Chapter 7 & 11 Student Notes PDF

**7.2** **Nervous System** - Central Nervous System (Brain, Spinal) - Peripheral Nervous System (other nerves) Neuron Composition - Dendrite - Axon - Axon Terminals - Myelin Sheath (insulate) - Synapses (gaps, neurotransmitters) 3 Types: - Sensory (To CNS) - Connector (...

**7.2** **Nervous System** - Central Nervous System (Brain, Spinal) - Peripheral Nervous System (other nerves) Neuron Composition - Dendrite - Axon - Axon Terminals - Myelin Sheath (insulate) - Synapses (gaps, neurotransmitters) 3 Types: - Sensory (To CNS) - Connector (within CNS) - Motor (away CNS) **Responding to Stimuli** - Stimulus response model: - Reflex arc -- to spinal not brain **Brain Parts** - Cerebrum (main chunk) - Folded for surface area - Complex thought + sensory - Hemispheres reversed - **Lobes:** - Frontal -- Move, think, emotion - Parietal -- Touch - Occipital -- Visual - Temporal -- Audio, language - Cerebellum - Balance - Brain Stem & Medulla - Vital involuntary functions **Divisions of PNS:** - Somatic -- Voluntary Skeletal & Muscles - Autonomic -- Involuntary - Sympathetic -- Reflex arc - [Fight/Flight Response] -- Pupils, bronchioles, heart, slow digestion - Parasympathetic -- Rest **\ ** **7.3** **Concept: Metabolism** -- Chemical Reactions in organisms - Catabolic reactions -- break down & release energy - Anabolic reactions -- build up & store energy **Process: Cellular Respiration** (in Mitochondria) - **Glucose + Oxygen -\> Carbon Dioxide + water + energy** **Substance: Enzymes** speed up reactions - Lock and key - Not used up in reactions - Are proteins, made in ribosomes ***Homeostasis*** -- Maintain constant internal environment - Hormones - Need target cell with receptor - Hypothalamus detects -\> Pituitary Gland sends hormones triggers other glands **[Blood Sugar]** High Blood -\> Pancreas -\> Insulin -\> Liver changes Glucose to Glycogen (Less sugar) Low Blood -\> Pancreas -\> Glucagon -\> Liver changes Glycogen to Glucose (More sugar) **[Body Temperature]** - Cellular Respiration heats body normally. Endothermic. **Endocrine System:** [Low Temp] -\> Hypothalamus -\> Pituitary Gland sends *MORE* TSH to thyroid -\> thyroid sends *MORE* thyroxine to body -\> Increase cellular respiration **Nervous System**: Vasoconstriction, Shivering, Piloerection, Goosebumps **Endocrine System:** [High Temp] -\> Hypothalamus -\> Pituitary Gland sends *LESS* TSH to thyroid -\> thyroid sends *LESS* thyroxine to body -\> Decrease cellular respiration **Nervous System**: Vasodilation, sweating **\ ** **11.2** **Sensation** (detection), **Perception** (interpretation) **Memory:** - Sensory -- 5sec, perceive - Short Term -- 30sec - Long Term -- lifetime, retrieve - Chunking, Contextual cues, Rehearsal **Learning:** - Classical Conditioning -- Associate unrelated - [Before] Conditioning: - Neutral stimuli (Bell) --\> No response - Unconditioned stimuli (food) --\> Unconditioned response (salivate) - [During] conditioning - Unconditioned stimuli (food) + Neutral Stimuli (Bell) --\> Unconditioned response (salivate) - [After] conditioning - *Conditioned stimuli (Bell)* --\> Conditioned response (salivate) - Operant Conditioning - Positive -- Give - Negative -- Take - Reinforcement -- Encourage behavior - Punishment -- Discourage behavior - - +R -- after a behavior, good thing given - --R -- after a behavior, Bad thing taken - +P -- after a behavior, Bad thing given - --P -- after a behavior, good thing taken - Observational Learning -- copy