Chapter-4-HowASocietyIsOrganized (1).pdf

CHAPTER 4: HOW A SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED HUMAN CLUSTERS vs SOCIAL GROUP 1. Aggregates- a number of persons cluster but do not interact with each other, like in the case of people standing in a street corner waiting for a jeepney, people lining up to pay for their purchases in a supermarket or...

CHAPTER 4: HOW A SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED HUMAN CLUSTERS vs SOCIAL GROUP 1. Aggregates- a number of persons cluster but do not interact with each other, like in the case of people standing in a street corner waiting for a jeepney, people lining up to pay for their purchases in a supermarket or people sharing an elevator ride. 2. Social Category- are groups whose members may never have a met and do not interact socially, but possess common identifying status characteristics. 3. Collectivity- Temporary groups like crowds, masses, public and social movements are clusters of people interacting with each other, but the interactions are passing or short-lived. Temporary groups like collectivities are not governed by the established norms of culture A social group is a collection of individuals who have relations with one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree. Interdependence is a necessary condition that exists within social groups because it is what enables its members to pursue shared goals or promote common values and principles. Those people we share our thoughts, behaviors and actions certain degrees of interdependence  PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS Sociologists agree that not all groups are equivalent in terms of their level of importance. Primary Group is a small, intimate, and less specialized group whose more engage in face-to- face and emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time. Secondary Groups in contrast are larger, less intimate and more specialized groups where members engage in an impersonal and objective- oriented relationship for a limited time.  IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS self-categorization theory. It proposes that people’s appreciation of their group membership is influenced by their perception towards people who are not members of their groups. people’s perceptions of other people as well as other groups are influenced whether they perceive others as members of their groups or not. In groups is a group to which one belongs and with one belongs and with which a sense of identity An out group meanwhile is a group to which one does not belong and to which he/she may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.  The characteristics of in-groups 1. Members of such groups devise ways to distinguish themselves from nonmembers. This may come in the form of group titles, symbols that represent the group and its members, the role of infusing group solidarity as well as exclusivity. 2. Members within certain in-groups display positive attitudes and behavior toward their fellow member for the most part, while they may exhibit negative attitudes and may even form negative views towards members of their out-groups. These shared feelings form important bonds that further solidify the cohesiveness of the in-group. 3. AS similarities and shared experiences foster unity and cooperation among group members, differences with nonmembers could transform into feelings of competition and even hostility. The establishment of modern societies is often defined by the creation of boundaries between in groups and out groups. Reference groups A reference group is a group to which an individual, compares himself or herself. Such groups strongly influence an individual's behavior as anw ether he or she is a member of these groups. Examples of, reference groups include an individual's primary groups (family, work colleagues, schoolmates etc.) or his or her in- groups (church, fellow club members, neighbor’s in the community, sports team, etc.). How people interact within their established social groups and with other groups in society is often a complicated affair, requiring individuals complex web of relationships. Individuals often have overlapping 1nemberships with different social groups, and have varying levels of interactions with each other. Network refers to the structure of Networks relationships between social actors or groups. These are interconnections, ties, and linkages between people, their groups, and the larger social institutions to which they all belong to. In the age of the Internet, a good example of networks are those provided by social media platforms such as Face book, Twitter, or Instagrarn.