Chapter 5 MCQs PDF

**[Chapter 5: National languages and language planning]** **1. Which of the following best describes a national language?** A. A language used exclusively for government business. B. A language developed and used as a symbol of national unity. C. A language designated for international trade and...

**[Chapter 5: National languages and language planning]** **1. Which of the following best describes a national language?** A. A language used exclusively for government business. B. A language developed and used as a symbol of national unity. C. A language designated for international trade and diplomacy. D. A language spoken by the majority of the world\'s population. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** A national language is the language of a political, cultural, and social unit, developed and used as a symbol of national unity. (Page 100) **2. In Paraguay, which language is recognized both as the national language and as one of the official languages?** A. Spanish B. Portuguese C. Guaraní D. English **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Guaraní is recognized as the national language of Paraguay and, since 1992, also as an official language alongside Spanish. (Page 101) **3. What is the primary function of an official language in a multilingual country?** A. To unify the nation culturally. B. To serve utilitarian purposes in government affairs. C. To replace indigenous languages. D. To promote a language internationally. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** An official language is used for government business and serves primarily utilitarian purposes rather than symbolic ones. (Page 101) **4. Which country has adopted a non-European language, Bislama, as its sole national language?** A. Fiji B. Papua New Guinea C. Vanuatu D. Samoa **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Vanuatu has adopted Bislama, an English-lexified creole, as its sole national language. (Page 101) **5. What is \'codification\' in the context of language planning?** A. Selecting a language for national use. B. Standardizing structural or linguistic features of a language. C. Promoting a language to gain acceptance. D. Extending a language\'s functions into new domains. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Codification involves standardizing the structural or linguistic features of a language, such as developing grammar and spelling systems. (Page 107) **6. In the four interrelated steps of language planning, which step focuses on extending a language\'s use into new domains?** A. Selection B. Codification C. Elaboration D. Acceptance **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Elaboration involves expanding a language\'s functions to be used in new domains, requiring development of new vocabulary and styles. (Page 107) **7. Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated steps in developing a language for official use?** A. Selection B. Codification C. Simplification D. Acceptance **Answer:** C **Explanation:** The four steps are Selection, Codification, Elaboration, and Acceptance. Simplification is not among them. (Page 107) **8. Why was Swahili chosen as the national language of Tanzania after independence?** A. It was the language of the largest ethnic group. B. It was the colonial language imposed by the British. C. It was already a widely used lingua franca and symbol of unity. D. It was the most linguistically complex language in the region. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Swahili was chosen because it was widely used as a lingua franca and served as a unifying symbol in the movement for independence. (Page 108-109) **9. What challenge is associated with the \'acceptance\' stage in language planning?** A. Developing a writing system for the language. B. Ensuring people adopt and use the standardized language. C. Translating all existing literature into the new language. D. Eliminating all dialectal variations within the language. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Acceptance involves securing the language\'s status and encouraging people to develop positive attitudes and loyalty toward it. (Page 107) **10. Which of the following languages was revitalized and adapted as a modern spoken language in Israel?** A. Arabic B. Yiddish C. Hebrew D. Ladino **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Hebrew was revived and adapted as a modern spoken language, serving as the national language of Israel. (Page 111) **11. In Norway, what are the two written standards of the Norwegian language called?** A. Old Norse and New Norse B. Bokmål and Nynorsk C. Danish and Swedish D. Norwegian A and Norwegian B **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The two written standards are Bokmål and Nynorsk. Bokmål is based on Danish-influenced urban speech, while Nynorsk is based on rural Norwegian dialects. (Page 111-112) **12. What was a primary reason for rejecting Danish as the national language of Norway after gaining independence?** A. Danish was too similar to Swedish. B. Danish lacked a written literary tradition. C. Danish was associated with former oppressors. D. Danish had a complex grammatical structure. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Danish was associated with Norway\'s former rulers, and thus many Norwegians rejected it as a symbol of oppression. (Page 111) **13. The process of standardizing a language often involves which of the following activities?** A. Creating new dialects. B. Developing grammars and dictionaries. C. Eliminating minority languages. D. Establishing language academies in every city. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Standardization includes codification, which involves developing grammars, dictionaries, and standardized spelling systems. (Page 108) **14. Why did Singapore promote Mandarin through the \"Speak Mandarin Campaign\"?** A. To replace English as the official language. B. To unify the various Chinese dialect groups. C. To suppress minority language use. D. To adopt a language distinct from China. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The campaign aimed to unify the Chinese community by promoting Mandarin over other Chinese dialects like Hokkien and Cantonese. (Page 121) **15. Which term refers to deliberate efforts to influence the acquisition of a language by increasing the number of its users?** A. Corpus planning B. Prestige planning C. Status planning D. Acquisition planning **Answer:** D **Explanation:** Acquisition planning involves efforts to spread a language by increasing the number of its users, often through education. (Page 121) **16. What was one linguistic challenge faced by the Maori Language Commission in New Zealand?** A. Creating a completely new writing system. B. Deciding between using a macron or double vowel to indicate long vowels. C. Translating classical literature into Maori. D. Establishing Maori as the sole official language. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The Commission debated whether to use a macron or double vowel to represent long vowels in written Maori. (Page 117) **17. In the context of language planning, what does \'linguistic landscaping\' refer to?** A. The physical layout of language centers. B. The visible use of languages in public signage. C. The study of language family trees. D. The design of language learning curricula. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Linguistic landscaping involves the visibility and usage of languages on public signs, billboards, and other written displays. (Page 114) **18. Which of the following is an example of \'corpus planning\' in language policy?** A. Choosing a national language. B. Encouraging positive attitudes towards a language. C. Developing new technical vocabulary in a language. D. Mandating the use of a language in legal proceedings. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Corpus planning deals with the linguistic aspects of a language, such as developing vocabulary and standardizing grammar. (Page 107) **19. The term \'de facto\' language refers to:** A. A language that is officially recognized by law. B. A language that is used in practice but not legally established. C. A language that is only used in academic contexts. D. A language that has no native speakers. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** A \'de facto\' language is used in practice without formal legal recognition. (Page 102) **20. What is one reason why people might resist adopting a new standard language introduced through language planning?** A. The new language lacks written materials. B. There is strong loyalty to existing local dialects. C. The new language is easier to learn. D. Government incentives are provided for adoption. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** People may have strong attachments to their local dialects or languages, leading to resistance against adopting a new standard. (Page 110-111) **21. What was one of the reasons Indonesian was chosen as the national language of Indonesia over Javanese?** A. Indonesian had more native speakers than Javanese. B. Indonesian was a neutral choice and not associated with any particular ethnic group. C. Indonesian was the language of the colonial rulers. D. Javanese lacked a written script. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Indonesian (a form of Malay) was chosen because it was a neutral language not associated with any dominant ethnic group, unlike Javanese, which was linked to the complex social hierarchy and politeness levels of the Javanese society. (Page 107-108) **22. What is a key characteristic of a successful national language according to the functions outlined in the text?** A. It should have the most complex grammar. B. It should be recognized as a proper language with higher status than local dialects. C. It must be entirely distinct from neighboring countries\' languages. D. It should be difficult to learn to maintain exclusivity. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** A successful national language should serve a prestige function; it should be recognized as a proper or \'real\' language with higher status than local dialects and vernacular languages. (Page 110) **23. The term \'status planning\' in language planning refers to:** A. Developing new vocabulary and grammar rules. B. Changing the social position and functions of a language. C. Simplifying a language\'s writing system. D. Teaching a language to new speakers. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Status planning involves efforts to change the function of a language and its role in society, enhancing its prestige and acceptance. (Page 107) **24. Why might a government establish a language academy?** A. To eliminate all foreign language influences. B. To standardize and regulate the use of a language, including vocabulary and grammar. C. To create new languages for secret communication. D. To prevent the language from being taught in schools. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Language academies are established to standardize and codify a language, overseeing aspects like vocabulary and grammar development. (Page 115-116) **25. What is one method used to develop new vocabulary in language planning, as exemplified by the Maori Language Commission?** A. Borrowing words from unrelated languages. B. Using existing words with slight modifications or metaphorical extensions. C. Eliminating complex words to simplify the language. D. Creating words with random sounds. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The Maori Language Commission often adapts existing Maori words with slight changes or metaphorical extensions to create new vocabulary, aiming to remain true to the language\'s spirit. (Page 119) **26. In the context of creating a national language, what does \'selection\' involve?** A. Choosing which dialect or language will be developed and promoted. B. Deciding on teaching methodologies for language classes. C. Selecting the individuals who will speak the language. D. Eliminating all other languages spoken in the country. **Answer:** A **Explanation:** Selection involves choosing the variety or code to be developed as the national or official language. (Page 107) **27. Which country has multiple indigenous languages officially recognized but not assigned the status of a national language?** A. India B. France C. Japan D. Iceland **Answer:** A **Explanation:** India recognizes multiple regional languages as official languages alongside Hindi and English for the country, and different states have their own official languages, but there is ongoing debate about the national language status. (Page 102) **28. What was one reason for the decline in the use of Nynorsk in Norway?** A. Government policies completely favored Bokmål. B. Nynorsk was banned in schools. C. People\'s attitudes associated Nynorsk with \'country bumpkin\' status. D. Nynorsk had no written literature. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Many Norwegians began to associate Nynorsk with rural and unsophisticated connotations, preferring Bokmål for its urban and sophisticated associations. (Page 113) **29. Why is providing government services in multiple official languages expensive and challenging?** A. It requires developing new languages. B. It leads to confusion among citizens. C. It involves translating documents and providing services in all official languages, which can be costly. D. It is difficult to find speakers of minority languages. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Offering services, information, and legal representation in multiple official languages involves significant translation and resource costs. (Page 105) **30. What is the purpose of \'elaboration\' in language planning?** A. To restrict a language\'s use to traditional domains. B. To simplify a language\'s grammar for learners. C. To extend a language\'s functions for use in new domains by developing necessary resources. D. To create a new language altogether. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Elaboration is extending a language\'s functions into new domains by developing the necessary linguistic resources, such as new vocabulary and styles. (Page 107) **31. In dealing with long vowels in Maori, what were the two options debated for representing them in writing?** A. Using an apostrophe or omitting the vowel. B. Doubling the vowel or using a macron over the vowel. C. Using capital letters or bold font. D. Writing the vowel in a different color or underlining it. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The debate was between doubling the vowel (e.g., \'aa\') or using a macron over the vowel (e.g., \'ā\') to represent long vowels in written Maori. (Page 117) **32. The term \'linguistic landscaping\' can help reveal what in a multilingual society?** A. The natural habitats of language speakers. B. The economic status of different language groups. C. The gap between official language policy and actual language practices. D. The number of tourists visiting a country. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Analyzing the linguistic landscape can provide clues to the discrepancy between official language policies and the languages actually used in public spaces. (Page 114-115) **33. In which country did activists paint over English road signs as a form of protest for language recognition?** A. Scotland B. Belgium C. Wales D. Quebec, Canada **Answer:** C **Explanation:** In Wales, Welsh activists painted out English road signs in protest against the dominance of English and to promote the status of Welsh. (Page 104) **34. What is a potential consequence when a government imposes a language that is associated with a particular ethnic group in a multilingual country?** A. It leads to unanimous acceptance of the language. B. It can provoke resentment and resistance from other ethnic groups. C. It ensures rapid language acquisition across all groups. D. It eliminates the need for language planning. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Imposing a language associated with a particular ethnic group can cause resentment and resistance among other groups, as they may feel disadvantaged or marginalized. (Page 107) **35. What was a significant factor in the successful spread of Putonghua (Mandarin) in China?** A. It was entirely different from all other Chinese dialects. B. The government\'s unwavering promotion and its basis on the prestigious Beijing dialect. C. It replaced traditional Chinese characters with an alphabet. D. It was easier to learn than other languages. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The success of Putonghua is attributed to the Chinese government\'s strong promotion and its basis on the prestigious Beijing dialect, aiding acceptance. (Page 121) **36. What does the term \'de jure\' status of a language refer to?** A. The language used most commonly in daily life. B. The language that has legal, official recognition by law. C. A language that has no official recognition but is widely used. D. A language that is only used in written form. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** A \'de jure\' language has legal status as an official language as designated by law. (Page 102) **37. In language planning, what role do attitudes play in the acceptance of a standard language?** A. Attitudes are irrelevant as long as the government enforces the language. B. Positive attitudes and prestige associated with the language facilitate its acceptance. C. Negative attitudes help in quicker adoption as people want to change. D. Attitudes have no impact; it\'s purely about practicality. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Positive attitudes towards a language, including perceptions of prestige and identity, are crucial for its acceptance in society. (Page 107 and throughout) **38. Which of the following is an example of a country where a colonial language remains as an official language due to its utilitarian value?** A. Japan using English. B. Tanzania using Swahili. C. India using English alongside Hindi. D. France using German. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** India retains English as an official language alongside Hindi due to its utility in administration and international communication. (Page 102) **39. How did radio programs contribute to acquisition planning in China?** A. By broadcasting exclusively in minority languages. B. Through demonstration programs promoting the standardized pronunciation of Putonghua. C. By discouraging the use of Mandarin. D. By airing only traditional Chinese songs. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Radio programs in China promoted standardized pronunciation of Putonghua, aiding in its spread and acquisition among the population. (Page 122) **40. What does \'corpus planning\' specifically focus on in the process of language planning?** A. The functions and status of a language in society. B. The attitudes of people towards different languages. C. The internal structure and codification of a language. D. The economic benefits of adopting a language. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Corpus planning deals with the internal aspects of a language---its vocabulary, grammar, and writing systems (codification). (Page 107) **41. In Finland, which two languages have official status?** A. Finnish and Russian B. Finnish and Swedish C. Finnish and English D. Finnish and Sami **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Both Finnish and Swedish are official languages in Finland, acknowledging the Swedish-speaking minority. (Answer to Exercise 2, Page 124) **42. What is one outcome when language planners fail to consider people\'s attitudes and identity concerning language choice?** A. The new language is rapidly adopted. B. There is no change in language use. C. Resistance and rejection of the language policy may occur. D. People develop new attitudes to match the language. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Ignoring people\'s attitudes and identity can lead to resistance and rejection of the language planning efforts. (Page 110-111) **43. The term \'vernacularization\' in language planning refers to what process?** A. Developing a new language from scratch. B. Reviving an old language for everyday use. C. Eliminating dialects in favor of a standard language. D. Teaching a language only in vernacular schools. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Vernacularization refers to the process of reviving an old or classical language (like Hebrew) for use as an everyday spoken language. (Page 111) **44. What is a \'lingua franca\'?** A. A language used for ceremonial purposes only. B. A language used for communication between people who do not share a native language. C. The oldest language in a region. D. A legal term for official government language. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** A lingua franca is a language used for communication between groups who do not share a native language, often for trade or diplomacy. (Page 100 and throughout) **45. Which of the following best illustrates \'language loyalty\'?** A. People switching to the dominant language to gain social advantages. B. Speakers maintaining their native language despite pressures to adopt another. C. Government policies enforcing the use of a particular language. D. Learning multiple foreign languages for travel. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Language loyalty refers to speakers\' commitment to maintain and continue using their native language, even when faced with pressures to adopt another language. (Page 103) **46. In the linguistic landscape of Timor-Leste, which language was surprisingly dominant on public signs despite not being an official language?** A. Portuguese B. Indonesian C. Tetun D. English **Answer:** D **Explanation:** English was surprisingly dominant on public signs in Dili, Timor-Leste, highlighting the gap between official policy and actual practice. (Page 114-115) **47. Why is selecting a neutral language sometimes beneficial in multilingual countries?** A. It ensures that no ethnic group feels favored over others. B. It promotes the most widely spoken language. C. It reflects the language of former colonial powers. D. It complicates language planning efforts. **Answer:** A **Explanation:** Choosing a neutral language not associated with any specific ethnic group can help avoid favoritism and promote national unity. (Page 107-108) **48. What is the significance of the \'frame-of-reference\' function of a national language?** A. It provides a standard for correctness and a model against which other varieties are measured. B. It replaces all regional dialects. C. It acts as a symbol of outdated language use. D. It is used solely for international communication. **Answer:** A **Explanation:** The frame-of-reference function means the standard variety serves as a yardstick for correctness, with other varieties seen as non-standard. (Page 110) **49. When language planners expand a language\'s domains of use, they are engaging in which type of planning?** A. Corpus planning B. Status planning C. Acquisition planning D. Financial planning **Answer:** A **Explanation:** Expanding a language\'s domains of use involves elaboration, which is part of corpus planning. (Page 107) **50. How did activists contribute to the revival of Hebrew as a spoken language in Israel?** A. By banning all other languages. B. By teaching it to their children as a first language and promoting its everyday use. C. By creating a simplified version of Hebrew. D. By using it only in religious contexts. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Activists promoted Hebrew by teaching it to their children as a first language and using it in daily life, facilitating its revival as a spoken language. (Page 111) **51. Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to influence the acceptance of a new standard language?** A. Economic advantages associated with the language. B. The complexity of the language\'s grammar. C. The language\'s association with national identity. D. Government enforcement and support. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** While economic benefits, national identity, and government support greatly influence acceptance, the grammatical complexity is less significant if the other factors are positive. (Page 110-111) **52. In language planning, what is a common issue with borrowing words from other languages?** A. Borrowed words are often mistranslated. B. Borrowing can dilute the purity of a language and face resistance from purists. C. Other languages have completely incompatible sounds. D. It requires legal agreements between countries. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Borrowing words can raise concerns about maintaining the language\'s purity, leading to resistance from those who prefer using native resources. (Page 118-119) **53. What is one reason Japan focuses its acquisition planning on English?** A. To replace Japanese as the official language. B. Due to the importance of English in global business and communication. C. Because English is easier than Japanese. D. To promote cultural diversity within Japan. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Japan emphasizes English in acquisition planning because of its global importance in business, technology, and international relations. (Page 122) **54. What ultimately determines whether a national language policy will succeed?** A. The number of linguists supporting it. B. The patterns of linguistic behavior of individual language users. C. The amount of money spent on promoting it. D. The elimination of all other languages. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The success of a national language policy depends on individuals adopting and regularly using the language in their daily lives. (Page 123) **55. In which domain did Maori language supporters establish \'kōhanga reo\' to promote language acquisition?** A. Workplace training centers B. Pre-school education (language nests) C. Military training facilities D. University language departments **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Maori language supporters established \'kōhanga reo\', or language nests, which are pre-schools where Maori is used to promote early language acquisition. (Page 122) **56. What does \'acquisition planning\' typically involve in practical terms?** A. Campaigning for political support. B. Setting up systems to teach the language, often through education. C. Developing new writing scripts. D. Banning other languages from being spoken. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Acquisition planning involves efforts to spread the language by increasing the number of its users, often through the education system. (Page 121-122) **57. How did the Speak Mandarin Campaign affect the linguistic landscape in Singapore?** A. It decreased the use of all Chinese dialects in favor of English. B. It successfully shifted many Chinese households to use Mandarin over other dialects. C. It made Mandarin the only official language. D. It had little to no impact on language use. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The campaign was successful, increasing the percentage of Chinese households using Mandarin as the dominant language from 13% in 1980 to 45% in 2000. (Page 121) **58. What is a significant challenge in promoting a constructed language like Nynorsk?** A. Lack of government support. B. Resistance due to its association with rural areas. C. Difficulty in learning the language. D. No written resources available. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Nynorsk faced challenges because many people associated it with rural, unsophisticated speech, leading to resistance from those preferring urban-associated Bokmål. (Page 113) **59. Which of the following best describes the term \'diglossia\' as used in sociolinguistics?** A. The use of multiple languages in official documents. B. A situation where two distinct varieties of the same language are used in different social contexts. C. The loss of language diversity in a region. D. The creation of a new language from two existing ones. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Diglossia refers to a situation where two varieties of the same language exist side by side, each with a distinct function. (Page 111) **60. What role did President Julius Nyerere play in the language planning of Tanzania?** A. He discouraged the use of Swahili. B. He chose Swahili as the national language and promoted its use. C. He established English as the sole official language. D. He introduced a new language altogether. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** President Nyerere selected Swahili as the national language and was instrumental in promoting its use for unity and development. (Page 108) **61. Which of the following is a key reason why language planning can be politically sensitive?** A. It often disregards the linguistic diversity of a nation. B. It can favor one language or dialect over others, impacting power dynamics. C. It aims to eliminate minority languages. D. It requires international approval. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Language planning can be politically sensitive because selecting one language over others can favor certain groups, affecting power and resource distribution among different language communities. (Page 107) **62. In the early days of standardizing Norwegian, which approach did Ivar Aasen take to develop Nynorsk?** A. He selected the urban dialect spoken in Oslo. B. He amalgamated features from several rural Norwegian dialects. C. He adopted Danish with minor modifications. D. He created an entirely new language. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Ivar Aasen created a composite variety for Nynorsk by drawing on features from various rural Norwegian dialects. (Page 112) **63. The selection of a national language often involves balancing which two considerations?** A. Economic benefits and international recognition. B. Linguistic diversity and technological advancement. C. Political power and people\'s attitudes. D. Legal requirements and historical usage. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Selecting a national language involves balancing political considerations (including power dynamics) and social factors such as people\'s attitudes toward the language. (Page 107) **64. What was one of the practical reasons for choosing Swahili as the national language of Tanzania?** A. It was the most ancient language in the region. B. It was already the medium of primary education. C. It was the language of the largest ethnic group. D. It was simpler to learn than other languages. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** A practical reason for choosing Swahili was that it was already used as the medium of instruction in primary education, facilitating its wider adoption. (Page 108) **65. Which of the following best describes the term \'elaborating the code\' in language planning?** A. Choosing the official scripts for a language. B. Developing the necessary linguistic resources for new concepts and contexts. C. Teaching a language to foreign learners. D. Simplifying the language\'s grammar. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Elaborating the code involves extending the language\'s functions by developing vocabulary and styles suitable for new domains and concepts. (Page 107) **66. How did the Maori Language Commission approach creating new terms for modern concepts?** A. By borrowing directly from English. B. By using ancient Maori words without changes. C. By creating new words using Maori linguistic resources, sometimes metaphorically. D. By leaving gaps in the language where concepts couldn\'t be expressed. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** The Commission often created new terms from Maori resources, sometimes using metaphorical extensions, to reflect modern concepts while staying true to the language. (Page 119) **67. In which country is the term \'lingua franca\' originally derived from?** A. Italy B. France C. Greece D. China **Answer:** A **Explanation:** The term \'lingua franca\' is derived from Italian, historically referring to a mixed language used in the Mediterranean ports. (General knowledge; contextually acceptable as the term is mentioned in the text.) **68. The \'one nation, one language\' ideal is often criticized because:** A. It is impossible to achieve in any country. B. It ignores the multilingual reality of most nations. C. It promotes linguistic diversity. D. It was never a popular concept. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** This ideal is criticized for ignoring the multilingual and multicultural realities of most nations, potentially marginalizing minority language speakers. (Page 110, Exercise 3 Answer) **69. What role do language practices in the workplace play in language planning at a micro-level?** A. They have no impact on language planning. B. They are examples of informal acquisition planning when promoting certain languages. C. They enforce government language policies. D. They hinder language maintenance efforts. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Decisions about language use in workplaces can be considered informal, grassroots acquisition planning when aimed at promoting or maintaining certain languages. (Page 126, Answer to Exercise 12) **70. Which organization in Greece implemented the MONOTONY writing system reform?** A. The Greek Parliament B. The Academy of the Greek Language C. The Orthodox Church D. The European Union **Answer:** A **Explanation:** The Greek government passed the law implementing the MONOTONY writing system in January 1982. (Page 116) **71. What effect did the MONOTONY writing reform have on the Greek language?** A. It complicated the writing system further. B. It simplified the accent system, saving time and resources. C. It introduced new letters to the alphabet. D. It made the language more difficult to learn. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** MONOTONY simplified the Greek writing system by replacing a complex set of accentuation rules with a single accent mark, saving time and resources in education and printing. (Page 116) **72. What is a key reason why linguistic purists often resist borrowing words from other languages?** A. Borrowed words are harder for people to pronounce. B. Borrowing can threaten the perceived purity and integrity of the language. C. Borrowed words have no equivalent in the native language. D. There are legal restrictions on borrowing words. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Linguistic purists may resist borrowing because they believe it dilutes the purity and cultural integrity of their language. (Page 118-119) **73. Which of the following languages underwent significant revival to become the national language of a modern country despite being considered a dead language?** A. Latin in Vatican City B. Sanskrit in India C. Hebrew in Israel D. Gaelic in Scotland **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Hebrew was revived from being a classical language to become the national language of Israel. (Page 111) **74. In language planning, what is the significance of providing materials and education in the official language(s)?** A. It ensures that only the official language is spoken at home. B. It facilitates acquisition planning by teaching the language to more people. C. It discourages the use of other languages. D. It reduces government spending on education. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Providing materials and education in the official language is part of acquisition planning, helping people learn and use the language more widely. (Page 121-122) **75. How did the government of Norway attempt to resolve the competition between Bokmål and Nynorsk?** A. By banning one of the varieties. B. By trying to blend them into a unified language called Samnorsk. C. By promoting exclusively Nynorsk. D. By ignoring the issue altogether. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The government attempted to bridge the gap between Bokmål and Nynorsk through codification efforts to create a unified language called Samnorsk. (Page 112) **76. In what way does the \'linguistic landscape\' reflect the social reality of language use?** A. It shows the languages preferred by tourists. B. It visually represents which languages are dominant or valued in public spaces. C. It only displays official government languages. D. It has no connection to actual language use. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The linguistic landscape reflects which languages are dominant or valued in public spaces, indicating social realities and language hierarchies. (Page 114-115) **77. What is one challenge of codifying an unwritten language?** A. There are too many existing dictionaries. B. Speakers may disagree on which dialect to use as the basis. C. It is impossible to create a writing system. D. Governments do not support such efforts. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Codifying an unwritten language can be challenging due to disagreements among speakers about which dialect should form the standard. (Page 116-117) **78. The term \'status or prestige planning\' focuses on which aspect of language planning?** A. Developing language teaching methods. B. Enhancing the status and acceptance of a language in society. C. Creating new grammatical structures. D. Reducing the number of languages spoken in a country. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Status or prestige planning involves efforts to change attitudes toward a language, enhancing its prestige and acceptance. (Page 107) **79. Why might the media be significant in the acceptance stage of language planning?** A. Media has no influence on language attitudes. B. Media usage of a language can normalize it and increase its prestige. C. Media only perpetuates the use of dominant languages. D. Media discourages the use of minority languages. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Media plays a crucial role in normalizing a language and increasing its prestige by using it in broadcasting, thus aiding in its acceptance. (Page 120) **80. What is the \'unifying\' function of a national language?** A. It differentiates social classes within a nation. B. It must be understandable only to the elite. C. It unites the nation and offers advantages over local dialects. D. It replaces all other languages and dialects entirely. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** The unifying function means the national language unites the nation and provides advantages for communication and access to services over local dialects. (Page 110, Exercise 5 Answer) **81. Which country attempted to amalgamate the features of its two competing written languages but eventually faced resistance?** A. Belgium B. Switzerland C. Norway D. India **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Norway tried to amalgamate Bokmål and Nynorsk into Samnorsk but faced resistance, especially from Bokmål supporters. (Page 112) **82. What does the term \'diglossia\' imply about the use of languages in a society?** A. Everyone speaks multiple languages equally. B. Two languages or varieties are used under different conditions within a community, often with one being high (H) and the other low (L) variety. C. It refers to the process of language death. D. It is a situation where only one language is spoken in all contexts. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Diglossia refers to a societal situation where two varieties of a language are used in different contexts, with one considered high and the other low. (Page 100) **83. What impact can the official recognition of a minority language have?** A. It can decrease the number of speakers. B. It has no significant impact on the language\'s status. C. It can enhance the language\'s prestige and encourage its use in official contexts. D. It forces everyone to learn it. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Official recognition can enhance a minority language\'s prestige and promote its use in education, government, and media. (Page 105) **84. Which of the following factors is most relevant when assessing the suitability of a language as a national language?** A. The language\'s grammatical complexity. B. The number of consonants and vowels it has. C. Its ability to unify the nation and express national identity. D. The ease with which it can be learned by foreigners. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** A national language should ideally unify the nation and express national identity, outweighing purely linguistic considerations. (Page 110) **85. Why did the Maori Language Commission prefer using a macron over vowel doubling for representing long vowels?** A. It was more traditional. B. It was more economical, less ambiguous, and easier to read. C. Because the macron is used in English. D. To align with international standards. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The Commission favored the macron as it was simpler, more economical, less likely to cause ambiguity, and easier to read. (Page 117) **86. What is one effect of language planning on linguistic diversity within nations?** A. It always increases diversity. B. It can reduce diversity by promoting a single standard language. C. It has no effect on diversity. D. It causes all languages to evolve identically. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Language planning can reduce linguistic diversity by promoting a single standard language over regional dialects and minority languages. (Page 110-111) **87. How did the choice of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino create issues in the Philippines?** A. It was a language with no native speakers. B. It was associated with a particular ethnic group, causing resentment among others. C. It was the colonial language imposed by foreign rulers. D. It had no written form. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Choosing Tagalog favored the ethnic group associated with it, causing resentment among speakers of other major languages like Cebuano and Ilocano. (Page 107) **88. In which of these countries is English not legally an official language, despite being widely used?** A. The United States B. Australia C. New Zealand D. All of the above **Answer:** D **Explanation:** In the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, English is widely used but not legally designated as an official language. (Page 102) **89. Which of the following is an example of \'top-down\' signage in linguistic landscaping?** A. Graffiti on a wall. B. A handmade sign for a yard sale. C. Official government road signs. D. A flyer posted by a local community group. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** \'Top-down\' signs are official signs designed by public authorities, such as government road signs. (Page 114) **90. What can be a linguistic issue with integrating borrowed words into a language, as seen in Hebrew?** A. Borrowed words do not fit into the language\'s phonological system. B. Borrowed words are often kept unchanged. C. Borrowed words may be integrated and adapted to fit grammatical structures, such as adding native plural endings. D. Borrowed words are always rejected by speakers. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Borrowed words may be adapted to fit the language\'s grammatical structures, like adding native plural suffixes, which can cause debates over proper usage. (Page 118) **91. Why is it important for language planners to consider the attitudes of the population toward a language?** A. To ensure that the language is grammatically correct. B. Because positive attitudes are crucial for the adoption and success of language planning efforts. C. So they can force the language upon the population. D. Attitudes are not important in language planning. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** People\'s attitudes towards a language greatly affect its acceptance and use; positive attitudes are necessary for successful language planning. (Page 107) **92. In language planning, what does \'selection\' primarily depend upon?** A. Linguistic complexity. B. Political, social, and economic factors. C. Random choice. D. The language spoken by the smallest minority. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Selection is often a political decision influenced by social and economic factors rather than purely linguistic ones. (Page 107) **93. When a language is used in education, government, and media, which function is it serving in society?** A. Aesthetic function. B. Ritual function. C. Informative function. D. Institutional function. **Answer:** D **Explanation:** Using a language in education, government, and media means it is serving an institutional function in society. (General understanding from the text) **94. The term \'H\' and \'L\' varieties in diglossia refer to what?** A. High prestige and Low prestige varieties used in different contexts. B. Historical and Local language varieties. C. Home language and Learned language. D. Hard and Light dialects. **Answer:** A **Explanation:** In diglossia, \'H\' refers to the High prestige variety used in formal contexts, and \'L\' refers to the Low prestige variety used in informal contexts. (Page 100) **95. What was a significant benefit of Swahili\'s selection as the national language in Tanzania in terms of acceptance?** A. Swahili was already the native language of all citizens. B. Swahili was associated with colonial power. C. Swahili had served as a unifying lingua franca during the struggle for independence. D. Swahili was the simplest language in the region. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Swahili\'s role in unifying different groups during the independence movement contributed to its acceptance as the national language. (Page 109-110) **96. Which of the following best describes \'language death\'?** A. When a language lacks written literature. B. When a language is no longer spoken by anyone. C. When a language is only used in academia. D. When a language changes over time. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Language death occurs when a language ceases to have any native speakers and is no longer used in communication. (General knowledge; relevant to the discussion of language preservation) **97. How might language planning affect social identity?** A. It has no effect on social identity. B. By promoting a standard language, it can influence how people perceive themselves and their group affiliations. C. It makes everyone adopt the same identity. D. It removes all regional differences. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Language planning can impact social identity by changing language use patterns, influencing perceptions of group membership and identity construction. (Page 123) **98. What is one way that language planning can support endangered languages?** A. By ignoring them in favor of dominant languages. B. By codifying them and promoting their use in education and media. C. By preventing any changes to the language. D. By teaching them only to linguists. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Language planning can support endangered languages through codification, development of materials, and promotion in education and media to revitalize their use. (Page 115-116) **99. The government of which country uses \'language nests\' to promote the acquisition of the indigenous language among children?** A. Canada (for Inuit languages) B. New Zealand (for Maori) C. Australia (for Aboriginal languages) D. United States (for Native American languages) **Answer:** B **Explanation:** New Zealand uses \'kōhanga reo\' or language nests for promoting the Maori language among young children. (Page 122) **100. Why might a colonial language continue to be used as an official language in former colonies?** A. Because the colonial power still controls the country. B. Due to its established role in administration and international relations. C. As a way to suppress local languages. D. Because it is spoken by the majority of the population. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Colonial languages often continue as official languages because they are already established in administration, education, and international communication. (Page 102) **101. What is one criticism of top-down language policies?** A. They always succeed without resistance. B. They may not reflect the actual language practices and preferences of the population. C. They are too flexible and allow for variation. D. They are cheaper to implement. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Top-down policies may not align with the population\'s language use, leading to a gap between policy and practice. (Page 115) **102. In language planning, what is a \'neutral\' language and why might it be selected?** A. A language with no grammar rules. B. A language not associated with any particular ethnic group, chosen to avoid ethnic favoritism. C. A language created from multiple languages. D. A language that is universally recognized. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** A neutral language is one not tied to any specific ethnic group, selected to prevent ethnic tensions and promote unity. (Page 107-108) **103. What was one of the steps President Nyerere of Tanzania took to promote Swahili?** A. He banned all other local languages. B. He translated major works, including Shakespeare, into Swahili to enhance its prestige. C. He made English the only language of higher education. D. He declared Swahili illegal. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Nyerere translated works like Shakespeare\'s plays into Swahili, increasing its status and demonstrating its capability to handle complex literature. (Page 109) **104. How does the visibility of a language in public spaces affect its status?** A. Visibility has no impact on status. B. Increased visibility in public spaces can enhance a language\'s status and perceived importance. C. It decreases the status of the language. D. It only affects tourists. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** When a language is visible in public signage and communication, it reinforces its status and normalizes its use in society. (Page 114-115) **105. In countries with \'broad diglossia\', like Paraguay, what is the typical relationship between the high (H) and low (L) languages?** A. H is used for formal and official purposes, while L is used in informal contexts. B. H and L are used interchangeably. C. L is preferred in all contexts. D. H is only used by the uneducated. **Answer:** A **Explanation:** In broad diglossia, the H language is used for formal and official functions, whereas the L language is used in informal and intimate contexts. (Page 100) **106. What is a possible negative effect of selecting the language of a dominant group as the national language?** A. It simplifies language planning. B. It promotes minority languages. C. It can marginalize minority groups and exacerbate social divisions. D. It ensures equal representation. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Choosing the dominant group\'s language may marginalize minorities, causing resentment and deepening social divisions. (Page 107) **107. Why is codification important in language planning?** A. It creates confusion among speakers. B. It standardizes the language\'s structure, making it teachable and usable in official contexts. C. It is only a formality with no real impact. D. It replaces spoken language with written language. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Codification standardizes the language\'s spelling, grammar, and vocabulary, facilitating teaching, learning, and official use. (Page 107-108) **108. What is one of the main tasks of language academies?** A. To police the language and punish incorrect usage. B. To standardize the language and oversee vocabulary development. C. To promote language death. D. To translate ancient texts. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Language academies often focus on standardizing the language and developing new vocabulary for contemporary use. (Page 115) **109. How did the Chinese government promote Mandarin (Putonghua) among its diverse population?** A. By banning all other Chinese dialects. B. Through education, media broadcasts, and standardizing its pronunciation. C. By only teaching it to government officials. D. By making it illegal to speak any other language. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The government promoted Mandarin via education reforms, media broadcasts, and efforts to standardize pronunciation, increasing its acceptance. (Page 121) **110. In Israel, why was Hebrew chosen over Yiddish as the national language?** A. Yiddish was the language of the oppressors. B. Yiddish had little prestige and was not spoken by all Jews. C. Hebrew was easier to learn. D. Hebrew had more consonants. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Yiddish was not universally spoken among Jews and lacked prestige compared to Hebrew, which had religious and historical significance. (Page 125-126, Answer to Exercise 6) **111. What is meant by \'vernacularization\' of Hebrew in Israel?** A. Teaching Hebrew only to scholars. B. Reviving Hebrew for everyday spoken use by the general population. C. Preserving Hebrew solely as a written language. D. Replacing Hebrew with English. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Vernacularization refers to making Hebrew an everyday spoken language among the population, reviving it from its prior status as a classical language. (Page 126, Answer to Exercise 6) **112. In the concept of ethnolinguistic vitality, which of the following factors contribute to the strength of a language?** A. Demographics, institutional support, and status. B. Climate, geography, and economy. C. Technology, politics, and sports. D. Art, music, and cuisine. **Answer:** A **Explanation:** Ethnolinguistic vitality is determined by factors like demographics (size and distribution of the group), institutional support, and the status of the language. (General knowledge linked to the discussions in the chapter) **113. What role do \'grassroots\' efforts play in language planning?** A. They are insignificant compared to government policies. B. They can be crucial in promoting language use and maintenance at the community level. C. They only focus on written language. D. They tend to hinder official language policies. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Grassroots efforts are important in promoting language use within communities, supporting maintenance and revitalization from the bottom up. (Page 122) **114. Why did the Guaraní language maintain high levels of use in Paraguay?** A. It was the language of the ruling elite. B. It had no competition from other languages. C. It was seen as a symbol of national identity and solidarity among Paraguayans. D. It was the only language taught in schools. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Guaraní was associated with Paraguayan identity and solidarity, leading to strong language loyalty and widespread use. (Page 100-101) **115. Which of the following is a form of \'corpus planning\'?** A. Changing the official language of a country. B. Developing new technical terms for the language. C. Promoting positive attitudes toward a language. D. Encouraging bilingual education. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Corpus planning includes developing new technical vocabulary and standardizing the language\'s structural aspects. (Page 107) **116. What is one reason minority language speakers might resist the dominance of a national language?** A. They prefer the national language. B. They have no sense of cultural identity. C. They fear losing their own language and cultural heritage. D. They do not understand the benefits. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Minority language speakers may resist the dominance of a national language to preserve their own language and cultural identity. (Page 110-111) **117. In language planning, what is the purpose of \'codifying orthography\'?** A. To create a completely new language. B. To establish a standardized writing system for a language. C. To remove redundant letters from the alphabet. D. To make the language more artistic. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Codifying orthography involves creating a standardized system of writing for a language, including spelling rules and scripts. (Page 116) **118. In which country did a president go on a hunger strike to demand a television channel in the minority language?** A. Spain (Catalonia) B. Canada (Quebec) C. Wales (United Kingdom) D. Belgium (Flanders) **Answer:** C **Explanation:** In Wales, the President of Plaid Cymru threatened to fast to death to secure a Welsh television channel. (Page 104) **119. What does the \'separatist\' function of a national language entail?** A. Unifying different nations. B. Distinguishing the nation from others, serving as a symbol of national identity. C. Separating social classes within a nation. D. Encouraging secessionist movements. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The separatist function involves setting the nation apart from others, with the language serving as a symbol of its unique identity. (Page 110, Exercise 5 Answer) **120. How has globalization influenced language planning and language use?** A. It has no effect on language use. B. It promotes the use of minority languages. C. It often leads to the dominance of global languages like English in various domains. D. It eliminates the need for language planning. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Globalization can contribute to the dominance of global languages, like English, in business, education, and media, affecting local languages and requiring language planning responses. (Page 115) **121. What is \'acquisition planning\' mainly concerned with?** A. Teaching linguistics to language teachers. B. Increasing the number of speakers of a language through education and other means. C. Buying language resources. D. Acquiring new languages from other countries. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Acquisition planning focuses on increasing the number of language users, often through educational programs and policies. (Page 121) **122. Why might a country with multiple official languages still experience conflict over language use?** A. Because official recognition automatically resolves all issues. B. Due to ongoing power struggles and differing attitudes towards languages. C. Because people dislike having multiple languages. D. Because one language is always better than the others. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Even with multiple official languages, conflicts can persist due to power dynamics and differing attitudes toward the languages\' roles and statuses. (Page 105) **123. What strategy did Singapore use to shift language use among its Chinese population?** A. Banning all languages except Mandarin. B. Implementing the Speak Mandarin Campaign to promote Mandarin over other Chinese dialects. C. Teaching only English in schools. D. Ignoring language differences. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Singapore used the Speak Mandarin Campaign to encourage Chinese Singaporeans to adopt Mandarin over other Chinese dialects, promoting unity. (Page 121) **124. Which of the following is an example of a \'bottom-up\' sign in linguistic landscape studies?** A. Official government notices. B. Street signs installed by the city council. C. Advertisements created by local businesses. D. National emergency warnings. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** \'Bottom-up\' signs are non-official signs produced by individuals or groups, such as advertisements by local businesses. (Page 114) **125. The worldwide celebration that promotes awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity is called:** A. International Language Day B. World Communication Day C. International Mother Language Day D. Global Linguistics Day **Answer:** C **Explanation:** International Mother Language Day, established by UNESCO in 1999, promotes awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity. (Page 105) **126. What is a \'lingua franca\' and how does it function in multilingual societies?** A. A language created for secret communication. B. A bridge language used for communication between speakers of different native languages. C. The highest official language. D. A dead language studied academically. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** A lingua franca is a common language used to facilitate communication between people who do not share a native language. (Page 107) **127. In which context is a \'top-down\' linguistic landscape typically controlled?** A. At the individual or community level. B. By private businesses without government guidelines. C. By public authorities or government organizations. D. By international bodies. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** \'Top-down\' linguistic landscapes are typically controlled by public authorities or government organizations. (Page 114) **128. How can spelling reforms contribute to language planning efforts?** A. By preserving historical spellings. B. By simplifying writing systems, making literacy more accessible. C. By making the language more complex. D. By eliminating the need for language education. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Spelling reforms can simplify writing systems, reducing complexity and aiding in literacy efforts, which is a part of corpus planning. (Page 116) **129. What is one of the linguist\'s roles in language planning?** A. Making political decisions about language status. B. Providing linguistic expertise in codifying and elaborating the language. C. Enforcing language policies through legislation. D. Deciding which languages should be suppressed. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Linguists contribute by working on the codification and elaboration of the language, providing necessary linguistic expertise. (Page 115) **130. In language planning, why is the \'frame-of-reference\' function important?** A. It allows for multiple standard varieties to flourish. B. It provides a model of correctness against which language use is measured. C. It encourages linguistic diversity. D. It makes language learning optional. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The \'frame-of-reference\' function establishes a standard variety as a benchmark for correctness, guiding language use and education. (Page 110, Exercise 5 Answer) **131. What is one argument against forcing standardization in language?** A. It leads to greater language diversity. B. It can suppress regional dialects and cultural identity. C. It makes communication impossible. D. It is too easy to implement. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Forced standardization can suppress regional dialects and erode cultural identities linked to those language varieties. (Page 110-111) **132. How did radio contribute to language planning in Vanuatu?** A. It broadcasted solely in English. B. It used mainly Bislama, enhancing its status and contributing to standardization. C. It discouraged the use of Bislama. D. It did not play any significant role. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Radio Vanuatu broadcasted mainly in Bislama, enhancing its status and aiding in standardization through widespread use. (Page 120) **133. What is the impact of linguistic nationalism on language planning?** A. It encourages the use of multiple languages within a nation. B. It fosters the development of a single national language to promote unity. C. It disregards language as a factor in national identity. D. It promotes foreign languages over local ones. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Linguistic nationalism encourages the development of a single national language as a symbol of national unity and identity. (Page 107) **134. What challenge did the introduction of the Maori television station aim to address?** A. Lack of English-language content. B. The decline in Maori language use and the need to promote it through media. C. Providing entertainment for urban populations. D. Competing with international broadcasting networks. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The Maori television station aimed to promote the Maori language and culture, enhancing its status and usage through media exposure. (Page 120) **135. In the case of language planning, why might linguists be in disagreement with each other?** A. Linguists always agree on language matters. B. They may have different opinions on the best approaches to codification or standardization. C. They are not involved in language planning. D. They do not understand language change. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Linguists may disagree on methods and principles of codification or standardization based on differing theoretical or practical perspectives. (Page 117, Example 10) **136. In language planning, what is one argument for retaining English as a medium of instruction at higher education levels in countries like Tanzania?** A. English is easier to learn than the national language. B. English provides access to international knowledge and resources. C. Swahili lacks a writing system. D. English is the indigenous language of Tanzania. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Retaining English at higher education levels is argued to provide students with access to a broader range of international knowledge, resources, and opportunities. (Page 109, Answer to Exercise 4) **137. What is one effect of globalization on language use, as observed in Timor-Leste\'s linguistic landscape?** A. Decreased use of global languages. B. Strict adherence to official language policies. C. Increased presence of English in public signage. D. The dominance of indigenous languages in all domains. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Globalization has led to the increased presence of English in public signage in Timor-Leste, despite its lack of official status, illustrating the influence of global languages. (Page 115) **138. In the context of language planning, what is \'acceptance\' primarily concerned with?** A. Officially declaring a language policy. B. Ensuring that people understand the language. C. Gaining the populace\'s approval and active use of the standardized language. D. Codifying the language\'s grammar rules. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Acceptance involves securing positive attitudes and encouraging people to adopt and use the standardized language, ensuring its practical implementation. (Page 107) **139. How can the education system contribute to language acquisition planning?** A. By removing language courses from the curriculum. B. By offering instruction in the language, promoting its use among the younger generation. C. By focusing only on teaching foreign languages. D. By discouraging students from speaking their mother tongue. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The education system can play a crucial role by teaching the language in schools, thus promoting its acquisition among students. (Page 121-122) **140. In the decision-making process of language planning, why might linguists\' recommendations conflict with political decisions?** A. Linguists usually have no expertise in language matters. B. Political decisions might prioritize social unity or power dynamics over linguistic considerations. C. Linguists oppose any form of language change. D. Political leaders always agree with linguists. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Political decisions may prioritize factors like unity or power, which can conflict with linguists\' recommendations based on linguistic suitability or feasibility. (Page 110-111) **141. How did the use of Maori in the legal system change after the Maori Language Act of 1987?** A. It was banned entirely from legal proceedings. B. People could address the court in Maori, and the court would provide translation into English. C. Only written submissions in Maori were accepted. D. All legal documents were required to be in Maori. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** The Act recognized Maori as an official language, allowing people to address the court in Maori, with translation provided into English. (Page 103) **142. Which country is an example where language planning has been used to promote a former pidgin or creole language as a national language?** A. Haiti with Haitian Creole. B. France with French. C. Japan with Japanese. D. Norway with Nynorsk. **Answer:** A **Explanation:** Haiti\'s 1987 constitution granted official status to Haitian Creole, a former pidgin/creole, as a national language alongside French. (Page 102) **143. In language revival efforts, why might community-based initiatives be more effective than top-down government policies?** A. Governments are better at implementing language change. B. Community initiatives are less costly. C. Community engagement ensures that the language is tied to cultural identity and daily use. D. Top-down policies are always ignored. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Community-based initiatives foster ownership and tie language use to cultural identity and daily life, making revival efforts more effective. (Page 122) **144. Regarding orthography standardization, what technological factor influenced the use of macrons in Maori language?** A. Lack of support for macrons on early word processors. B. Overabundance of macrons on keyboards. C. Macrons were considered outdated technology. D. Printing presses could not print macrons. **Answer:** A **Explanation:** The capabilities of word processors influenced the choice between macrons and double vowels, as early technology didn\'t support macrons easily. (Page 117) **145. Which of the following best describes \'language loyalty\' as a factor in language maintenance?** A. A preference for learning new languages. B. A conscious decision to abandon a language. C. A strong attachment to one\'s language, leading to its continued use despite external pressures. D. Indifference towards language preservation. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Language loyalty reflects a strong attachment and commitment to maintaining a language, even in the face of pressures to shift to another language. (Page 103) **146. What role did President Nyerere\'s personal actions play in the promotion of Swahili in Tanzania?** A. He refused to use Swahili in official functions. B. He used Swahili extensively in speeches and writings, enhancing its prestige. C. He mandated the use of English for all political communication. D. He discouraged others from learning Swahili. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** President Nyerere used Swahili in his speeches and writings, including translating Shakespeare into Swahili, which boosted its prestige and acceptance. (Page 109) **147. Why might linguistic purists oppose the borrowing of words from other languages in vocabulary development?** A. They believe it dilutes the language\'s purity and cultural authenticity. B. They prefer languages to be as similar as possible. C. Borrowed words are harder to pronounce. D. There are no practical reasons for opposition; it\'s purely arbitrary. **Answer:** A **Explanation:** Linguistic purists often aim to preserve the perceived purity of a language and may oppose borrowing to maintain cultural authenticity. (Page 118-119) **148. Which European country has experienced significant language-based regional tensions between Dutch (Flemish) and French speakers?** A. Switzerland B. Belgium C. Spain D. Germany **Answer:** B **Explanation:** Belgium has had language-based tensions between Dutch-speaking Flemish and French-speaking communities, leading to political divisions. (Page 104) **149. In the context of language planning, what is meant by \'vernacularization\' of a language?** A. Suppressing a language\'s use. B. Relegating a language to only literary or religious contexts. C. Reviving a language to be used as a medium of everyday communication. D. Developing a pidgin language into a creole. **Answer:** C **Explanation:** Vernacularization involves reviving a language for use in daily communication, as was done with Hebrew in Israel. (Page 111) **150. What is one potential risk when a language policy does not align with the linguistic practices of the population?** A. Instant success of the policy. B. The language policy may be ignored, leading to ineffective outcomes. C. A sudden increase in language diversity. D. Universal acceptance of the official language. **Answer:** B **Explanation:** If a language policy doesn\'t reflect actual language use, people may ignore it, causing the policy to fail or have limited impact. (Page 115)