Cu) | ### General function of Minerals 1. Some minerals are important part of hormones. 2. Some minerals are integral part of enzyme involved in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and function (Zn, Fe). 3. Some electrolytes (minerals) help maintain body fluid balance and control nerve and muscle function. 4. Regulate heartbeat (Na, Cl, K, Ca). 5. Build bones (Ca, P, Mg). 6. Iron is part of transport protein that deliver oxygen to body tissues. Iron helps oxygen be delivered to it, and is an electrolyte essential for nerve impulse transmission and for contraction of muscles, cells, and organs. ## Major Minerals | Mineral | Function | Deficiency | Food Sources | |---|---|---|---| | Calcium (Ca) | - Most abundant - Bone Health - Stronger teeth - Blood clotting - Helps control blood pressure - Energy metabolism, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, enzyme activation - Factors increase absorption of calcium (stomach acid, vitamin D, lactose, pregnancy, childhood, infancy) | - Osteoporosis (weak bones) - World Health Issue | - Dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese) - Broccoli cauliflower, oysters and sardines with bone. - Tofu (soybeans) almonds - Chinese cabbage - Special water - Fortified juices/foods (cereal) - Limited in grain foods | | Potassium (K) | - Helps nerve impulses - Regulates the heartbeat - During muscle contraction, potassium is pumped out of the muscle cell, while sodium is pumped into the muscle cell but within seconds each cation returns to its initial location - Helps maintain proper body fluid or volume - Helps maintain acid-base balance | - | - Fresh plant foods(fruits, vegetables, legumes) - Dairy products, meats and nuts, - Low quantities found in grain foods | | Sodium (Na) | - It is an electrolyte essential for nerve impulse transmission and for contraction of muscles | - Rare - Can occur in athletes, during diarrhea and vomiting | - Cheeses, packaged foods, chips, smoked meats and fish, pickles, salted nuts, and table salt | ## Minor Minerals | Mineral | Function | Deficiency | Food Sources | |---|---|---|---| | Iron (Fe) | - Oxygen transport to tissue. - Donates oxygen to other molecules. - Regulate different enzyme activities | - Anemia (decrease body iron stores) - Side effects: - reduced energy production - reduced physical work capacity - reduced appetite - dizziness shortness of breath - reduced synthesis of neurotransmitters | - Heme iron (meat) - Non-heme iron: - (legumes, grains, nuts, medium amount and vegetables) - (dairy products & fruits not good for Fe) | | Zinc (Zn) | - Gene expression - Component of cell membrane - Immune function (antioxidant system) - Growth and fetal development - Synthesis, storage and release of insulin - Bone formation - Thyroid hormone function, enzyme activation - Taste perception - Sperm production | - Common and many countries - Poor growth, short structure, hypogonadism (delay puberty) - Impaired immune function - Skin disorders | - Red meat, poultry - Liver, oysters, shellfish - Beans, chickpeas - Fruits: not good sources zinc Top food correlates with protein | | Iodine (I) | - Synthesis thyroid hormone: Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) - Thyroid hormone is associated in the regulation of body temperature, basal metabolic rate, reproduction, growth & development, nerve and muscle function. | - Goiter - Cretinism | - Food content based on soil - Sea food, iodized salt, processed food. | ## Chapter 6 Vitamins | Vitamin | Function | Deficiency | Food Sources | |---|---|---|---| | Vitamin A (Retinol) | - Vision - Needed by immune cells for prevention of infection - Needed for cells processes | - Hypovitaminosis A - Vitamin A deficiency is preventable - Severe deficiency induced total blindness - Mild deficiency induced night blindness - Without blindness it increases the risk of death from infection by 23% | - Milk, liver, eggs, red & orange fruits, green leafy vegetables, red palm oil | | Vitamin D | - Helps the body to absorbed calcium - Keep the right amount of calcium & phosphorus in the blood | - Hypovitaminosis D - Deformity of long bones - Adults: ostemalacia (soften the bone) | - Fatty fish, eggs, meat, flour, margarine, fortified VD milk | | Vitamin K | - Synthesis of blood clotting protein & bone proteins - Synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine | - Vitamin K deficiency - Abnormal blood clot, bruise easily - The long-term use of antibiotics can cause vitamin K deficiency | - Leafy green vegetables, liver, milk | | Vitamin E | - Anti-oxidant | - Vitamin E deficiency - Rare - Anemia (hemolysis: red blood cells breakdown) - Muscle loss, nerve damage | - Whole grains, nuts, seeds, vegetables oils, margarita, dressing, green leafy vegetables. | ## Vitamin (Water Soluble) | Vitamin | Function | Deficiency | Food Sources | |---|---|---|---| | Thiamin (B1) | - Required for energy production from carbohydrates - Essential for the functioning of the heart, muscle, nervous system. - Part of the coenzyme used in energy metabolism | - Beri-Beri - Rare in developed countries - Disease of poor elderly & alcoholics (loss of vitamin during cooking) | - Unrefined cereal, fresh foods, whole grain bread, meat, legumes, green vegetables, fruit, milk | | Riboflavin (B2) | - Helps body use energy released from macronutrients - Aids in cell division - Promotes growth and tissue repair | - Ariboflavinosis - Redness, cracks around the mouth - Smooth tongue - Sore throat - Inflammation - Skin lesions | - Milk products, liver, whole grain, fortifies & enriched grain products | | Niacin (B3) | - Part of coenzyme used in DNA synthesis - Important in new cell formation | - Pellagra - 3 D's: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia - Death 4th - Scaly skin | - Dairy products, poultry, fish, lean meats, nuts, eggs | | Folate (B9) | - Needed for the body manufacture of fats, protein, glycogen - Part of the coenzyme A: needed for release energy from fats & carbohydrates | - Folate Deficiency Anemia - Neural Tube Defect - Anemia - Elevated homocysteine (heart disease, stroke) | - Fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver | | Biotin (B7) | - Needed for reactions that build proteins and protein tissue. - Assist in the conversion of tryptophan (amino acid) to niacin (B3) | - Biotinidase Deficiency (BTD) - Rare (caused by eating raw eggs) - Very stable during cooking | - Egg yolk, soybeans, fish, whole-grains | | Pantothenic Acid (B5) | - Needed for normal red blood cell formation. - Promotes normal functioning of the nervous system | - Hypovitaminosis - Rare | - Egg chicken, beef, potatoes, tomato, egg yolk, whole grains | | Pyridoxine (B6) | - Part of coenzyme used in new cell synthesis, red blood cell production, nerve cell production | - Pyridoxine Deficiency - Anemia - Depression - Dermatitis | - Protein food (meat, milk) - Non-citrus fruits - Fortified cereal | | cyanocobalamin (B12) | - Tissue growth - Aids to iron absorption - Antioxidant - Co-factor for many enzymes function - Collagen synthesis needed for the skin, bond, wound healing, tendons, teeth, ligaments | - Cobalamin Deficinecy - Pernicious anemia, neurological disorders - Found in (Pregnant, vegetarians, people using antibiotics) | - Animal food sources | | cyanocobalamin (Vitamin C) | - | - Scurvy - Rare at risk: malnourished adults &elderly - Charecttrictic: - 9general weaknes, anemia, gum disease, formation) | - Fruits & vegetables |