Learning Chapter 6 PDF

Learning Chapter 6  Learning Definition = change in an organism’s behaviour or thought as a result of experience https://www.thebump.com/news/reflex-walking-babies-understand- https://www.pexels.com/photo/mother-and-daughter...

Learning Chapter 6  Learning Definition = change in an organism’s behaviour or thought as a result of experience https://www.thebump.com/news/reflex-walking-babies-understand- https://www.pexels.com/photo/mother-and-daughter-preparing- https://www.pexels.com/photo/photo-of-woman-holding-brown-book- walking avocado-toast-4259708/ with-her-child-3818561/  Habituation Definition = process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli The simplest and earliest form of learning  Sensitization Definition = process of responding more strongly over time to repeated stimuli  Learning Models 1. Classical conditioning 2. Operant conditioning 3. Observational learning  Classical Conditioning Definition = form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pavlov_experiments_with_dog_Wellcome_M0014738.jpg  Unconditioned Stimulus Definition = stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:T-bone-raw-MCB.jpg  Unconditioned Response Definition = automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned http://www.clipartbest.com/cliparts/nTB/Edk/nTBEdk8rc.png  Conditioned Stimulus Definition = initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Metronome_(pendulum_swinging).jpg  Conditioned Response Definition = response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning http://www.clipartbest.com/cliparts/nTB/Edk/nTBEdk8rc.png  Classical Conditioning Key Components: a) Strength b) Timing c) Frequency d) Predictability  Strength 1. Strong à when an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., steak) is likely to elicit the unconditioned response (e.g., salivation) 2. Weak à when an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., steak) is unlikely to elicit the unconditioned response (e.g., salivation)  Timing An unconditioned stimulus (e.g., steak) must be paired with a conditioned stimulus (e.g., metronome) close enough in time for the two to be associated for conditioning to occur  Frequency Occasional pairings of a neutral stimulus (e.g., metronome) with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., steak) do not typically result in conditioning  Predictability If the unconditioned stimulus (e.g., steak) can be readily predicted by the conditioned stimulus (e.g., metronome), the conditioning can be achieved rapidly  Classical Conditioning Phases: a) Acquisition b) Extinction c) Spontaneous recovery  Acquisition Definition = learning phase during which a conditioned response is established The closer in time the pairing of the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus, the faster learning occurs Lilienfeld, S.O., Lynn, S.J., Namy, L.L. Woolf, N.J., Cramer, K.M., & Schmaltz, R. (2017). Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (3rd Canadian Edition). Toronto: Pearson.  Extinction Definition = gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the condition stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus Lilienfeld, S.O., Lynn, S.J., Namy, L.L. Woolf, N.J., Cramer, K.M., & Schmaltz, R. (2017). Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (3rd Canadian Edition). Toronto: Pearson.  Spontaneous Recovery Definition = sudden re-emergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay following an extinction procedure Maybe reappear hours or days later  Classical Conditioning Phenomena: a) Stimulus generalization b) Stimulus discrimination  Stimulus Generalization Definition = process by which conditioned stimuli similar (but not identical) to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response  Stimulus Discrimination Definition = process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus  Operant Conditioning Definition = learning controlled by the consequences of the organism’s behaviour Behaviour must be elicited voluntarily Components: ̶ Reinforcements ̶ Punishments  Reinforcement Definition = outcome or consequence of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour  Punishment Definition = outcome or consequence of a behaviour that weakens the probability of the behaviour  Effect on Procedure Behaviour Reinforcement Adds Increases target Positive a stimulus behaviour Removes Increases target Negative a stimulus behaviour Adds Decreases target Punishment Positive a stimulus behaviour Removes Decreases target Negative a stimulus behaviour  Law of Effect Definition = principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behaviour results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behaviour in the future  Punishment Disadvantages: —Emphasizes what not to do, instead of what to do —Often creates anxiety —May encourage subversive behaviour —May provide a model of aggressive behaviour Lilienfeld, S.O., Lynn, S.J., Namy, L.L. Woolf, N.J., Cramer, K.M., & Schmaltz, R. (2017). Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (3rd Canadian Edition). Toronto: Pearson.  Insight Learning Definition = grasping the underlying nature of a problem Lilienfeld, S.O., Lynn, S.J., Namy, L.L. Woolf, N.J., Cramer, K.M., & Schmaltz, R. (2017). Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (3rd Canadian Edition). Toronto: Pearson.  Skinner Box Definition = small animal chamber constructed to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviours to be recorded and supervised Lilienfeld, S.O., Lynn, S.J., Namy, L.L. Woolf, N.J., Cramer, K.M., & Schmaltz, R. (2017). Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (3rd Canadian Edition). Toronto: Pearson.  Reinforcement Definition = patterns of reinforcing a behaviour Types: a) Continuous – reinforcing a behaviour every time it occurs b) Partial – reinforcing a behaviour intermittently  Operant Conditioning Key Components: a) Strength b) Timing c) Reinforcement Schedules  Strength The greater the reward, the harder, longer, and faster the organism will work to complete a task  Timing The shorter the interval between rewards, the greater the likelihood the behaviour will be learned  Schedules of Reinforcement a) Fixed ratio b) Fixed interval c) Variable ratio d) Variable interval  Fix Ratio Definition = pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses Example: ̶ The rat is rewarded food after every 10 presses on the lever  Fixed Interval Definition = pattern in which we provide reinforcement for the first response following a specified time interval Example: ̶ The rat is rewarded food every 1 hour  Variable Ratio Definition = pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a variable number of responses Example: ̶ The rat is rewarded food after 6, 12, 1, and 21 presses on the lever  Variable Interval Definition = pattern in which we provide reinforcement for the first response following a variable time interval Example: ̶ The rat is rewarded food every 20 mins, 45 mins, 2 hours, and 15 minutes  Operant Conditioning Differs from Classical Conditioning in two ways: a) The behaviour is voluntary rather than reflexive b) A consequence follows rather than occurring simultaneously with the behaviour  Operant Conditioning Phases: a) Acquisition b) Extinction c) Spontaneous recovery  Acquisition Definition = learning phase during which an operant response is established Lilienfeld, S.O., Lynn, S.J., Namy, L.L. Woolf, N.J., Cramer, K.M., & Schmaltz, R. (2017). Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (3rd Canadian Edition). Toronto: Pearson.  Extinction Definition = gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the operant response when reinforcement of that response is no longer present Lilienfeld, S.O., Lynn, S.J., Namy, L.L. Woolf, N.J., Cramer, K.M., & Schmaltz, R. (2017). Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding (3rd Canadian Edition). Toronto: Pearson.  Spontaneous Recovery Definition = sudden re-emergence of an extinguished operant response after a delay following an extinction procedure May reappear hours or days later  Operant Conditioning Phenomena: a) Stimulus generalization b) Stimulus discrimination  Stimulus Generalization Definition = process by which operant stimuli similar (but not identical) to the original operant stimulus elicits an operant response  Stimulus Discrimination Definition = process by which organisms display a less pronounced operant response to stimuli that differ from the original operant stimulus  Observational Learning Definition = learning by watching others Allows us to learn without reinforcement Occurs continuously, some argue automatically  Bobo Doll Experiment Children (ages 3 to 5) Two conditions: a) Children observed adults playing quietly and ignoring the Bobo doll b) Children observed adults punching, kicking, and yelling at the Bobo doll Following, children were left alone in the room with the Bobo doll  Bobo Doll Experiment Children previously exposed to the aggressive model demonstrated significantly more aggression towards the Bobo doll than children exposed to the non- aggressive model Supporting the theory that children can learn aggression through observational learning  Observational Learning Key Components: a) Type of model b) Personality c) Situation  Type of Model Models similar to the learner and that the learner aspires to will have a greater impact on the learner’s behaviour  Personality Learners that lack critical thinking and independence engage in observational learning more often  Situation The similarity and familiarity of the situation can differentially influence observational learning