Virtue Ethics Explained: Aristotle & Aquinas

Module 6: Virtue Ethics James Christian Espayos  Introduction Virtue ethics is a normative ethical theory emphasizing moral character rather than rules (deontology) or consequences (utilitarianism). Originates from Ancient Greek philosophy, particularly Ar...

Module 6: Virtue Ethics James Christian Espayos  Introduction Virtue ethics is a normative ethical theory emphasizing moral character rather than rules (deontology) or consequences (utilitarianism). Originates from Ancient Greek philosophy, particularly Aristotle, and later refined by St. Thomas Aquinas. Focuses on moral virtues as the key to a flourishing and ethical life. Ethical dilemmas are approached by considering what a virtuous person would do rather than following strict rules.  Aristotle Virtue Ethics Nicomachean Ethics: Aristotle’s foundational work on virtue ethics. Key principles: Eudaimonia (human flourishing) is the ultimate goal of human life. Virtue as a habit developed through repeated practice and moral education. Types of virtues: Moral virtues (e.g., courage, temperance, justice) developed through habituation. Intellectual virtues (e.g., wisdom, understanding) developed through instruction.  Aristotle Virtue Ethics The Doctrine of the Mean: Every virtue is a balance between two extremes: Deficiency (too little) → Virtue → Excess (too much) Example: Courage is the balance between cowardice (deficiency) and recklessness (excess). Moral development requires experience, practice, and rational deliberation. Phronesis (practical wisdom) is essential for applying virtues in daily life. Key virtues in Aristotle’s ethics: Courage, Temperance, Generosity, Justice, Wisdom, Friendliness, and Honesty.  St. Thomas Aquinas and Natural Law Integrated Christian theology with Aristotelian virtue ethics. Natural Law Theory: Moral laws are derived from human reason and divine will. Four Cardinal Virtues: Prudence – The ability to make good moral judgments. Justice – Treating others fairly and equitably. Fortitude – Courage to face difficulties and stay true to virtue. Temperance – Self-control and moderation Three Theological Virtues: Faith, Hope, and Charity – Given by divine grace and essential for achieving ultimate happiness.  The Concept of Happiness Aristotle: Happiness (eudaimonia) is achieved through a life of virtue and rationality. Aquinas: True happiness comes from union with God, beyond earthly pleasures. Both agree that a virtuous life leads to the highest form of human fulfillment. Comparison: Aristotle: Happiness is achieved through rational activity in accordance with virtue. Aquinas: Happiness is found in knowing and loving God.  The Critique of Virtue Ethics Lack of clear rules: Unlike deontology (Kantian ethics), virtue ethics does not prescribe specific actions. Subjectivity: What constitutes a virtue can vary across cultures and historical contexts. Application challenges: How do we determine who is truly virtuous? Moral dilemmas: Does not always provide clear guidance in complex ethical situations.  The Practical Applications of Virtue Ethics Personal Development: Practicing patience, honesty, and self-discipline. Professional Ethics: Acting with integrity and responsibility in the workplace. Leadership: Leading with wisdom, courage, and justice. Social Responsibility: Engaging in ethical behavior that benefits society. Real-Life Example: A doctor practicing compassion and integrity in treating patients. A judge demonstrating fairness and wisdom in legal decisions. A business leader prioritizing justice and honesty over profit.  Conclusion Virtue ethics focuses on character development rather than rigid moral rules. Aristotle emphasized eudaimonia and the Golden Mean as a guide for moral excellence. Aquinas integrated virtue ethics with Christian theology, linking virtue to divine purpose. Practicing virtues leads to a fulfilled, meaningful, and ethical life. Thank you!