Chapter 6 - Energy Resources PDF

Lesson 6.1 Fossil Fuels  Learning Competency At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning competency should be met by the students. Describe how fossil fuels are formed (S11/12ES-Id-10).  Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to do the following: De...

Lesson 6.1 Fossil Fuels  Learning Competency At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning competency should be met by the students. Describe how fossil fuels are formed (S11/12ES-Id-10).  Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to do the following: Describe how fossil fuels are formed. Distinguish between the forms of fossil fuels. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuels. Look around your house and observe your furniture, your utensils and your appliances. What material is it commonly made of? Most materials we have at home are either made entirely or partially of plastic.  Plastics are made from fossil fuels. Different forms of fossil fuels undergo a complex process for it to turn into the plastic we are familiar with.  But where do fossil fuels come from? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuels in the long run?  Learn about It Fossil Fuels general term used to refer to all deposits of organic materials capable of being burnt as fuels comes in the form of: - coal - oil and gas How fossil fuels form  Learn about It Forms of Fossil Fuels Coal is a carbon-rich deposit formed from dead plant material through the process of coalification. Coal  Learn about It Forms of Fossil Fuels Peat is a precursor to coal formed through peatification or partial decay of plant debris in swampy, waterlogged environments. Peat  Learn about It Process of Making Coal 1. organic materials are buried in swamp environments 2. burial results to formation of peat 3. greater burial results to formation of lignite 4. burial and metamorphism results to the formation of anthracite The formation of coal from peat as precursor to anthracite  Learn about It Ranks of Coal Lignite ○ lowest rank ○ brown in color ○ earthy, crumbly texture Lignite coal  Learn about It Ranks of Coal Sub-bituminous coal ○ “black lignite” ○ in between lignite and bituminous coal Bituminous coal  Learn about It Ranks of Coal Bituminous coal ○ medium-rank coal ○ black, shiny and hard Bituminous coal  Learn about It Ranks of Coal Anthracite ○ highest coal rank ○ shiny and conchoidal fracture ○ requires very deep burial, tectonic, and contact Anthracite metamorphism  Learn about It Forms of Fossil Fuels Oil also known as petroleum. ○ a black, thick, and mushy liquid ○ commonly found between rock layers ○ a well is dug to obtain it ○ made up of hydrocarbons An oil well pumping up petroleum to the surface of the Earth.  Learn about It Forms of Fossil Fuels Natural gas is made out of methane. ○ pumped on wells and transported to large pipeline ○ described as the cleanest energy alternative Natural gas pipeline  Learn about It Use of Fossil Fuels In 2013, 61.25% of energy consumption in the Philippines relies on fossil fuels. Power plants rely on fossil fuels to power up their equipments. Fossil fuel power plant  Learn about It Use of Fossil Fuels Advantages Disadvantages abundant causes air pollution easy to find cannot be renewed in a very efficient short period of time easy to transport  Key Points Fossil fuels Fossil fuel refers to all organic deposits capable of being burnt as fuel. The different forms of fossil fuel include coal, oil and natural gas. Coal Coal is a carbon-rich deposit formed from dead plant material which underwent the process of coalification. Peat is considered as a precursor to coal. Oil and Natural gas Oil is a black, thick, mushy liquid which is also known as petroleum, while natural gas is a made out of methane and the lightest hydrocarbon.  Photo Credits Slide 6: Various plastic products by Meganbeckett27 is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons. Slide 7: Engineer of petroleum by Reytingio is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons. Slide 8: Pouring Petroleum by Netojinn is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons. Slide 15: Bituminous coal by James St. John is licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Flickr. Slide 17: Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, USA) 2 by James St. John is licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Flickr.  Bibliography ac3s.org. List of Power Plants in the Philippines. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ac3s.org/list-of- power-plants-in-the-philippines-renewable-vs-fossil-fuels/ Askari, Mohammad Bagher, et al. 2015. Hydroelectric Energy Advantages and Disadvantages. American Journal of Energy Science. Vol. 2, No. 2 pp. 17-20 Conserve Energy Future. Advantages of Geothermal Energy. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/advantages_geothermalenergy.php Conserve Energy Future. Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy. Accessed March 19, 2017.http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/disadvantages_geothermalenergy.php Conserve Energy Future. Pros and Cons of Fossil Fuels. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.conserve- energy-future.com/pros-and-cons-of-fossil-fuels.php  Bibliography Department of Energy. Hydropower. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://www.doe.gov.ph/hydropower Department of Energy. List of Existing Power Plants. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://www.doe.gov.ph/list-existing-power-plants Dickson, Mary H. and Fanelli, Mario. What is Geothermal Energy?. Instituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse. http://users.metu.edu.tr/mahmut/pete450/Dickson.pdf Dictionary of Geology and Earth Science. 2013. Oxford University Press. Energy.gov. Types of Hydropower Plants. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://energy.gov/eere/water/types- hydropower-plants  Bibliography Maehlum, Mathias. 2012. Hydroelectric Energy Pros and Cons. Energy Informative. Last updated February 21, 2014. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://energyinformative.org/hydroelectric-energy-pros-and- cons/ Marshak, Stephen. 2009. Essentials of Geology 3rd Edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Newland, David. Solar Power 101: Advantages and Disadvantages. Environmental Science.org. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.environmentalscience.org/solar-power-101 Scitable Nature Education. Solar Energy. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.nature.com/scitable/spotlight/solar-energy-8731061  Bibliography Tarbuck, Edward J. and Lutgens, Frederick K. 2015. Earth Science. 14th edition. Pearson Education Inc. USA. Union of Concerned Scientists. How Solar Energy Works. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/how-solar-energy-works#.WM5DUdJ950t Union of Concerned Scientists. Solar Power Plants: Large-Scale PV. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/solar-power-plants-large- scalepv#.WM5QTtJ950t Union of Concerned Scientists. The Solar Resource. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/solar-resource#.WM5RHdJ950s  Bibliography YCHARTS. Philippine Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://ycharts.com/indicators/philippines_fossil_fuel_energy_consumption How plastics are made: https://youtu.be/ggh0Ptk3VGE?si=B2rJLSfO2hmyc633 Lesson 6.2 Geothermal Energy  Learning Competency At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning competency should be met by the students. Explain how heat from inside the Earth (geothermal) and from flowing water (hydroelectric) is tapped as a source of energy for human use (S11/12ES-Ie-11).  Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to do the following: Explain how heat from inside Earth is tapped as a source of geothermal energy for human use. Describe the geothermal energy source in the Philippines. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using geothermal energy. Hot spring, geysers, steam vents are some of the sources of geothermal energy, which is energy that comes from underground. Humans have learned to harness this energy for our use. How do we obtain and use geothermal energy? Learn about It Types of Energy Resources Renewable Energy Non-renewable Source Energy Source those that are sources that will run replenished naturally out or will not at anthropogenic time replenish within time scale scale cannot be depleted  Learn about It Geothermal Energy Earth’s heat energy harnessed for human energy needs. The heat referred to is the extreme amount of heat at the Earth’s core. Geothermal power plant  Learn about It Converting Geothermal Energy to Electricity The use of geothermal energy came hand in hand with the discovery of geothermal gradient. Geothermal gradient refers to the increase in temperature with depth. Geothermal gradient  Learn about It How is Geothermal Energy harnessed? Harnessing geothermal energy  Learn about It Three Main Elements of Geothermal Energy Heat Source Reservoir Geothermal Fluid magmatic layers of intrusion permeable occurs in rock capped the form of by water impermeable can be rock liquid or steam  Learn about It Geothermal Energy in the Philippines The first geothermal power plant started in 1967 in Tiwi, Albay. Locations of geothermal power plants in the Philippines  Learn about It Geothermal Energy in the Philippines Other power plants are found in: ○ Mt. Makiling, Laguna ○ Mt. Banahaw, Quezon ○ Bacon and Manito, Sorsogon Locations of geothermal power plants in the Philippines  Learn about It Use of Geothermal Energy Advantages does not use fuels to generate power a clean source of energy does not produce huge amounts of pollutants renewable available in many areas  Learn about It Use of Geothermal Energy Disadvantages unavailability of equipment, staff, and other resources power plants costs high amounts of money requires extensive research hard to transport extracted energy is limited to surrounding areas only  Key Points Renewable energy refers to those that are replenished naturally at anthropogenic time scale. Geothermal energy is heat contained within Earth that can be used by humans. Geothermal gradient rate of increase in temperature with depth.  Check Your Understanding Write true if the statement is correct and false if incorrect. 1. Geothermal energy is hard to transport. 2. Geothermal power plants do not produce huge amounts of pollutants. 3. Geothermal energy is a nonrenewable source of energy. 4. Renewable energy sources are those that cannot be replenished naturally at anthropogenic time scales. 5. Geothermal power plants do not require the use of fossil fuels to generate power.  Bibliography ac3s.org. List of Power Plants in the Philippines. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ac3s.org/list-of- power-plants-in-the-philippines-renewable-vs-fossil-fuels/. Askari, Mohammad Bagher, et al. 2015. Hydroelectric Energy Advantages and Disadvantages. American Journal of Energy Science. Vol. 2, No. 2 pp. 17-20. Conserve Energy Future. Advantages of Geothermal Energy. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/advantages_geothermalenergy.php. Conserve Energy Future. Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/disadvantages_geothermalenergy.php. Conserve Energy Future. Pros and Cons of Fossil Fuels. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.conserve- energy-future.com/pros-and-cons-of-fossil-fuels.php.  Bibliography Department of Energy. Hydropower. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://www.doe.gov.ph/hydropower Department of Energy. List of Existing Power Plants. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://www.doe.gov.ph/list-existing-power-plants Dickson, Mary H. and Fanelli, Mario. What is Geothermal Energy?. Instituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse. http://users.metu.edu.tr/mahmut/pete450/Dickson.pdf Dictionary of Geology and Earth Science. 2013. Oxford University Press. Energy.gov. Types of Hydropower Plants. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://energy.gov/eere/water/types- hydropower-plants  Bibliography Maehlum, Mathias. 2012. Hydroelectric Energy Pros and Cons. Energy Informative. Last updated February 21, 2014. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://energyinformative.org/hydroelectric-energy-pros-and- cons/. Marshak, Stephen. 2009. Essentials of Geology 3rd Edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Newland, David. Solar Power 101: Advantages and Disadvantages. Environmental Science.org. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.environmentalscience.org/solar-power-101. Scitable Nature Education. Solar Energy. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.nature.com/scitable/spotlight/solar-energy-8731061.  Bibliography Tarbuck, Edward J. and Lutgens, Frederick K. 2015. Earth Science. 14th edition. Pearson Education Inc. USA. Union of Concerned Scientists. How Solar Energy Works. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/how-solar-energy-works#.WM5DUdJ950t. Union of Concerned Scientists. Solar Power Plants: Large-Scale PV. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/solar-power-plants-large- scalepv#.WM5QTtJ950t. Union of Concerned Scientists. The Solar Resource. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/solar-resource#.WM5RHdJ950s.  Bibliography YCHARTS. Philippine Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://ycharts.com/indicators/philippines_fossil_fuel_energy_consumption. Lesson 6.3 Hydroelectric Energy  Learning Competency At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning competency should be met by the students. Explain how heat from inside the Earth (geothermal) and from flowing water (hydroelectric) is tapped as a source of energy for human use (S11/12ES-Ie-11).  Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to do the following: Explain how running water is tapped as a source of energy for human consumption. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using hydroelectric energy.  A useful application of the flow of water is the generation of electricity. Have you ever wondered how water flow is transformed into electricity?  Learn about It Hydroelectric Energy Hydroelectric comes from the word “hydro,” which means water and “electric,” which refers to the generation of electricity. ○ Therefore, hydroelectric energy is the generation of electricity by using the energy from the flowing water.  Learn about It Hydroelectric Power Plants These are sites where generation of electrical power is done through the use of flowing water. They account for 16% of global electricity generation. Hydroelectric power plant  Learn about It Elements of Hydroelectric Energy Reservoir Dam or Pipe or Barrier Penstock where huge used to connects amounts hold back the of water the water reservoir are on the to the stored reservoir turbine Elements of a hydroelectric Power plant  Learn about It Types of Hydroelectric Power Plants Impoundment ○ most common type ○ water released from the reservoir spins the turbine and generates electricity Impoundment type  Learn about It Types of Hydroelectric Power Plants Diversion or run-of-river type ○ channels a river or stream into a penstock ○ may not need a dam to operate ○ rely on large elevation rocks allowing water to fall down the penstock Diversion or run-of-river type  Learn about It Types of Hydroelectric Power Plants Pumped Storage ○ works like a battery storing the generated electricity ○ water from the reservoir at the lower elevation is pumped uphill to the reservoir Pumped storage type at higher elevation  Learn about It Classification of Hydroelectric Power Plants Micro-hydro Mini-hydro Large-hydro can produce can produce can produce 1–100 101 kilowatts more than 10 kilowatts of to 10 megawatts of electricity megawatts of electricity electricity  Learn about It Use of Hydroelectric Energy Advantages renewable source only needs suitable reservoir no significant amount of pollutants are produced production is flexible  Learn about It Use of Hydroelectric Energy Disadvantages interventions in nature is required in building dams natural course of rivers may be changed habitats of aquatic animals may be affected operations are affected by drought not all rivers and canals can be utilized  Key Points Hydroelectric energy is the generation of electricity by using the energy from flowing water The three types of geothermal power plants are impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. Hydroelectric power plants are classified according to the power they can produce.  Bibliography ac3s.org. List of Power Plants in the Philippines. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ac3s.org/list-of- power-plants-in-the-philippines-renewable-vs-fossil-fuels/. Askari, Mohammad Bagher, et al. 2015. Hydroelectric Energy Advantages and Disadvantages. American Journal of Energy Science. Vol. 2, No. 2 pp. 17-20. Conserve Energy Future. Advantages of Geothermal Energy. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/advantages_geothermalenergy.php. Conserve Energy Future. Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy. Accessed March 19, 2017.http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/disadvantages_geothermalenergy.php. Conserve Energy Future. Pros and Cons of Fossil Fuels. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.conserve- energy-future.com/pros-and-cons-of-fossil-fuels.php.  Bibliography Department of Energy. Hydropower. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://www.doe.gov.ph/hydropower. Department of Energy. List of Existing Power Plants. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://www.doe.gov.ph/list-existing-power-plants. Dickson, Mary H. and Fanelli, Mario. What is Geothermal Energy?. Instituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse. http://users.metu.edu.tr/mahmut/pete450/Dickson.pdf. Dictionary of Geology and Earth Science. 2013. Oxford University Press. Energy.gov. Types of Hydropower Plants. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://energy.gov/eere/water/types- hydropower-plants.  Bibliography Maehlum, Mathias. 2012. Hydroelectric Energy Pros and Cons. Energy Informative. Last updated February 21, 2014. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://energyinformative.org/hydroelectric-energy-pros-and- cons/. Marshak, Stephen. 2009. Essentials of Geology 3rd Edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Newland, David. Solar Power 101: Advantages and Disadvantages. Environmental Science.org. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.environmentalscience.org/solar-power-101. Scitable Nature Education. Solar Energy. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.nature.com/scitable/spotlight/solar-energy-8731061.  Bibliography Tarbuck, Edward J. and Lutgens, Frederick K. 2015. Earth Science. 14th edition. Pearson Education Inc. USA. Union of Concerned Scientists. How Solar Energy Works. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/how-solar-energy-works#.WM5DUdJ950t. Union of Concerned Scientists. Solar Power Plants: Large-Scale PV. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/solar-power-plants-large- scalepv#.WM5QTtJ950t. Union of Concerned Scientists. The Solar Resource. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/solar-resource#.WM5RHdJ950s.  Bibliography YCHARTS. Philippine Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://ycharts.com/indicators/philippines_fossil_fuel_energy_consumption. Lesson 6.4 Solar Energy  Learning Competency At the end of this lesson, the given enrichment competency should be met by the students. Explain how solar energy can be converted into electrical energy for human use.  Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to do the following: Determine how solar energy is converted into electricity. Identify the different solar power plants in the Philippines. Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of using solar energy. The Solar Energy Have you ever tried to fry an egg on the sidewalk during a very hot day? The heat from the sun can really cook an egg. Just put the egg on a tin foil or metal pan and expose under the sun to make this experiment possible. How can solar energy be transformed into electricity?  Learn about It Solar Energy It is the energy received by the planet from the sun. It can be in the form of: ○ visible light ○ other forms of electromagnetic radiation Solar panels  Learn about It Converting Solar Energy to Electricity Solar energy can be converted to electrical energy through the use of photovoltaic panels and concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic panels Concentrated solar power  Learn about It Photovoltaic Panels They are used to convert visible light to electricity. They are divided in smaller units called photovoltaic cells. They have two layers of semiconductor materials, made of silicon. Their doping creates an electric Photovoltaic panel current.  Learn about It Photovoltaic Panels They have a process of converting solar energy to electricity. Solar energy conversion using photovoltaic panels  Learn about It Concentrated Solar Power They use the heat coming from the sun. Solar power conversion using concentrated solar power  Learn about It Concentrated Solar Power Concentrated solar power  Learn about It Solar Power Plants in the Philippines In Luzon, there are 12 operating solar power plants. In Visayas, there are 11 solar power plants. In Mindanao, they are found in Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental and South Cotabato. Solar power plants in the Philippines  Learn about It Use of Solar Energy Advantages renewable heat and light from the sun cannot be depleted fewer safety risks in operation of solar power plants low operating cost  Learn about It Use of Solar Energy Disadvantages collection of solar energy only happens during daytime energy harnessed depends on seasons and hours of the day solar panels are not very efficient (average of 20% efficiency)  Key Points Solar energy energy received by the planet from the sun. Photovoltaic panels specialized panels used to convert visible light to electricity. Concentrated solar power uses heat of the sun to generate electricity.  Check Your Understanding Write T if the statement is correct and F if incorrect. 1. Solar energy is a nonrenewable source of energy 2. Solar power plants produce harmful chemicals that can cause pollution 3. There are fewer risks in operation of solar power plants compared to fossil fuels 4. China is the leading country in the solar industry for more than a decade 5. It is through the use of photovoltaic panels and concentrating solar power that solar energy may be converted to electricity.  Bibliography ac3s.org. List of Power Plants in the Philippines. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ac3s.org/list-of- power-plants-in-the-philippines-renewable-vs-fossil-fuels/. Askari, Mohammad Bagher, et al. 2015. Hydroelectric Energy Advantages and Disadvantages. American Journal of Energy Science. Vol. 2, No. 2 pp. 17-20. Conserve Energy Future. Advantages of Geothermal Energy. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/advantages_geothermalenergy.php. Conserve Energy Future. Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy. Accessed March 19, 2017.http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/disadvantages_geothermalenergy.php. Conserve Energy Future. Pros and Cons of Fossil Fuels. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.conserve- energy-future.com/pros-and-cons-of-fossil-fuels.php.  Bibliography Department of Energy. Hydropower. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://www.doe.gov.ph/hydropower. Department of Energy. List of Existing Power Plants. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://www.doe.gov.ph/list-existing-power-plants. Dickson, Mary H. and Fanelli, Mario. What is Geothermal Energy?. Instituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse. http://users.metu.edu.tr/mahmut/pete450/Dickson.pdf. Dictionary of Geology and Earth Science. 2013. Oxford University Press. Energy.gov. Types of Hydropower Plants. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://energy.gov/eere/water/types- hydropower-plants.  Bibliography Maehlum, Mathias. 2012. Hydroelectric Energy Pros and Cons. Energy Informative. Last updated February 21, 2014. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://energyinformative.org/hydroelectric-energy-pros-and- cons/. Marshak, Stephen. 2009. Essentials of Geology 3rd Edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Newland, David. Solar Power 101: Advantages and Disadvantages. Environmental Science.org. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.environmentalscience.org/solar-power-101. Scitable Nature Education. Solar Energy. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.nature.com/scitable/spotlight/solar-energy-8731061.  Bibliography Tarbuck, Edward J. and Lutgens, Frederick K. 2015. Earth Science. 14th edition. Pearson Education Inc. USA. Union of Concerned Scientists. How Solar Energy Works. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/how-solar-energy-works#.WM5DUdJ950t. Union of Concerned Scientists. Solar Power Plants: Large-Scale PV. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/solar-power-plants-large- scalepv#.WM5QTtJ950t. Union of Concerned Scientists. The Solar Resource. Accessed March 19, 2017. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/solar-resource#.WM5RHdJ950s.  Bibliography YCHARTS. Philippine Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption. Accessed March 19, 2017. https://ycharts.com/indicators/philippines_fossil_fuel_energy_consumption.