Chapter 6.pdf

14/09/2024...

14/09/2024 The System Unit The System Unit Introduction ▪ Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine the power of microcomputers. ▪ Knowledge of a computer’s power allows you to make good buying decisions and to determine if your The System Unit current system will run new applications. ▪ Competent end users need to understand the basic principles of how microcomputers are put together. Chapter 6 6-2 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 2 The System Unit The System Unit Electronic Data and Instructions Character Encoding Schemes ▪ Data and instructions are represented ▪ Binary coding schemes electronically ▪ ASCII - American Standard ▪ Two-state system or Binary System Code for Information Exchange/Interchange ▪ Off/on electrical states ▪ EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange ▪ Characters represented by 0’s (off) and 1’s (on) Code ▪ Bits (Binary Digit) - Smallest unit of data ▪ Unicode - handles languages ▪ Bytes (More complex e.g. letters) with large numbers of characters 6-3 6-4 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 4 The System Unit The System Unit System Unit Types System Unit ▪ Desktop System Units ▪ System Chassis ▪ Media Center System Units ▪ System board ▪ Motherboard ▪ Notebook System Units ▪ Netbook System Units ▪ Microprocessor ▪ Tablet PC System Units ▪ Memory ▪ Handheld Computer ▪ Socket System Units ▪ Bus lines ▪ Expansion slots 6-5 6-6 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 6 1  14/09/2024 The System Unit The System Unit System Board System Board Components (Page 1 of 2) ▪ Main board or motherboard ▪ Slots ▪ Controls communications ▪ Provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards ▪ Components connect to the system board ▪ Bus lines ▪ Data path ▪ Provide pathways that support communication ▪ Traffic monitor among the various electronic components 6-7 6-8 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 8 The System Unit The System Unit System Board Components (Page 2 of 2) Microprocessor ▪ Sockets ▪ Central Processing Unit (CPU) ▪ Connection ▪ Contained on the microprocessor chip point for ▪ Brains of the computer chips ▪ Two Basic Components ▪ Chips ▪ Control unit ▪ Tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of silicon ▪ Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) ▪ Chips are like tiny brains that help run your computer. ▪ Silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit ▪ Mounted on carrier packages 6-9 6-10 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 10 The System Unit The System Unit Microprocessor Chips (Page 1 of 2) Microprocessor Chips (Page 2 of 2) ▪ Chip capacities expressed in word size ▪ Multi-Core Chip ▪ Two separate and independent CPUs ▪ Word ▪ Parallel Processing ▪ The number of bits that can be processed at one time ▪ 64-bit standard ▪ Clock Speed ▪ Processing speed ▪ The number of times the CPU fetches and processes data or instructions in a second 6-11 6-12 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 12 2  14/09/2024 The System Unit The System Unit Specialty Processors Memory (Handle Special Functions) ▪ Coprocessors ▪ Holding area for data, instructions, and ▪ Designed to improve specific computing information operations ▪ Graphics coprocessors / Graphics Processing Unit ▪ RAM (GPU) ▪ Random Access Memory ▪ Smart cards ▪ ROM ▪ Credit card with an embedded chip ▪ Read Only Memory ▪ Specialty processors in cars ▪ Flash ▪ RFID tags ▪ Information chips ▪ Embedded in merchandise to track their location 6-13 6-14 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 14 The System Unit The System Unit RAM ROM ▪ Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold ▪ Read-only memory (ROM) programs and data that are currently being accessed ▪ Information stored by the manufacturer ▪ Volatile ▪ Non-volatile and cannot be changed ▪ Cache memory or RAM cache ▪ CPU can read, or retrieve data and programs ▪ Additional RAM can be added using an expansion module called a DIMM in ROM but the computer cannot change ▪ Other types of RAM ROM ▪ DRAM ▪ Contain special instructions ▪ SDRAM ▪ DDR ▪ Start the computer ▪ Direct RDRAM ▪ Access memory Return ▪ Handle keyboard input Return 6-15 6-16 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 16 The System Unit The System Unit Flash Expansion Slots ▪ Flash memory offers a combination of the ▪ extra cards to add new features or features of RAM and ROM capabilities ▪ Like RAM, it can be updated ▪ Plug and play ▪ Like ROM, it is non-volatile ▪ ExpressCard slots ▪ Contains startup information ▪ PCMCIA slots - for portable computers like ▪ Amount of RAM laptops ▪ Type of keyboard, mouse, and secondary storage devices connected Return 6-17 6-18 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 18 3  14/09/2024 The System Unit The System Unit Expansion Cards Bus Lines ▪ Advanced graphics cards ▪ Also known as a bus ▪ Sound cards ▪ Connect parts of the CPU to each other ▪ Network interface cards (NIC) ▪ Pathway for bits ▪ Wireless network cards ▪ Bus width ▪ TV tuner cards - for TV signals ▪ Number of bits that can travel at once ▪ Two basic categories ▪ System buses ▪ Expansion buses 6-19 6-20 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 20 The System Unit The System Unit Expansion Buses Ports ▪ Connects the CPU to other components on ▪ For connecting external devices the system board, including expansion slots ▪ Ports can connect directly to the system ▪ Universal Serial Bus (USB) board or they can connect to cards that are ▪ Connects external USB devices inserted into slots on the system board ▪ FireWire ▪ Three Types ▪ Audio and video equipment ▪ Standard Ports ▪ PCI Express (PCIe) ▪ Specialized Ports ▪ Single dedicated path for each connected device ▪ Legacy Ports 6-21 6-22 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 22 The System Unit The System Unit Standard Ports Specialized Ports (Common Connectors) ▪ VGA and DVI ▪ Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect Format ▪ Analog and digital monitors (S/PDIF) ▪ USB ▪ Optical audio connections ▪ Keyboards, mice, printers, ▪ High end audio and home theatre storage devices ▪ High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) ▪ Ethernet ▪ High definition video and audio transmission ▪ High speed networking ▪ Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) ▪ Connect musical instruments Return Return 6-23 6-24 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 24 4  14/09/2024 The System Unit The System Unit Legacy Ports Cables ▪ Old types of ports mostly replaced by faster, ▪ Used to connect external devices to the more flexible ports such as USB system unit via the ports ▪ One end of the cable is attached to the device and the other end has a connector that is attached to a matching connector on the port Return 6-25 6-26 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 26 The System Unit The System Unit Power Supply A Look to the Future ▪ Computers require direct current (DC) ▪ Wearable computers ▪ DC power provided by converting alternating current ▪ Send and receive email while jogging (AC) from wall outlets or batteries ▪ Desktop computers use power supply units ▪ Maintain your personal schedule book ▪ Notebooks and handhelds use AC adapters ▪ Remember the names of people at a party 6-27 6-28 Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2013 © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 28 5