Chapter 4.1-4.2 Marine Biology PDF

# Classification and Importance of Organisms ## 4.1.1 Describe the Classification Into The Taxonomic Hierarchy Of - Domain: Eukarya - Kingdom: Animalia - Phylum: Chordata - Class: Chondrichthyes - Order: Carcharhiniformes - Family: Carcharhinidae - Genus: *Prionance* - Species: *glauca* **Blue...

# Classification and Importance of Organisms ## 4.1.1 Describe the Classification Into The Taxonomic Hierarchy Of - Domain: Eukarya - Kingdom: Animalia - Phylum: Chordata - Class: Chondrichthyes - Order: Carcharhiniformes - Family: Carcharhinidae - Genus: *Prionance* - Species: *glauca* **Blue Shark name: *Prionance glauca*** ## 4.1.2 Understand and Use Binomial System of Species Nomenclature - The first part of the name is capitalized, the second part is not. - These names identify species of living things ## 4.1.3 Construct and Use Dichotomous Keys ## 4.2.1 Plankton - Plankton are a diverse collection of generally microscopic organisms that have limited motility and drift in water currents - The two main groups are phytoplankton and zooplankton ## 4.2.2 Phytoplankton - Phytoplankton are producers. - They absorb nutrients from their environment and obtain their nutrition by photosynthesis. **Examples:** - **Diatoms:** Unicellular organisms with cell walls made of silica. They reproduce rapidly, especially in the spring. - **Dinoflagellates:** Unicellular organisms that can cause harmful algal blooms. Some produce blue luminescent water, some poison fish ## 4.2.3 Zooplankton - Zooplankton are consumers. - **Examples:** - **Copepods:** Herbivorous, planktonic throughout their entire life cycle. They are the most abundant meroplankton. - **Meroplankton:** Abundant for a short period of time, during their larval stage. - **Jellyfish:** Planktonic their entire life. They sting. ## 4.2.4 State Main Features of Typical Adult Echinoderm - The echinoderm is limited to pentaradial symmetry and tube feet. - **Pentaradial System:** Five equal parts around a central axis. - **Tube Feet:** Used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration ## 4.2.5 Ecological and Economic Importance of Echinoderms - **Crown of Thorns Starfish:** Feeds on fastest-growing coral species, giving slow-growing species a chance to colonize and grow, increasing biodiversity. Can have COTS outbreaks. - **Kelp Forests:** Urchins eat kelp; Sea Otters are keystone species, they prey on urchins to keep them from overpopulating. - **Sandy Shores:** Sea cucumbers oxygenate sediments when they burrow, their waste is a nutrient **Ecological:** - COTS can damage ecotourism. **Economic:** - Sea urchins and cucumbers can be a source of income when harvested but are overfished. - In the Galapagos, 80% of the population of sea cucumbers was decimated, which negatively impacted local fishermen income. - Sea cucumbers are a source of pharmaceuticals that inhibit the growth of breast, prostate, and skin cancers. ## 4.2.6 Main Features of Adult Crustaceans - The crustacean includes a carapace, segmented abdomen, jointed legs, and two antennae. - **Examples:** Crabs, krill, shrimp, lobsters, amphipods, isopods, and barnacles. - **Carapace:** Protects internal organs and is located on the dorsal side of the exoskeleton, in the cephalothorax. - **Jointed Legs:** Walking legs (periopods) and swimming legs (pleopods) on the abdomen. - **Two Antennae:** The exoskeleton is divided into a cephalothorax and segmented abdomen. ## 4.2.7 Ecological and Economic Importance of Crustaceans - **Crustaceans** are found in many marine ecosystems: benthos, surface, deep, shallow pelagic, and estuaries. - **Nauplii larvae** are part of zooplankton, which is a food source. - **Scavenging crustaceans** recycle nutrients as they eat dead, decaying matter. - **Grazing amphipods and shrimp** keep seagrasses clean of algae, which is a food source. **Krill:** - Krill are parasitic. - They are food for whales, penguins, fish, etc. - Their feces provide nutrients for phytoplankton in deep water. - Krill respire carbon in deeper water. - Krill are overfished. - Climate change is a factor, as less sea ice means less food (algae) for krill. The ice also provides a habitat for algae. **Economic:** - Crustaceans are consumed by humans - Parasitic ones affect aquaculture ## 4.2.8 State Main Internal/External Features of Typical Adult Bony Fish - **Bony Skeleton:** - **Operculum**: covers the gills - **Gills:** Large surface area for gas exchange. - **Lateral Line:** Canal that detects vibrations and electrical field changes. - **Swim Bladder:** Provides buoyancy. - **Scales:** Made of bone: cycloid, ctenoid, ganoid. - **Fins:** Pectoral, caudal, pelvic, anal, dorsal: - **Lunate and fork fin:** Fast swimming speed - **Truncate and rounded fin:** Slow swimming speed - **Low acceleration** - **High acceleration** ## 4.2.9 Ecological and Economic Importance of Bony Fish **Ecological:** - Store nutrients in tissues - Waste: Nitrates and phosphates are taken up by producers. - Some fish migrate seasonally and therefore nutrient cycles of different habitats are maintained. **Economic:** - Their meat is used for: - **Fish meat itself** - **Caviar** - **Animal feed** - Their oil and skin are used for: - **Oil** - **Swim bladders are used for wine and beer.** - **Scales for jewelry and makeup** - Other economic uses include: - **Scuba diving** - **Recreational fishing** - **Aquaculture for the pet industry** - **Peruvian Anchoveta:** - They are filter feeders. - They provide food for salmon, tuna, dolphins, etc. - They are the largest fishery in the world, with a significant economic impact. - El Niño affects anchoveta populations. ## 4.2.10 Cartilaginous Fish - Cartilaginous Skeleton - Gill Slits= No operculum - Gills: - Denticles (tooth like scales) - Lateral Line - Fins: Pectoral, Caudal, Pelvic, anal, Dorsal - Oily Liver: for buoyancy - Spiracles: for water intake - No swim bladder, so these fish must swim constantly. - **Ram Ventilation:** Need to breathe constantly. ## 4.2.11 Ecological and Economic Importance of Cartilaginous Fish - **Ecological:** - Some are top predators (overfishing in haddock led to an increase in cartilaginous fish due to a lack of interspecific competition). - A decrease in sharks leads to an increase in prey, which can affect the overall ecosystem. - Overall, this affects the homeostatic environment. - **Economic:** - Commercial Fishing - Game Fishing-Tourism. - Leather Goods - Shark Liver Oil - Meat and Fins - Photography ## 4.2.12 Bony Fish and Cartilaginous Fish - Bony fish and cartilaginous fish are both chordates, and all organisms in this phylum share common features, including: - Notochord (N) - Dorsal neural tube (D) - Pharyngeal slits (P) - Post-anal tail (P) ## 4.2.13 State Main Features of a Typical Macroalgae, Such as Kelp - **Protists:** Macroalgae: kelp - **Plants:** Seagrass - **Blade:** Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. - **Gas Bladder:** Keeps the kelp upright to capture sunlight. - **Stipe:** Supports the blade. - **Holdfast:** Attaches to a rock or bottom so the kelp doesn’t fly away. ## 4.2.14 Ecological and Economic Importance of Kelp - **Ecological:** - Cold, nutrient-rich, clear water: Macrocytis can grow 0.5 cm in one day. - Important ecosystem: A nursery ground that promotes biodiversity. - Generates large amounts of detritus - Oxygenates water. - Takes up CO2. - **Economic:** - **Food source:** Directly and derivative. - **Habitat:** Important species. - **Protects beaches from storms**, wave energy, and flooding. ## 4.2.15 State Main Features of a Typical Marine Plant, Such as Seagrass - **Rhizome:** For asexual reproduction. - **Roots:** Anchor the plant. - **Leaves:** The epidermis maximizes light absorption for photosynthesis and has a thin cuticle to facilitate nutrient uptake. - **Flower:** The sexual reproductive organ of the plant. ## 4.2.16 Ecological and Economic Importance of Seagrass - **Ecological:** - **Nursery habitat** for adult marine life. - **Habitat** for adult marine life. - **Food source** for primary consumers. - **Detritus** from seagrass is a food source for worms, sea cucumbers, echinoderms, and crabs. - **Holds 1/5 of the ocean's carbon.** - **Reduces turbidity by trapping silt** from runoff. - **Takes up nutrients from runoff.** - **Economic:** - **Supports seafood industry** as a nursery ground for 75% of important and recreational and commercial species. - **Provides physical protection from storms:** - Seagrass prevents erosion because the roots stabilize sediment.