Chapter 4, 5 & 7 Test Review - HGD PDF

chapter 4 children and their cultural heritage cultural heritage means a person’s unique, inherited sense of personal identity. It is interpreted differently in families and social groups throughout the world. Canada has a very diverse cultural heritage. culture can be understood a...

chapter 4 children and their cultural heritage cultural heritage means a person’s unique, inherited sense of personal identity. It is interpreted differently in families and social groups throughout the world. Canada has a very diverse cultural heritage. culture can be understood as all the ways of life that are passed down from generation to generation (behaviour patterns, arts, beliefs, and institutions) culture can shape your daily experiences, inner emotions and the way in which you present yourself transmitting cultural heritage art as expression of culture - Many artists utilize their work as a way in which to recognize and portray their own cultural heritage indigenous oral histories - indigenous cultures common child rearing goals following instructions: complying with parental and adult direction responsibility: taking on daily tasks achievement: parental authority patriarchy - male dominance common around the world for centuries rooted in religion male dominated house - men are the breadwinners, decision makers, and disciplinarian matriarchy female dominance less common often exists because males are absent from the home egalitarian the sharing of power between adult leaders a new sociological model that western societies are moving towards modern changes in parental authority same sex marriage - no traditional gender expectations dual income parents - both parents working to earn a living stay at home dads - man take on roles traditionally seen as feminine single parent households - rules for behavior religious and cultural beliefs can influence family rules and parental discipline rules - overt ( discipline - can appear in different ways among cultures strongly influenced by religion, culture, personal experice and prevailing practices some families and cultures believe in strict punishment to raise their children positive discipline approaches 1 on 1 time - builds a strong relationship with the child, praise the positive - a focus on the good behaviour rather than just the bad clear expectations - telling a child what to do is more beneficial than telling them what not to do creative distractions - provide a child with a positive activity when they are being difficult guidance a child is in need of a person who will assume responsibility over them language and culture a very important part of culture communication, relationships, and community mother tongue: the first language you learn growing up a baby is able yo to easily recognize the sound of their mom and dad’s movies the first dimension of culture that is transmitted to children baby talk, rhymes, songs and stories oral traditions are passed down through generations memories of grandparents transmitting culture through touch from birth, the a child is held and touched is closely tied to their culture in canada, babies are held close to their mother after they are born (swaddles, slings, and blankets breastfeeding is tied to culture some women never consider any option (formula, wet nurse - in the past, upper class women would ire women who have lost their child and were still nursing to feed their children food as culture food is linked to cultural identity the smell, taste, and sight of foods we grow up on can trigger memories from when we were growing up we try our cultural foods be try others recipes are important in keeping family traditions alive  cultural food have a prominent place in toronto visual expression of culture children learn through observation and practice children learn cultural practices and daily routines through observation of their family and friends visual expression can be: clothing, art, decor, heirlooms, etc we can learn about a culture through the art that comes out of it factors to consider when naming a child sex: most cultures have definitive male and female names, but there are also androgynous names which are often given to a child of either sex religion: notable names of religious figures may be given to a child family traditions: naming children after family members. Son receives father’s name which was also grandfather’s name popularity: cycles of popularity and can be influenced by celebrities associations: famous people. Who does the parent want the child to embody? Who served as an influential person in the parents' life? meanings: some parents determine meaning before a child is born initials: can be put into order to mean something or sound good the universal rights of children while there are many countries with different cultural practices, the United Nations initiated a declaration of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1898. however, we continue to face issues of poverty, malnutrition, child labour, abuse, etc children in conflict and poverty the universal rights of the child do not protect all children conflicts and war around the world ate a direct imposition on the universal rights of a child children are injured, displaced, malnourished, etc. can stand by factors that are out of a parent’s control poverty is a problem in every country where there is poverty, there is famines children are unable to receive care countries who are in debt sell their lands to large corporations who hire workers for low wages increase number of children who have no home child labour is populate in developing countries as children will accept  chapter 5 how do children fit in families? according to government statistics about 330,00 are born in Canada each year. Each of these children come into the world with the biological, social, and emotional supports of 2 or more pre existing families biologically, each child has inherited a chromosomal package at conception from bith the sperm and the egg that will determine the child's physical makeup socially, each child arrives in a family that already has social status, a culture, and 1 or more languages, and lives in a particular community (urban or rural) emotionally, each child, may be loved and wanted, viewed with indifference, or rejected by 1 or more family member(s) what is family? the vanier institute defines a family as any combination of 2 or more persons who are bound together over time by ties of mutual consent, birth, and/adoption or placement, and who together assume responsibility for variant combinations of some of the following: physical maintenance and care of group members; addition of new members through procreation, adoption or placement; socialization of children; social control of members; production, consumption, distribution of goods and services; and affective nurturance (ex. love) statistics canada's definition of family census family is defined as a married couple and the children, if any, of either and /or both spouses; a couple living common law and the children, if any, of wither and/or both partners; or a lone parent of any marital status with at least one child living in the same dwelling and the child or those children all members of a particular census family live in the same dwelling. A couple maybe the of opposed pr same gender children may be children by birth, marriage, common law union or adoption regardless of age or marital status as long as they live in the dwelling and do not have their own married spouse, common law partner or child living in the dwelling. grandchildren living with their grandparent(s) but with no parents present also constitute a census family females are often described as a circle. It has no beginning or end. The family in which you are born, or your family of orientation is the family that nurtures, provides for and instructs you the family you generate in the future, the family of procreation, is the one you will care for and provide for. family forms is one type of family form optimal for children? Children has been raised successful in all kinds of family the form of the family does not matter. The dedication and commitment matters when it comes to children 28.2% one person households 4.1% non family of 2 or more persons 25.8 couples without children 2.9% multi generational households 26.5% couples with children 8.9% lone parent families 3.6% other family families grow and change the changes known as human development occur most spectacularly at the beginning of life. The most rapid change takes place in the short time between conception and the end of the first year of life although each person develops at an individual rate a common pattern of development exists. At birth children are totally dependent on others for meeting their needs by 18 months most children exhibit some desire for autonomy, as children develop physically, intellectually, socially and emotionally, they take more and more steps towards independence interdependence becomes the focus of adulthood as lasting relationships with spouses, co workers and children evolve as you get older sometimes, you lose your physical, intellectual, and emotional capacity, they may becomes more dependent on their children sine come full circle and many ew like children are again family development usually focuses on children and evolve in 3 phases: the beginning family, the expanding family and the contracting family changing individual dependence dependence gaining autonomy the beginning family - The beginning family focuses on steps to start a family, emphasis is placed on dating and courtship rituals which often results in sustaining the effort of producing and raising children - For many Canadians, commitment to partners is symbolized by a marriage ceremony. Another step in beginning family is to plan and prepare for children, if it is unplanned, the couple has 9 months to figure it out - The birth or adoption of the first child is a huge experience. Parents are nervous, they have to learn about caring for their infant and fathers also play a huge role in this process. Many books today are written for men to anticipate and learn from this new experience expanding family the expanding family starts with the arrival of the second child. Having moer than one child is the norm in canada. A second child means more diapers, less time for everything, more fatigue, and more people to share family time you pay twice as more for children bc of added expenses like daycare, sport programs, even simple things like furniture and food family size what influences family size? We do not have laws that limit our reproductive choices. However a number of factor influence how many children you may choose to have 1. culture and religion influence family size. Some religion discourages contraception 2. couples and individuals' income need to be adequate. Economy impacts birth rates Ex, during the great depression birth rates declined peers and family members can influence on family size many women today are putting off having kids because they have other goals in life like career, travel, buying a house etc the older the woman is, the fewer the child bearing years she has left. Both men and women experience a significant decrease in fertility as they age couples who delay having children may experience difficulties in conceiving children the challenges of expanding family in the expanding phase, children are growing up, making friends, and becoming independent. your world is expanding and this make family life more complicated usually both parents are working and sincal needs to be stressful ay timis for kids and parents parents must have good management, discipline, communication and decision making skills to deal with the challenges of the expanding family the contracting family the family becomes smaller when older children grow more dependent and begin to leave the family. this stage can be prolonged for over many years grandparents sometimes become dependent on their adult children sometimes grown children and their spouses and children add to the extended family family life cycle theory (will be on test) the belief that individuals families, or even societies follow a predictable pattern is called developmental theory life cycle theory is developmental theory that play attention to how families form and also investigates the similarities among many families there are 6 stages in the family life cycle  family serves many functions, providing emotional support, meeting physical needs, and building social skills within the family. You grow and develop, you discover the kind of person you are/want to be what are some characteristics of a strong family? Communication, talking to each other, everyone being treated equally, getting along with each other what are some characteristics of a dysfunctional family? Lack of communication, neglecting the children, abuse 6 characteristics of a strong family communication respect for eachother commitment acting responsibly sharing values and beliefs spending time together what is the family life cycle the emotional and intellectual stages you pass through from childhood to your retirement years a members of a family ate called the family life cycle in each stage you face challenges in your family life that cause you to develop or gain new skills developing these skills helps you work through the changes that nearly ebay family goes through not everyone passes through these stages smoothly. Situations such as severe illness, financial problems or the the death of a loved one can have an effect on how well you pass through the stages, fortunately, if you miss skills in one stage you can learn them in the later stages stages of family life cycle independence coupling or marriage parenting: babies/children/adolescents launching adult children/ empty nest retirement or senior years why is important to understand the family life cycle mastering the skills and milestones of each stage allows you to successfully move from one stage of development to the next. If you don't master the skills, if you don't master the skills, you may still move onto the next phase of the cycle, but you are more likely to have difficulty with relationships and future transitions  family life cycle theory suggests that successful transitioning may also help prevent disease and emotional or stress related disorders whether you are a parent or child, brother, or sister, bonded by blood or love, your experiences through the family life cycle will affect who you are and who you become, the more you understand about the challenges of each stage of the life cycle, the more likely you are to successfully move so the stress of daily living or coping with a chronic medical Vision or any other disruptions that are pretty intense can cause some hiccups in the life cycle so someone gets sick maybe they can't move on to the other stages as other people might so crisis or I'm going to stress can't delay the transition to the next phase of life so you can either delay the transition or have trouble with the transition all throughout it or you might not have the necessary skills to succeed in that transition so if something happens you have when you were younger and then you have children you might not be able to proceed with that just because you cancel them maybe financially you can't have children because you don't have the financial needs to support them or you'll have to figure out another way to navigate that situation what can disrupt the normal cycle? the stress of daily living or coping with a chronic medical condition or other crisis disrupts the normal family life cycle all the quality of life at any stage so you can always work on yourself through different ways to make that life stage easier or improve on some things that you might be lacking so ways you can do this yourself examination education and counseling those are ways that some ways that you can go back and maybe help the skills that you're lacking there are also other actions that can help you manage other issues too such is going through a divorce or being part of a non-traditional family structure so you might not follow the lifestyle life cycle as they talked earlier about how there are single parents you can also go through a divorce and maybe break that Union that you had with your partner you can also adopt children when you talked about that so they're like non-traditional ways that you can go through the family life cycle and still gay or traditional way family life cycle what can disrupt the normal cycle? the stress of dailying living or coping with a chronic medical condition or other christs disrupts the normal family cycle a crisis or ongoing stress can delay the transition to the next phase of life or you may move on without the necessary skills to succeed be assured, you can learn missed skills and improve your and your family's quality of life at any stage self examination, education, and perhaps counselling are ways to improve yourself and family life there are also actions that can help you manage other issues, to such as going through a divorce or being a part of a non traditional family structure independent stage independence is the most critical stage of the family life cycle. as you enter young adulthood, you begin to separate emotionally from your family during this stage, you strive to become fully able to support yourself, emotionally, physically, socially, & financially. you begin to develop unique qualities & characteristics that define your individual identity intimacy is a vital skill to develop during your independent, young adult years intimacy is the ability to develop and maintain close relationships that can endure hard times and other challenges. In an intimate relationship, you learn about: commitment, commonality or similarity, compatibility, & attachment dependance on another person who is not in your family shared emotion in a relationship during the independent stage, you hope to: learn to see yourself as a separate person in relation to your original family - parents, siblings and extended family members & develop intimate peer relationships outside the family you become responsible for your own health at this stage - nutritional, physical & medical needs developing healthy habits at this time such as good nutrition, regular exercise, & safe sex practices are important for lifelong good health and happiness during the independence stage, you hope to: learn to see yourself as a separate person in relation to your original family, parents, siblings, & extended family members, develop intimate peer relationships outside the family, & establish yourself in your work or career other important qualities you develop during this phase includes: trust, morals, initiative, work ethic, or who you are in the world coupling stage after you achieve independence, the next stage in the family life cycle is coupling you explore your ability to commit to a new family & a new way of life while being in a committed relationship with someone without the act of marriage does involve a process of adaptation & relationship building, marriage often requires unique skills when you join families through marriage, you form a new family system your family system includes your personal ideas, expectations, & values these are shaped by the relationships and experiences with your original family when you marry, you combine your family system with your spouse’s parenting making the decision to have a baby at some point in your marriage, you and your spouse will decide if you want to have a baby. Some couples know going into a marriage they do not want children parenting is one of the most challenging phases of the family life cycle  the decision to have children is one that affects your individual development, the identity of your family and your marital relationship. children are also time consuming that skills not learned in previous stages will be difficult to pick up at this stage your ability to communicate well, maintain your relationships, and solve problems are often tested during this stage introducing a child in your family results in a major change in roles for you and your spouse each parent has 3 distinct and demanding roles: as an individual, a spouse, and a parent. As new parents, your individual identity shift along with how you relate to each other and to others if you have not learned compromise and commitment in the previous stage, you may not have the skills you need to transition well into this stage parenting young children adapting children into other key relationships, including your marriage, is a key emotional process of this stage you will take on the parenting role and transition from being a member of a couple to being a parent while you are still evolving as individuals, you and your spouse are also becoming decision makers for your family. continuing to express your individuality while working well together as a couple results in a strong marriage your child's healthy development depends on your ability to provide a safe, loving, and organized environment. children benefit when their parents have a strong marriage caring for young cuts into the amount of time you might otherwise spend alone or with your spouse. If there were skills you didn't learn in precious stages such as compromise for the good of the family, your marriage will suffer parenting adolescents parenting teenagers can be a rough time for your family and can test your relationship skills. It's also a time for positive growth and creative exploration for your entire family. Families that function best during this period have string, flexible marriages for developed through good communication, problem solving, mutual caring, support and trust most teens experiment with different thoughts, beliefs and styles, which can cause family conflict. Your strengths as an individual and as part of a couple are critical as you deal with the increasing challenges of raising a teenager specific goals during the stage of parenting adolescents include: shifting parent - child relationships to allow the child to move in and out of the family system shifting focus back to your midlife marital and career issues beginning a shift towards concerns for older generations in your extended family launching adult children the stage of launching adult children begins when your first child leaves home and ends with “empty nest.” when older children leave home, there are both positive and negative consequences if your family has developed significant skills through the family life cycle, your children will be ready to leave home, ready to handle life's challenges free from the everyday demands of parenting, you may choose to rekindle your own marriage and possibly you career goals developing adult relationships with your children is a key skill in this stage. You may be challenged to accept new members into your family through you children's marriages or relationships if you have moved through the phases with the appropriate tools and attitudes, you may not have have taught you children the needed skills to live well on their own empty nest/ first child leaving for college/uni this is a time when your health and energy levels may decline. Health issues related to midlife may begin to occur and can include: high blood pressure (hypertension), weight problems, arthsis, menopause, osteoporosis, heart disease (coronary artery disease), depression, & stress related illness you may also be caring for aging parents in this phase, which can be stressful and can affect your own health specific goals to attain at this stages includes: refocusing on your marriage without children, developing adult relationships with your grown children, & releasing relationships to includes in law and their grandchildren when your children begin their own families retirement during the retirement phase of the family life cycle, many changes occur in your life, welcoming new family members of seeing others leave your family is often a large parent of this stage as your children marry or divorce or you becoming a grandparent this stage can be a great adventure where you are free from the responsibilities of raising children and can simply enjoy the fruits of your life's work challenges you may face include being a support to other family members, even as you are still exploring your own interests and activities or focusing on maintaining your marriage many people are caring for elderly parents at this time. You may feel challenged by their emotional, financial, and physical needs while trying to help them retain their independence you may experience declining physical and mental abilities or changes in your financial or social status. sometimes you must deal with the death of other family members, including your spouse retirement can be a fulfilling and happy time. Becoming a grandparent can bring you great joy without the responsibility of raising a child specific goals to reach for at this final stage of your family life cycle include:  maintaining your own interests and physical functioning, along with those of your spouse as your body ages exploring new family and social roles providing emission support your adult children and extended family members making room in the family system for the wisdom and experience of older adults providing support for the older generation without doing too much for them dealing with the loss of a spouse, sibling, other peers, and preparing for your own death reviewing your life and reflecting on all you have learned and experienced during your life cycle reproductive system sti and pregnancy prevention abstinence hormonal methods non hormonal methods abstinence avoiding vaginal intercourse (penis to vagina) avoiding oral (mouth to penis or vagina sex) and anal intercourse (penis to anus sex, or avoiding genital contact (any type of direct touching of the partners penis or vagina abstaining tis not necessarily forever, and it is not only for virgins abstinence is the only 100% effective method against sti and pregnancy if you do not have vaginal, anal, oral sex or skin to skin contact what are alternative ways that a person who is abstinent can be intimate with a partner hormonal methods of birth control the pill - a hormonal method that contains estrogen and progesterone or progesterone only prevents the release of a mature egg thickens cervical mucus changes the lining of the uterus typical effective rate is 91% transdermal patch a patch that releases hormones through the skin thin, smooth, and beige patch prevents the release of a mature egg thickens cervical mucus changes the lining of the uterus  typical effectiveness rate is 91% nuva ring (vaginal ring) soft and flexible ring, inserted into the vagina the ring slowly releases hormones while in the vagina for 3 weeks prevents the release of a mature egg thickens cervical mucus changes the lining of the uterus typical effectiveness rate is 91% depo provera (injectable contraceptive) an injection of progestin administered every 12 to 13 weeks prevents the release of a mature egg thickens cervical mucus changes the lining of the uterus typical effectiveness rate is 94% intrauterine contraception (iuc or iud) t-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus by a doctor or nurse practitioner 2 types of iud - copper intra (no hormone) and levonorgestrel releasing intra system (contains hormonal methods of birth control sides effects that may occur during the first few months on hormonal contraception include: irregular bleeding, spotting nausea mood swings bloating breast tenderness headaches emergency contraception (plan b) can be taken up to 5 days after intercourse the sooner it is taken, the better it works delays or prevents the release of an egg may prevent implementation of a fertilized egg 95% effective if taken within 24 hours after intercourse 85% effective if taken 25-48 hours after intercourse 58% effective if taken 49-72 hours after intercourse barrier methods (non hormonal) male condom - thin latex or polyurethane that fits over an erect penis catches sperm during ejaculation to prevent it from entering the vaginal/cervical canal typical effectiveness is 82% reduces but does not eliminate the spread of sti and hiv (female) condom polyurethane sheath inserted into vagina provides a physical barrier to prevent sperm from entering the cervical canal sperm is trapped in the condom which is thrown away after use typical effectiveness rate is 79% sponge and spermicides the sponge is soft, disposable, device with a spermicide typical effectiveness rate is 76-88% fits over cervix traps and absorbs sperm to increase effect of spermicide spermicide in the sponge disables the sperm effective for up to 12 hours spermicides disable sperm typical effectiveness rate is 88% surgical methods sterilization (tubes tying), tubal ligation - a surgical procedure to close or block the fallopian tubes ensuring sperm and egg do not meet (abdominal surgery, could be invasive) vasectomy - a surgical procedure to close or block the vas deferens (not invasive) abstinence 100% effective iuc/iud 99.8 effective depo provera 94% effective the pill 91% effective the patch 91% effective the ring 91% effective male condom 82% effective female condom 79% effective  sponge and spermicides 76-88% effective chapter 7 how important is parenthood in canada for many canadians, being a parent is a fulfilling role that they have taken on or plan to take in the future. the decision to raise and nurture a child is deliberate choice for most even though it is known to e a challenging role not important to ALL canadians fewer people are deciding to have children now compared to 50 years ago some find satisfaction simply in supporting children through coaching, fostering, teaching and working with children and youth most people choose to become parents biologically or through adoption parental leave in 2001, the federal government changed the rules regarding parental leave to reflect the involvement of both parents in the care of young children maternity leave becomes parental leave standard parental leave allows up to 52 weeks off, which can be shared between both parents, with a max of 35 weeks available to any one parents to receive this time off, you need to have worked a certain amount of hours to qualify for the employment insurance benefit 420 - 700 hours of work to qualify (canada.ca) = 3 - 5 months of full time a lifelong commitment many people continue to support their children financially and emotionally after they have left home financial assistance for schooling, household, business startups and debt payment adult children sometimes move home and live with their parents after school unemployment loss of income divorce physical or mental illness drug rehabilitation parenting doesn't end, but changes as children grow up the number of families in canada statistics canada: census family is defined as a married couple and the children, if any, of either and/or both spouses; a couple living common law and the children, if any, of either and/or both partners; or parent of any marital status in a one parent family with at least one child living in the same dwelling and that child or those children. all members of a particular census family live in the same dwelling. children may be biological or adopted children regardless of their age or marital status as long as they live in the dwelling and do not have their own married spouse, common law partner or child living in the dwelling. grandchildren living with their grandparent(s) but with no parents present also constitute a census family exploring the decision to parent 2 types of decision making: informed and uninformed informed decision making: when you take the time to weigh the advantages, disadvantages and consequences of becoming a parent usually a good decision uninformed decision making is when you do not take the time to analyze your options examples: flipping a coin, making the same decision as a friend, choosing not to decide and making a decision based on how you feel in the moment uninformed decisions are appropriate when the consequences are not critical, but the decisions made in regards to parenthood affect the lives of others making informed decisions a good strategy to use when making a decision is to create a decision web how to make a decision web: write the big decision in the middle of the page and connect it to the factors that might need to be considered when making this decision give thoughtful consideration to these factors another strategy that can be used when making a decision is the 5 step decision making model this model allows you to weigh your options and help predict what would happen if you made the choice the five step model: 1. Define the problem, 2. List the options that are available factors influencing the decision to parent there are many factors that can influence the decision to become a parents the factors that may affect the success of a pregnancy, health of your child and the quality of parenting available for the child or the well being of your future lifestyle changes related to parenting your lifestyle includes your job, income, where you live, friendships, leisure activities and how you live. example: you may need to move closer to be a school lifestyle changes dramatically when a baby is had parents learn how to balance lifestyle changes and use disposable money to meet the child's needs  babies and children determine how the life in a family is lived. example: a parent has to wake up in the middle of the night if their baby needs to be changed being parents for the first time can be challenging and a turning point for many their free time that they once had becomes very limited learning how to balance this shift/maintain relationships the pleasures of parenthood parenting comes with new experiences watching children complete major milestones can be rewarding for parents there are many joys of parenting (first words, learning how to walk, and reading stories together) with the support of family and friends, parenting can become even more enjoyable delaying parenthood in the past, young women particularly in rural areas canada often married in their 20s (partners were also in their 20s) birth control was limited (children were had early on and more often) today, we have many methods of birth control those who delay parenthood may feel pressured by other to change their mind (after marrying, many ask when a child will be had) pressure can also come from friends having children the right time to have a child depends on cultural identity, values and beliefs advantages of delaying parenthood allows individuals and couples to build knowledge, skills, and resources needed to be successful in a parenting role individuals are able to complete their education, begin their careers and build a strong healthy relationship more mature and economically stable (study, travel, home and other goods) disadvantages of delaying parenthood females have a limited amount of years that are optimal for child bearing males can father children over a longer period of time, but less testosterone can lead to less sperm that is able to be produced young parents can have more energy and resilience infertility can come as a result of delaying parenthood and treatment can be stressful costly and has a high rate the choice to remain childless many people make the choice to remain childless (economic, social, health reasons, and personal preference) those without children may enjoy caring for the children of their friends and relatives more time to focus on work, hobbines, and other interests adoption a social custom and now a legal process that has been used for centuries children are connected to people who want to parent historically, it was a more simple process and there were many children available for adoption today there are fewer children up for adoption in canada families adopt from other countries adoption processes are more rigid and complex now the responsibilities of parenthood parenting is a responsibility that requires involvement 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days of the year especially with young children strong parenting partnerships can make the job more manageable (division of tasks, financial support, etc) legal and social responsibilities (by law parents are responsible for many things: adequate food, shelter, care, & getting kids to school - not always the case socially, parents take on the responsibility for: how their children behave in public, ensuring they respect and get along with others, & the difference between right & wrong when parents model and explain the accepted way, children generally learn to understand and comply with society’s expectations some parenting responsibilities are constant: emotional support, protection, love, etc some parental responsibilities change as children grow and develop: amount of support and care by teaching everyday skills and providing love and security, parents promote the transformation of the child into adulthood we are able to practice the responsibilities of parenting at a young age by providing care for the children of our family members or working in a particular field that involves children the challenges of parenthood as parenthood spans over a long period of time, there will be varying experiences, ups and downs everyone will experience parenthood very differently the challenges of parenthood continue and change with each step of development parents face challenges when trying to guide or discipline their children divorce, poverty and medical needs are challenges that make parenting more challenging balancing work and family being able to balance work & family is a difficult challenge that many face  during the first world war, mant canadian women contributed the war by joining the labour force, but returned home after during the second world war, many women stayed in the labor force after it ended - by the late 1960s, women had full time jobs outside the home for many people, they go to work and then come home and take on their second job of raising a family - it can become very exhausting challenges facing working parents meal planning - shop and prepare healthy meals, processed and packaged foods are usually cheaper and quicker, but offers less nutrients needed to raise healthy children time management - children do better if they have a routine in their lives, parents who have work routines can allow for a better management of time, & a parent or caregiver always needs to be available to make sure their child is safe & taken care of caring for a sick child finding care when a child is sick is another challenge that parents face a parent may face difficulty in receiving time off to care for their child - only a certain number of sick days parents need to find backup plans: grandparents, nanny, friend, etc before & after school child care work times may not align with the hours in which children are at school - parents need to make arrangements for children to receive the proper care in their absence there are legal responsibilities a parent must follow in ontario child care options community programs: after school care in local schools, churches, or community centers that cost far less than full-time care like ymca school age child care programs: centers that provide care children who can get there after school on their own, close by or on the premises like tdsb before and after school programs family home child care: often offered by a stay at home parent who provides care for his or her own child and a few others. often, children are of similar age and is an advantage to meet child’s play needs the price of child care tdsb - 29 to 42$ per day early learning center: 43$ per day nanny - 15 to 28$ an hour wait times: 1-2 years  average cost of raising a child: 293,000$ (statistics canada)