Chapter 5 Nucleic Acid PDF

NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES...

NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES RMATION OF DNA ' unbranched polymer w/ repeating units of monomers,nucleotides my instruction needed for making the complete organism I DNA produce exactduplicate discoveredby Friedrich Miescher in 1869 while studying nuclel ofwhe > types:1944 (75 yrs post discovery) trage andtransientsinformation: indirectly controlling many functions ofa living call DNA Templates daughter strand is passedfrom existing cell to new cell during cell division parent strand DNA Helicase unwinds RNAs synthesis occurs in all of parts of ins:carry cell out essential cellular functions pentose primed - Replication Fork Nitrogen containing base unprimed >uracil is found in a meteorite DNA 5'to 3i verify pairing,phospodiester linkage polymerase correct - NUCLEOTIDES Base Okizaki Fragment short fragments - Phosphate Sugar Nick s pentose Sugar:Ribose Deoxyribose sugar unito fDNA okizakifragment ligase sugar unit of RNA DNA - connects wo oxygen atcarbon 2' Base Leading strand Nitrogen containing Heterocyclic strand nitrogen-containing 5 heterocyclic ring bases lagging Pyrimidine purine O 8 Unwinding - Several interior locations simultaneously MHz 0 NH2 - ↓-- Ni ** I I & N N *, NH-- - NH ~Protein 0 - - o N NH NH N NH2 Chromosomes - DNA- his tone complex Cytosine Uracil Thymine Adenine Guanine 15%85% -mayors pair 23 pairs & earmatie" Phosphate ↳similar butn o tidentical > derived from phosphoric acid(H3P0)) (HPO,") -> hydrogen phosphateion 0H o - I 0 P = 0H 0 P = -0H 2H+ + DNA base diff form - sequence code for same traits but dit o - - cancer-rapiduncontrolledcell division NUCLEOTIDE FORMATION (H - 0H) Glycosidic bond, Nucleoside H2O RIBONUCLEIC ACID sugar Base 1 + config) DNA-wI base-C, (in naming:Pyrimidine ridine double helix purine - Na Purine - osine pyrimidine - N. Deoxyribose deoxy - RNA. smaller;may have hairpin loop Phospoester Linkage, NUC1eOtice Heterogenous Nuclear Acid Nucleoside + Phosphate 1 H20 RNA naming: Nucleoside+- 5'-monophosphate 5'-MP Messenger phosphate C5' group small nuclear RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA PRIMARY NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE sugar phosphate bond CRIPTION:RNA SYNTHESIS ↳ directs hRNA/ Nucleic Acid Backbone synthesis of mRNA > nucleotides linked to a nucleic acid Primary Nucleic AcidStructure > depends on sequence of bases Gene short segmentw/ base sequence - 1.3'5'phosphodiester linkage - 1000 - 3500 nucleotide 2. directionality 5'end: free s'end:free hydroxyl 20,000 25,000 genes - - 3. non-terminal phospate w/ I charge group Genome - all genetic material of an organism 4. Free - OH exhibiting an acidic behavior producing H+ 1. RNA polymerase - unwinds DNA & RNA all backbones that do in 2. Template strand 10 base a at time vary structure - 1. have not 2. Sequence of attachmentto backbone distinguishes 3. Forming Phospodiester Linkage one DNA from another 27. stop signal 3. w/ directionality 5'&3'nd Informational DNA- non-template strand DNA DOUBLE HELIX ↳ antiparallel PostTranscription Processing:Formation of mRNA James Watson andFrancis Crick hRNA deleted A T = 30% -portions of are 2 = 2 20% Exon-conveys Introns - do not Hydrogen Bonds bet. bases Base Pairing - complementary bases splicing - removing introns, joining extrons involves sRNA diff. Protein Alternative splicing same gene Hydrogen Base Stacking Bonding Interaction I stabilize DNA Alternative Exons purine and pyrimidine are hydrophobic like lipids in membrane DNA - mitochondrial DNA- mother Transcriptome all of mRNAthatcan be generated from genetic material in a genome - - 8 diff, ways 150,000 200,000 relevantmRNA - - GENETIC CODE Codon-3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA 64mRNA; code of codon;universal; Genetic Code - assignmentof w/initiation codon AUG Synonyms - codon w/ same amino acid -SLATION:PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1 mRNAcodon are deciphered 65%35% Ribosome. URNA-protein complex;site of translation process Ribozyme -small & laubunit ↳xmostly rRNA +RNA-3' bonded to amino acid loop w/I unpaired bases anticodon steps ofTranslation: 1. Activation ofARNA 2. Initiation 3. Elongation Translocation -ribosomes move Acyl Transcription Reaction - P side to site A Peptidyl Transferase ↳form dipeptide 4. Termination 5. Post - Translational Processing Polyribosome - Complex of mRNA & several ribosome error DNA replication MUTATION altered transcription Mutagen-cause change in structure ofprotein Radiation chemical Agents Repair Enzymes no · effect change in primary protein structure PointMutation substitution Mutation - one base is replaced ·termination delete FrameshiftMutation inserts or a base - viruses > minute causing disease causing agents w/ outer coat of protein > invade a host cell;attack all type of organisms · attach on host's external surface · w/ enzyme that creates hole on cell membrane > injectDNAor RNA into host cell. ↳viral nucleic acid is replicated > undergo mutation:lethal but not deadly Vaccines weakend form of virus - antibodies kill thateventually able to kill natur. Virus Genetic Engineering Changing DNA to exhibitdiff traits RecombinantDNA genetic material from two organism Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) First genetically engineered:bacteria & mice >Insulin-producing bacteria was commercialized in 1982 > many plants can now be genetically engineered -plants produced pesticides -increased crop production E. 2011- w/plasmid where gene can be combined steps: 1. dissolution 2. Isolation 3. Cleavage 4 gene from other org 5. gene-plasmidsplicing 6. Uptake of recombinant DNA Clones identical DNA from a single cell - Polymerase Chain Reaction outside of the body-thermocycler - > rapidly producing multiple copies ofDNA nucleotide sequence allowing multiple copy in two hours. RTPCR. RNA-DNA swab -> nucleic acid -> DNA sequencing