CHAPTER 4.docx

CHAPTER 4 Pharmacogenomics is the study of how certain genetic traits affect drug response. Drug polymorphism is the same drug having a different response on people. The important thing to keep in mine with adherence with therapy is that different cultures believe different things with medications....

CHAPTER 4 Pharmacogenomics is the study of how certain genetic traits affect drug response. Drug polymorphism is the same drug having a different response on people. The important thing to keep in mine with adherence with therapy is that different cultures believe different things with medications. (Such as the diabetic uncle) An example of environmental and economic considerations is covid stopping the buses and people not getting their medications. Absorption, metabolism, excretion are different in everyone which effects how we respond to the medication. Certain cultures still don’t trust physicians which can cause polypharmacy due to taking tons of herbs and mixing them with medications. Some things to ask during cultural assessment are how do they respond when sick, what are their dietary habits, health beliefs and practices, and use of medications. People with cognitive issues will not be able to sign for informed consent. Phase 1 of the FDA drug approval process is all about safety and the dosage on HEALTHY people to determine toxic levels and effectiveness. Phase 2 of the FDA drug approval process determines effectiveness on a certain illness on a couple hundred people. Phase 3 of the FDA drug approval process is where medication is pushed out to centers and clinics to test on thousands of people. Phase 4 of the FDA drug approval process is the after post-marketing to make sure medication in still doing what it is supposed to do. Black Box warning means that taking this medication, or combination of these two medications, means there are serious side effects that can lead to death. Drug recall class 1 is the most serious and means people are dying from it. Drug recall class 2 means it is causing temporary illness. Drug recall class 3 means if does not cause harm but is not being regulated appropriately. Ethical terms related to nursing practice are autonomy, beneficence, autonomy, confidentiality, justice, nonmaleficence, and veracity. Elements of liability for nursing malpractice include duty, breach of duty, causation, and damage.